Inseguridad alimentaria y desarrollo humano predicen la incidencia de cáncer colorectal en Colombia: Estudio ecológico / Food insecurity and human development predict colorectal cancer incidence in Colombia: an ecological study

Resumen Introducción: la inseguridad alimentaria (INSA) ha sido asociada a la generación de enfermedad crónica y como barrera en el tratamiento del cáncer. Ante la ausencia de estudios, establecimos a nivel ecológico la relación entre INSA y la tasa de incidencia de cáncer de colon, recto y ano x 100.000 habitantes (ICCRA). Objetivo: el objetivo fue establecer el grado de asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y la tasa de incidencia de cáncer colorrectal x 100.000 habitantes. Materiales y métodos: estudio ecológico realizado con información secundaria que producen regularmente las agencias del estado y que miden el nivel de desarrollo humano, social y económico en el territorio en las 33 unidades geodemográficas que conforman a Colombia. Utilizando regresión lineal múltiple con la ICCRA como la variable dependiente, la INSA como principal explicatoria y otras variables del contexto, establecimos la relación entre INSA y la ICCRA y ecuaciones predictivas de la ICCRA por sexo. La bondad de ajuste en los modelos se garantizó mediante el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y el método de Bland y Almant. Resultados: la INSA se relaciona de manera inversa y el IDH de manera directa con la ICCRA. Dos ecuaciones predicen la ICCRA; En hombres, [ICCRA=-6,38+-0,25*INSA+35,5*IDH]. En Mujeres, [ICCRA=6,47+-0,23*INSA+19,1*IDH]. El coeficiente de determinación R2 (%) en hombres es de 88 y en mujeres de 72. La diferencia media entre ICCRA observada versus la estimada fue de -0,00 en hombres (IC95 %: -3,13 a 3,13), y en mujeres de -0,00 (IC95 %: -4,08 a 4,08) Conclusión: la INSA puede estar en la vía causal de la ICCRA. La INSA y el IDH predicen con precisión la ICCRA.

Abstract Introduction: food insecurity (FI) has been associated with the generation of chronic disease and as a barrier in the treatment of cancer. Food insecurity leads to nutrient-poor diets, including dietary fiber. Colon cancer in Colombia is the third cause of death and its incidence is increasing. Objective: the objective was to establish the degree of association between food insecurity and the incidence rate of colorectal cancer x 100.000 inhabitants. Methods: ecological study carried out with information that measure the level of human, social and economic development in the territory of the 24 geodemographic units that make up Colombia. Using multiple linear regressions with colorectal cancer as the dependent variable, food insecurity as the main explanatory and other variables of the context, we established the relationship between food insecurity and colorectal cancer and predictive equations of colorectal cancer. The goodness of fit in the models was the coefficient of determination (R2) and the Bland and Alman method. Results: food insecurity is related in an inverse manner, and the human development Index is directly related to colorectal cancer. Two equations predict colorectal cancer with precision; Men, [colorectal-cancer = -6.38 + -0.25 * food-insecurity + 35.5 * human development Index]. Women, [colorectal-cancer = 6.47 + -0.23 * food-insecurity + 19.1* human development index]. The average difference between colorectal cancer observed versus the estimated, was -0.00 in men (95% CI: -3.13 to 3.13), and in women of -0.00 (95% CI: -4.08 to 4.08). Conclusion: food insecurity may be in the causal pathway of colorectal cancer. Food insecurity and the human development Index predict colorectal cancer.

Soil Microbiological Attributes Under Ecological Restoration Technologies in Subtropical Forest

Abstract To accelerate the recovery of degraded environments, it is necessary to use ecological restoration techniques, which require validation according to the ecosystem conditions where are implemented. This work aimed to evaluate soil microbiological attributes under different ecological restoration technologies in a subtropical forest. The study was conducted at UTFPR-DV, southwest of Paraná, in an ecotone between Mixed Ombrophilous Forest and Semideciduous Seasonal Forest and on an Oxisol. In December 2010, a tillage area of at least 17 years old was isolated and the passive restoration, tree planting and nucleation treatments were installed in 40x54 m plots and four replications. In November 2018 the soil was sampled in these plots and in a native forest area as a reference. There were calculated soil organic carbon content (OCC) and microbiological attributes such as microbial biomass N and C (NMIC and CMIC), basal respiration, fungal spore content and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial quotient (MICq). It can be concluded that nucleation technology can restore soil microbiological attributes but has not yet reached the conditions of a natural environment. Passive restoration is not a good technology for restoring soil microbiological attributes. The higher contents of CMIC, NMIC, OCC, MICq and fungal spores in the soil under native forest compared to ecological restoration technologies indicate that eight years of adoption of these techniques have not yet been enough to fully recover soil microbiological activity.

In vitro biological activities of aqueous extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) taub. and Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K.Schum from three Agroecologic Zones in Cameroon

Objective: To investigate some phytochemical constituents and biological activities of twelve samples of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach & Thonn.) taub. and nine samples of Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K. Schum fruits collected in the bimodal forest zone (ZONE V), the unimodal forest zone (ZONE IV) and the highlands zone (ZONE III) in Cameroon. Methods: Fresh fruits extracts were obtained by aqueous infusion (100 °C during 15 min) and evaluated by spectrophotometric methods for total polyphenol (TPP), total flavonoids (TFLV) contents and antioxidant (DPPH, total antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method, iron reducing power or ferric reducing antioxidant power and inhibition of beta carotene discoloration assays) and anti-inflammatory (inhibitions of protein denaturation and 5-LOX represented by INH.PROT and INH.5- LOX respectively) properties. Principal component analysis was performed. Results: For both species, fruits from ZONE V have the highest TPP, TFLV levels and biological activities. TPP and TFLV content of Aframomum citratum and Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits are positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The biological activities of all extracts (0.25, 2.5, 25, 250 mg/mL) were dosedependent and the extracts have shown strong antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities, but less than references (ascorbic acid, diclofenac, quercetin, and butylated hydroxytoluene). There was a positive correlation between TPP, TFLV and total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and inhibition of beta carotene discoloration assays, and inverse correlations were observed with the IC

In vitro biological activities of aqueous extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) taub. and Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K.Schum from three Agroecologic Zones in Cameroon

Objective: To investigate some phytochemical constituents and biological activities of twelve samples of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach & Thonn.) taub. and nine samples of Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K. Schum fruits collected in the bimodal forest zone (ZONE V), the unimodal forest zone (ZONE IV) and the highlands zone (ZONE III) in Cameroon. Methods: Fresh fruits extracts were obtained by aqueous infusion (100 °C during 15 min) and evaluated by spectrophotometric methods for total polyphenol (TPP), total flavonoids (TFLV) contents and antioxidant (DPPH, total antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolybdenum method, iron reducing power or ferric reducing antioxidant power and inhibition of beta carotene discoloration assays) and anti-inflammatory (inhibitions of protein denaturation and 5-LOX represented by INH.PROT and INH.5- LOX respectively) properties. Principal component analysis was performed. Results: For both species, fruits from ZONE V have the highest TPP, TFLV levels and biological activities. TPP and TFLV content of Aframomum citratum and Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits are positively and significantly (P<0.05) correlated. The biological activities of all extracts (0.25, 2.5, 25, 250 mg/mL) were dosedependent and the extracts have shown strong antioxidant and anti- inflammatory activities, but less than references (ascorbic acid, diclofenac, quercetin, and butylated hydroxytoluene). There was a positive correlation between TPP, TFLV and total antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and inhibition of beta carotene discoloration assays, and inverse correlations were observed with the IC50 (g/mL) of DPPH, INH.5-LOX and INH. PROT assays for both species. Conclusions: The fruits exhibit variabilities and those from ZONE V for both species are economically and healthcare challenging for herbalists, pharmaceutical firms, scientists and consumers. Indeed, most important extraction yield of bioactive compounds correlated with significant biological activities and the use of less material compared with an implementation in other Agro-ecologic Zones with the same results are noted.

Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life among Spouses of Older Adults with Dementia in the Community-dwelling

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing health-related quality of life among spouses of older adults with dementia based on an ecological model.METHODS: This study used data from the 2015 Korean Community Health Survey with the subjects of 541 spouses of older adults with dementia. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA, and hierarchical multiple regression.RESULTS: In this study, 26.5% of quality of life was explained by employment status, physical activity, perception of stress, perception of depressive symptom, self-rated health status, self-rated oral health status, and contact with neighbors.CONCLUSION: To develop more effective nursing intervention for improvement of quality of life, it needs to consider not only the individual system related factors but also community system related factors including contact with neighbors.

Potential distribution of Rhodiola crenulata in Tibetan Plateau based on Maxent model / 中国中药杂志

Wildlife tending and artificial cultivation is an important way to protect the wild resources of Rhodiola crenulata. It is a study hotspot at present. The distribution information of R. crenulata was collected by query data and field survey, the ecological suitability regionalization was conducted based on maximum entropy model combine with ecological factors, including climate, soil and altitude. To provide the reference for production layout, suitable planting area and the selection of artificial planting base by studying the ecological suitability regionalization of R. crenulata. The potential distribution areas mainly concentrated in the easen Tibet, western Sichuan, southern Qinghai, and Gansu Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. There were 5 major environmental factors to have obvious influence on ecology suitability distributions of R. crenulata, including altitude (contribution rate of 61.8%), precipitation of warmest quarter (contribution rate of 19%), the coefficient of variation of precipitation seasonality (contribution rate of 4.7%), the SD of temperature seasonality (contribution rate of 4%), mean temperature of driest quarter (contribution rate of 2.5%). The AUCs of ROC curve were both above 0.9, indicating that the predictive results with the Maxent model were highly precise. The study of the ecological suitability regionalization of R. crenulata based on Maxent can provide a scientific basis for the selection of artificial planting base.

Thinking of Medical Students′Ecological Moral Cultivation under the View of Beautiful China / 中国医学伦理学

Firstly, this paper analyzed the significance of strengthening medical students’ ecological moral ed-ucation under the view of Beautiful China. Secondly, it discussed the present situation of ecological moral and the reasons of lacking of ecological moral in medical students. At last, the authors pointed out the countermeasures to strengthen the moral cultivation of medical students’ ecological countermeasures under the view of Beautiful China. Therefore, we must strengthen the top-level design to ensure the ecological moral education enter into the national education system, enhance to maintain power to build the full-area coverage ecological moral teaching system, and strengthen institutional construction to establish long-term mechanism of ecologic moral education.

Abordando las enfermedades respiratorias agudas en niños con un Enfoque Ecológico en la Comunidad / Addressing acute respiratory diseases in children with an ecological approach in the Community

Objetivos: Disminuir los episodios de enfermedad respiratoria aguda (ERA) en las familias, mediante un enfoque modificado del modelo ecológico de Morelatto para identificar y trabajar colectivamente determinantes que influyen en la salud respiratoria de niños y niñas. Materiales y Métodos: Durante el proceso se realizaron actividades encaminadas a prevenir las principales causas de ERA basadas en el modelo transteórico del comportamiento con el fin de generar cambios conductuales en las familias. Para ello se creó una escala de valoración del riesgo de ERA como instrumento de medición de la efectividad de las actividades realizadas, otorgándole a cada familia un puntaje antes y después de la intervención para determinar si hubo disminución del mismo. Resultados: Las actividades realizadas conducen a cambios evidenciados en las prácticas cotidianos de las madres y sus familias, reflejadas en la escala de valoración de riesgos a partir de la disminución de conductas que favorecen la enfermedad respiratoria aguda y sus complicaciones en la primera infancia afiliada a la FAR -Génesis. Conclusiones: Una menor exposición a eventos y complicaciones de la ERA en miembros de grupos familiares de la FAR -Génesis puede contribuir a mejorar la resiliencia y disminuir la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica de las familias afectadas regularmente por la ERA sus complicaciones.

Objectives: To reduce acute respiratory disease (ARD) in children under six years of age. An ecological model approach modified by Morelatto guided community actions to identify and improve respiratory health determinants. Materials and Methods: During this process activities were implemented to change behaviors at the family level, regarding respiratory health practices according to the trans theoretical model of behavior. A risk scoring scale was used as a tool to track change in respiratory health related practices. Results: Project activities lead to behavioral changes in daily practices related ot ARD in mothers and their families, traced through the risk scoring scale. This approach allowed a participatory intervention of determinants related to ARD at different levels to improve respiratory health of children under six years of age. Conclusions: Fewer episodes and complications of respiratory disease among households may improve resilience and reduce socioeconomic vulnerability of families previously exposed to frequent events and complications of acute respiratory disease.

Cosmética sustentable: Propuesta de guía para la certificación de cosméticos ecológicos en Venezuela / Sustainable Cosmetic: Guidelines Proposal for Certification of Ecological Cosmetics in Venezuela

Las universidades son centros de producción de conocimiento y de desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Asimismo, una de sus responsabilidades es promover en la sociedad la preservación del medio que nos rodea. Investigadores en el área cosmética de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, preocupados por el medio ambiente y los consumidores, diseñaron una propuesta venezolana como guía para la estandarización y clasificación de los cosméticos ecológicos. Conociendo que las economías de América Latina y del Caribe dependen en su mayoría de la productividad de sus ecosistemas, esta guía contribuirá como una herramienta para el desarrollo sustentable en los países de la región. Para su elaboración, se tomó en consideración la situación actual de estos países. Igualmente, se tomó en cuenta los reglamentos establecidos por los organismos internacionales para la certificación de cosméticos ecológicos más empleados en Latinoamérica. Adicionalmente, se estableció comunicación directa con algunos organismos certificadores y se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de revistas cosméticas de reconocido prestigio. Al comparar los diferentes procedimientos de certificación, se encontraron coincidencias en cuanto al uso de las materias primas permitidas, materiales de empaque y requerimientos para las empresas fabricantes. Sin embargo, se observaron diferencias tanto para la clasificación del producto, basado en el contenido del mismo, así como en los requerimientos exigidos en el texto de la etiqueta. Esta guía podría contribuir con el diseño de una legislación venezolana en materia de productos ecológicos que desarrolle ventajas competitivas en el mercado y que permita alcanzar con éxito el comercio de integración regional.

The universities are centers for knowledge production and scientific and technological development. Therefore, one of their responsibilities is to encourage the society to preserve the environment. Cosmetic researchers at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, aware of the environment as well as the necessities of the consumers, designed a proposal Venezuelan Guide for the Standardization and Classification of Ecologic Cosmetics. Ever since the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean highly depend on the productivity of the ecosystems; this guide will represent a tool for sustainable development for the countries in the region. The guide was elaborated taking into consideration the current situation of those countries. The design of the guide takes into account the rules established by the international bodies on the certification of ecologic cosmetics - mostly used in the Latin American countries-. In addition, direct communications with certifying agencies as well as important cosmetic journals were used. As we compared the different certification procedures used by the agencies, we found consensus in matters of the using of raw materials, packing materials and the requirements for these cosmetic producers. Nevertheless, there was a discrepancy in the classification of ecologic products based on their contents, as well as the information required in the labeling of the products. This guide will help to design a Venezuelan legislation on ecologic cosmetic products that will develop advantages on the market in terms of competition and, at the same time, achieving the access of these products on the regional integration markets.

Delincuencia organizada ambiental en México, una nueva manifestación criminal del tráfico de especies / Delinquência organizada ambiental no México, uma nova manifestação penal do tráfico de espécies / Organized environmental crime in Mexico: a new criminal manifestation of species traffic

El estudio arroja la presencia de grupos delictivos organizados en el territorio mexicano, que trafican con especies de fauna protegidas, valiéndose de las mismas rutas que utiliza el narcotráfico y, en muchas ocasiones, mediante la diversificación de actividades criminales, por lo que lo mismo trafican con personas, armas y drogas que con ejemplares de vida silvestre, y obtienen ganancias calculadas solo por debajo del tráfico ilícito de drogas. No obstante estas características, en la legislación mexicana no existe la regulación del tráfico de especies como una figura cometida por la delincuencia organizada, razón por la cual toda la gama de instrumentos excepcionales de investigación creados para investigar, perseguir y sancionar al crimen organizado no pueden emplearse para esta manifestación criminal del tráfico de ejemplares de vida silvestre. Se ha utilizado el método de análisis de contenidos referido a libros, revistas especializadas, notas periodísticas y documentos de Naciones Unidas, poniendo énfasis en los datos que arroja la comisión de delitos ambientales, mediante grupos delictivos organizados.

This study shows the existence of organized criminal groups in the Mexican territory engaged in the traffic of protected species by taking advantage of the same routes used by drug traffickers and, in many occasions, through the diversification of illegal trafficking activities whether of humans, arms, drugs, or wild animals. They usually obtain profits exceeded only by the illegal drug business. Despite these facts, no regulation exists in Mexican legislation for wildlife species trafficking seen as an offense committed by organized crime; therefore, all the range of exceptional instruments created to investigate, persecute and punish this kind of criminals cannot be used in these cases. The content analysis method referred to books, specialized journals and magazines, journalistic notes and United Nations documents have been used, with an emphasis on data produced by the environmental crime committee about the actions of organized crime groups.

O estudo produz a presença de grupos criminosos organizados em território mexicano, que traficam com espécies da fauna protegidas, usando as mesmas rotas usadas pelo tráfico de drogas e, muitas vezes, através da diversificação das atividades criminosas. Assim mesmo traficam com pessoas, armas e drogas com espécimes da vida selvagem e obtêm lucro calculado só por debaixo do tráfico ilícito de droga. No entanto essas características, na legislação mexicana não existe regulamentação do tráfego de espécies como uma figura comprometida pelo crime organizado, razão pela qual a gama de instrumentos de pesquisa excepcionais criados para pesquisa, perseguir e punir o crime organizado não pode ser usado para esta manifestação criminosa do tráfico de animais selvagens. O método de análise de conteúdo referido a livros, revistas especializadas, artigos e documentos das Nações Unidas foi utilizado. Tem ênfase em dados que produz a comissão de crimes ambientais por grupos criminosos organizados.

The choice of bromeliads as a microhabitat by Scinax argyreornatus (Anura, Hylidae) / A escolha de bromélias, como micro-habitat, por Scinax argyreornatus (Anura, Hylidae)

The association of anurans to bromeliads presents different degrees of interaction such as: eventual, obligatory and bromeligen. The frog species Scinax argyreornatus shows a regular association with these plants. The goal of this study is to characterise the degree of association between the frog S. argyreornatus to different species of bromeliads. We identified which species of bromeliad is regularly associated with S. argyreornatus and recognised which factors interfere with this association preference. We analysed the Concentration of Relative Dominance of frogs per bromeliad species. As possible criteria for frog association preference to different bromeliads species we established the analysis of leaves number, length and width, number of leaf axils, stored water in the axils, pH and relative humidity, among other organographic components. Our observations were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. We also evaluated the preference for association by the constancy of Bodenheimer. The correlation matrix indicated that the relative humidity is the factor responsible for the frog-bromeliads association, except for Aechmea sp.. However Aechmea sp. was the species with greater constancy of occupation followed by Quesnelia arvensis and Neoregelia johannis. According to our statistical results, Aechmea sp. and Q. arvensis are not different regarding organographic parameters, but differ from N. johannis. Our observations suggest that the bromeliads organographic structure and the relative humidity are key conditions which influence the preferences of S. argyreornatus to bromeliad species, while the other features showed no correlation.

A associação dos anuros às bromeliáceas pode apresentar diferentes graus de interação, como: bromelículas eventuais, bromelículas obrigatórios e bromelígenas. Scinax argyreornatus apresenta uma associação frequente a essas plantas. Propõe-se, neste estudo, qualificar esse grau de associação, buscando identificar qual espécie de bromélia é mais ocupada, reconhecendo os fatores que interferem nessa escolha de ocupação. Analisou-se a Concentração de Dominância Relativa dos anuros por espécie de bromélia, sendo considerados como prováveis critérios de escolha: número, largura e comprimento das folhas, número de axilas foliares, volume de água acumulado, pH e umidade relativa, entre outros componentes organográficos, que foram submetidos à ANOVA e, sempre que observadas diferenças significativas, ao teste de Tukey. Avaliou-se também a escolha de ocupação pela constância de Bodenheimer. A matriz de correlação apontou a UR% como o fator responsável pela ocorrência do animal nas bromélias, exceto para Aechmea sp.; entretanto, esta foi a planta com maior Constância de ocupação, seguida por Quesnelia arvensis e Neoregelia johannis. Segundo a ANOVA, Aechmea sp. e Q. arvensis não apresentam diferenças entre si do ponto de vista organográfico, mas diferem de N. johannis. Foi possível inferir que a estrutura organográfica da planta e a UR% são as condições que interferem na escolha de ocupação das bromélias por S. argyreornatus, enquanto as outras características não demonstraram nenhuma correlação.

Social determinants related to the regional difference of unmet dental need in Korea / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the regional differences for unmet dental need, while comparing 16 metropolitan cities in South Korea. Further, this study aims to examine the impacts of social determinants, which relates to the regional difference. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that analyzes the data, of the 4th round Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), in depth, as well as an ecologic analysis investigating each area as an aggregate unit. The data obtained from 24,871 subjects was stratified of 16 cities. The dependent variables were the unmet dental needs. There were 12 variables in social determinant, which have been approached by the social status, the social position, the economic status, the urbanization and access to resources. The sex-age adjusted standardization ratio was calculated and a descriptive statistical analysis was performed to compare the cities. The coefficient of variations was calculated. Social determinants affecting regional differences were analyzed through a multiple regression model. PASW statistics 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used. RESULTS: The unmet dental need between the 16 cities showed a 1.7 times the regional difference. On the other hand the unmet dental need, due to financial reason, showed a 3.3 times the regional difference. The correlation analysis showed that the unmet dental need was higher in single-person households, in welfarites and in severely deprived areas. The final regression analysis showed that the local deprivation index (beta=-17.19), the ratio of single-person household (beta=3.91), and the number of dentists per 10,000 population (beta=-2.30), were found to be statistically significant affecting the regional differences of unmet dental need (P<0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The unmet dental need in South Korea showed the regional difference, which was affected by the urbanization, the social position and resources of the areas among social determinants.

Tendência da mortalidade por câncer de colo do útero em Salvador e no estado da Bahia, Brasil, de 1980 a 2007 / Mortality trend of cervical cancer in Salvador and the state of Bahia, Brazil, from 1980 to 2007 / Tendencia de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Salvador y en el estado de la bahia, brasil, desde 1980 a 2007

O câncer de colo do útero ainda é uma das neoplasias malignas mais frequentes no mundo, particularmente em países subdesenvolvidos, que abrigam grande número dos casos e mortes em decorrência dessa neoplasia, a despeito de sua detecção em fase incipiente e tratável ser possível com o teste de Papanicolau. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a tendência da taxa de mortalidade por câncer de colo do útero na cidade de Salvador e no estado da Bahia de 1980 a 2007. Trata-se de estudo de agregados cujos dados sobre os óbitos e sobre a população foram obtidos no SIM/Datasus e no IBGE/Datasus, respectivamente. Calcularam-se as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade e razões entre essas taxas, cujos resultados significam redução ou incremento percentual médio anual, ajustadas pelo número de óbitos por causa mal definida. Para a análise da tendência temporal, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson, com avaliação de superdispersão. Os resultados apontam, em Salvador, redução da anual média da taxa de mortalidade (menos 2,14por cento) e tendência decrescente em todas as faixas etárias. A Bahia apresentou um discreto aumento médio anual da taxa de mortalidade (mais 0,17por cento). Conclui-se que se necessita de ações de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer cervical em Salvador e, particularmente, no interior da Bahia.

The cervical cancer is one of the most frequent malignant neoplasms all over the world, particularly in undeveloped countries, which have a large number of cases and deaths, despite of the possibility of early detection by Papanicolau test and effective treatment. The goals of this study are to describe the mortality trends of cervical cancer in the State of Bahia and in the city of Salvador from 1980 to 2007. This is an aggregate study based on death and population data collected in the Mortality Information System ? SIM/DATASUS/Ministry of Health and in IBGE/DATASUS, respectively. There were calculated standardized mortality rates by age and mortality rate ratios, which mean an average annual increasing or decreasing, adjusted by deaths due to undefined causes. Poisson regression models were used to analyze the temporal trends, with evaluation of over dispersion. In Salvador there was a reduction of average annual mortality rate (less 2.14percent) and there was a decreasing trend in all age groups. In the state of Bahia there was a slight increase on the average annual mortality rate (more 0.17percent). In conclusion, there is still much to be done regarding prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer in Salvador, and particularly in the countryside of Bahia.

El cáncer de cuello uterino es, aún, una de las neoplasias malignas más frecuentes en el mundo, particularmente en los países en desarrollo, que contemplan una gran cantidad de casos y muertes por este tumor, a pesar de su detección y posible tratamiento en una etapa temprana con la prueba de Papanicolaou. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la tendencia de mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino, de 1980 a 2007, en la ciudad de Salvador y en el Estado de la Bahía. Se trata de un estudio de agregados cuya recolecta de datos sobre óbitos y población fueron recogidos, respectivamente, en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad - SIM / DATASUS / Ministerio de Salud y en el IBGE / DATASUS. Han sido calculadas las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad y razones entre estas tasas, cuyos resultados demuestran 724 reducción o aumento del promedio anual, ajustado por el número de muertes debido a causas no definidas. Para analizar las tendencias temporales se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson, con evaluación de la sobre dispersión. Los resultados indican que, en Salvador, hubo una reducción media anual de la tasa de mortalidad (menos 2,14 por ciento) y una tendencia a la baja en todos los grupos de edad. El estado de la Bahía presentó un ligero aumento medio anual de la tasa de mortalidad (más 0,17por ciento). Se concluye que existe la necesidad de acciones de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en Salvador y, en particular, en el interior de la Bahía.

Morbilidad y mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Estudio ecológico de tendencias en población amparada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social entre 1990 y 2008 / Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality trends at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. An ecological study of trends

Objetivo. Analizar el comportamiento secular de la morbilidad y mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica en la población amparada por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de tendencias de la mortalidad y morbilidad por cardiopatía isquémica en los derechohabientes del Instituto. Las defunciones se corrigieron por la clasificación inapropiada y las tasas se ajustaron por edad con la distribución por edad propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se analizaron los egresos hospitalarios y la demanda de atención por cardiopatía isquémica e infarto, como medición indirecta de la incidencia. Se estimó la letalidad y el promedio de días de estancia hospitalaria. Resultados. La mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica mostró una estabilización en los últimos años del siglo pasado y una tendencia al descenso en los primeros años de este siglo tanto en hombres (r = -0.84; r² =0.70; p <0.001) como en mujeres (r = -0.76; r² =0.57; p <0.001). La mortalidad tiene un efecto de edad y es mayor en hombres, sobre todo a edades tempranas (razón hombre-mujer = 3.44). La letalidad ha disminuido progresivamente y la edad promedio de muerte se ha incrementado en cuatro años en las dos últimas décadas. Conclusiones. La estabilización y posterior descenso de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica probablemente se explique por mejoría en la atención y en la prevención secundaria. No obstante, es necesario fortalecer la prevención primaria modificando la exposición a los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Objective: To analyze secular trends of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in Mexicans protected by the Mexican Institute of Social Security. Methods: An ecological trend analysis study was conducted on coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the Mexican population protected by the Institute. All deaths were adjusted for miscoding and misclassification and rates were age-adjusted according to the age distribution proposed by the World Health Organization. Hospital discharges, as well as the number of patients seeking medical care for coronary heart disease, were analyzed as an indirect incidence measure. Fatality rates and the mean number of hospitalization days were also estimated. Results: Coronary heart disease mortality has shown a stable trend at the end of last century and a descending trend in the first years of this century, both in males (r= -0.84; r²=0.70; p <0.001) as in females (r = -0.76; r² =0.57; p <0.001). There is an age-effect on mortality; mortality is higher in males, mainly at younger ages (male-female rate = 3.44). Fatality rates have progressively decreased and the mean age of death has increased by four years in the last two decades. Conclusions: The stable trend and later descent on coronary heart disease mortality may be best explained by an increase in the quality of health care and secondary prevention. Nevertheless, there is a need to strengthen primary prevention by modifying exposure to major cardiovascular risk factors in Mexicans.

Carga de la enfermedad en afiliados al instituto Mexicano del seguro social (IMSS): asociación con indicadores socioeconómicos: México 2000 / Carga da doença nos filiados ao instituto mexicano do seguro social (IMSS): associação com indicadores socioeconômicos: México 2000 / Burden of disease in Mexican social insurance institute affiliated: relation with socioeconomic indicators México 2000

Se estimó la carga de enfermedad en el IMSS en el año 2000. Resultados: similitud con subregión AMRO A y Australia en primeros diagnósticos, AVISAS Totales y APMP; mayor semejanza en AVD con subregiones AMRO B y D; esperanzas de vida totales similares a subregión AMRO A; esperanzas de vida con discapacidad semejantes a subregiones AMRO B y D; en entidades federativas, a mayor desarrollo socioeconómico, mayor AVD y esperanzas de vidas con discapacidad y menor APMP. Conclusión: Los afiliados al IMSS acumulan una carga de morbilidad mayor a lo esperado y en entidades federativas se asocia directamente con el desarrollo socioeconómico. Se infiere que, en el 2000, los afiliados al IMSS experimentaban baja mortalidad con expansión de morbilidad.

The burden of disease was estimated in people affiliated to the Mexican Social Insurance Institute -IMSS- in 2000.Main results: Similarities with AMRO A subregion and Australia in first causes of burden, total DALY and years lost due to premature mortality; similarities withAMRO B and D subregions in disability live expectancy; highest socioeconomic development associated with highest magnitude of years lived with disability and disability live expectancyat federative entities level. Conclusion: An unexpective high burden of morbidity with disability was found in people affiliated to IMSS; in federative entities, the burden of morbidity is associatedwith socioeconomic level. These results permit to infer, ecologically, that this population is experimented low levels of mortality with an expansion of morbidity.

Estimou-se a carga de doença no IMSS em 2000. Resultados: semelhanças com sub-região AMRO A e Austrália nos primeiros diagnósticos, AVISAS Totais e APMP; maior semelhança em AVD com sub-regiões AMRO B e D; expectativa de vida total similar a sub-região AMROA; expectativa de vida com deficiência semelhantes às sub-regiões AMRO B e D; em entidades federativas, quanto maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico, maior AVD e expectativa de vidas com deficiência e menor APMP. Conclusão: Os filiados ao IMSS acumulam una cargade morbilidade superior à esperada e em entidades federativas associa-se diretamente com o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Infere-se que, em 2000, os filiados ao IMSS experimentavam baixa mortalidade com expansão de morbilidade.

Plankton biomass in secondary ponds treating piggery waste

This study aimed at analyzing the plankton biomass found in a piggery waste treatment system, composed of a high rate algal pond (HRAP), two maturation ponds (MP1, MP2) (System A) and a water hyacinth pond (WHP) (System B). The ponds were disposed in series and the study was performed for 32 weeks. The physicochemical variables monitored were: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, soluble chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen compounds and total phosphorus. The plankton biomass was identified at genus level and the ecology index was calculated so as to describe its development in the ponds. Results showed lower specific richness, which was associated to the mono-specific Chlorella sp population. The protozoa density was conversely proportional to the green algae density. The higher species diversity occurred in the WHP and MP2. The green algae presented high relative density (>97 percent). The Jaccard index reached 100 percent if Chlorella sp and sometimes diatoms were found in the system's inlet and outlet. The productivity of algal biomass was lower than 10 gTSS/m²/d in the maturation ponds, which was maintained in the HRAP. The green algae coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 0 to 1.5 in the HRAP and WHP, but was constant at 0.9 to the 10th week in MP1 and around 0.5 during all the experimental period for MP2. For the chlorophyll a, this coefficient varied in all the ponds.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biomassa do plâncton encontrado em um sistema de tratamento de dejetos suínos, formado por uma série de lagoas. Foram monitoradas 1 lagoa de alta taxa (LAT), 2 lagoas de maturação (LM1, LM2) (sistema A) e 1 lagoa de aguapés (LAG) (sistema B), durante 32 semanas, por meio de variáveis físico-químicas tais como pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda química de oxigênio, compostos nitrogenados e fósforo total. Igualmente, foram feitas identificações da biomassa planctônica, a nível de gênero, e calculados índices ecológicos que permitem descrever o seu desenvolvimento dentro das lagoas. O sistema de tratamento para dejetos suínos apresentou boa eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica (DQOs) e nutrientes (nitrogênio, amônia, nitrato, nitrito e fósforo). Os resultados mostraram baixa riqueza de espécies, a qual esteve associada à população mono-específica de Chlorella sp. A densidade dos protozoários foi inversamente proporcional à densidade das clorofíceas na LAT (que apresentou altas concentrações de DQO, nitratos e nitritos e SS) e na LAG (com baixas concentrações de DQO solúvel e OD). Constatou-se que a maior diversidade de espécies ocorreu nas últimas lagoas da série (LM2 e LAG), onde havia baixa concentração de nutrientes (compostos nitrogenados e fósforo total). As clorofíceas apresentaram a maior densidade relativa (> 97 por cento). O índice de Jaccard atingiu 100 por cento somente quando Chlorella sp e, às vezes, diatomáceas foram encontradas na entrada e na saída do sistema (A ou B). A produtividade da biomassa algal foi em torno de 10 gSST/m²/dia na LAT, 8 gSST/m²/dia na LAG e inferior nas outras lagoas. O coeficiente de variação (CV) das clorofíceas variou entre 0 e 1,5 nas lagoas LAT e LAG, porém manteve-se constante em 0,9 até a 10ª semana na LM1 e em torno de 0,5 durante todo o período experimental na LM2; para a clorofila a, este coeficiente apresentou-se muito variável em...

La nueva cultura de la discapacidad y los modelos de rehabilitación

El presente artículo tiene como propósito principal dar a conocer los planteamientos teóricos sobre la nueva concepción de la discapacidad orientada desde el reconocimiento de los derechos humanos, la autonomía, la integración, las capacidades y los apoyos, enfatizando en la interacción de la persona con discapacidad y el ambiente donde vive. Por otra parte, se describen algunos de los modelos de rehabilitación que han sido utilizados a lo largo del tiempo, pero que han resultado ineficaces hacia la atención integral de la persona con discapacidad. Por esto, finalmente se plantea el modelo ecológico como una alternativa que aborda de manera integral los diferentes aspectos de la vida de cada persona.

The main purpose of this article is to present theoretical statements on the new concept of disability from the recognition of human rights, autonomy, integration, capacities and support, emphasizing in the interaction of the disabled person and its environment. On the other hand, some models of rehabilitation are described that have been used through time, being ineffective for integral care of the disabled person. Finally, the ecological model is presented as an alternative to approach in an integral way, different aspects of the person's life.