Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Fish Oil derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colon Carcinogenesis

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is an association between consumption of dietary fat and colon cancer risk. Not only the amount but also the type and the ratio of fatty acids comprising dietary fats consumed have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of colon cancer. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been known to inhibit development of colon cancer by downregulating the expression of genes involved in colon carcinogenesis and also by altering the membrane lipid composition. Data from laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing colitis and subsequent development of colon cancer. In addition, recent studies suggest that some n-3 PUFAs can be effective as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural anticancer compounds in the management of colon cancer. In this review, we discuss chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of fish oil derived long chain n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, with focus on synergetic effects of which they exert when combined with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural compounds.

Evaluación de diez especies de pescado para su inclusión como parte de la dieta renal, por su contenido de proteína, fósforo y ácidos grasos

Debido a la complejidad de la enfermedad renal, su tratamiento nutrimental es complicado y muchos alimentos se encuentran restringidos, entre ellos el pescado, por su contenido de fósforo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue cuantificar en el filete de diez especies de pescado, de consumo cotidiano en México: (Cyprinus carpio carpio, Ophichthus rex, Symphurus elongatus, Eucinostomus entomelas, Chirostoma patzcuaro, Bairdiella chrysoura, Salmo salar, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum, Sphyraena guachancho, Istiophorus albicans), el contenido de fósforo (P), proteína (Pr), colesterol, sodio, potasio, vitaminas D3 y E y ácidos grasos n-3 (EPA+DHA); para identificar, aquellos pescados que podrían ser incluidos en la dieta renal. Los análisis se realizaron de acuerdo a las técnicas del AOAC. Con los resultados se calcularon las relaciones entre los nutrimentos benéficos (EPA+DHA, vitaminas) y limitantes (Pr, P, colesterol). Los valores de proteína variaron entre 16.5 y 33.5g/100g de filete; el pescado con mayor contenido de fósforo fue Salmo salar y con menor Symphurus elongatus. La cantidad de EPA+DHA varió desde 79.64mg/100g hasta 1,381.53mg/100g. Tomando en cuenta la relación P/g de Pr recomendada para pacientes renales, todas las especies analizadas exceptuando Salmo salar, Ophichthus rex y Istiophorus albicans pueden ser incluidas en la dieta dependiendo de la etapa de la enfermedad. Considerando la relación entre P/EPA+DHA, las especies recomendadas para el paciente renal son Symphurus elongatus, Bairdiella chrysoura, y Sphyraena guachancho.

Evaluation of ten fish species to be included as part of renal diet, due to their protein, phosphorus and fatty acids content. Because renal disease is highly complex, its nutritional treatment is complicated and many foods are restricted, including fish because its phosphorus content. The aim of the present study was to analyze ten fillet fish species, commonly consumed in Mexico (Cyprinus carpio carpio, Ophichthus rex, Symphurus elongatus, Eucinostomus entomelas, Chirostoma patzcuaro, Bairdiella chrysoura, Salmo salar, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum, Sphyraena guachancho, Istiophorus albicans), to determine their phosphorus (P), protein (Pr), cholesterol, sodium, potassium, vitamins D3 and E, and n-3 PUFA (EPA+DHA) according to the AOAC techniques, in order to identify which species could be included in renal diet; particularly because of their risk:benefit relations (calculated with those results). Protein values ranged from 16.5 to 33.5g/100g of fillet; the specie with the highest phosphorus contest was Salmo salar, and with the lowest, Symphurus elongatus. EPA+DHA quantity ranged from 79.64mg/100g to 1,381.53mg/100g. Considering de P/Pr relation recommended to renal patients, all analyzed species (except Salmo salar, Ophichthus rex and Istiophorus albicans) could be included in their diet. As for the P/EPA+DHA relation, the species most recommended to renal patients are Symphurus elongatus, Bairdiella chrysoura and Sphyraena guachancho.