Review of the Benefits of Eggshell Content in Body Tissue Structure Repair

@#Eggshell (ES) is a waste material that cannot be consumed with low economic value. ES mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and an organic matrix in the form of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. Meanwhile, the eggshell membrane (ESM) contains osteopontin collagen, fibronectin, keratin, histones, avian beta defensins, ovocalyxin-36, apolipoproteins, protocadherin, chondroitin sulfate, ovotransferrin, hyaluronic acid, and sialic acid as well as various amino acids. Recently, ES has been widely used in industry, agriculture, food, and medical fields. The potential of ES in the medical field is interesting to discuss, especially in relation to tissue repair. Efforts to reduce the prevalence of wounds that generally originate from acute wounds but become chronic due to various factors that are neglected in their management. In particular, this review will describe the benefits of ES content in repairing body tissues. ES-derived active ingredients such as CaCO3, brushite, and hydroxyapatite exhibit osteoconductive properties that promote bone regeneration. Calcium ions can increase insulin and leptin sensitivity in the liver and can induce repair of acute kidney injury. Meanwhile, ESM contributes positively to neural tissue repair and plays an important role in wound healing, response to external stimuli, defense response, inflammatory response, cell-substrate adhesion, promoting cell growth, migration, differentiation, and tissue remodeling.

Effectiveness of one-stage posterior eggshell osteotomy and long-segment pedicle screw fixation for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis combined with acute thoracolumbar vertebral fracture / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the safety and effectiveness of one-stage posterior eggshell osteotomy and long-segment pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis combined with acute thoracolumbar vertebral fracture.@*METHODS@#A clinical data of 20 patients with ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis combined with acute thoracolumbar spine fracture, who were treated with one-stage posterior eggshell osteotomy and long-segment pedicle screw fixation between April 2016 and January 2022, was retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 16 cases were male and 4 cases were female; their ages ranged from 32 to 68 years, with an average of 45.9 years. The causes of injury included 10 cases of sprain, 8 cases of fall, and 2 cases of falling from height. The time from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 12 days, with an average of 7.1 days. The injured segment was T 11 in 2 cases, T 12 in 2 cases, L 1 in 6 cases, and L 2 in 10 cases. X-ray film and CT showed that the patients had characteristic imaging manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis, and the fracture lines were involved in the anterior, middle, and posterior columns and accompanied by different degrees of kyphosis and vertebral compression; and MRI showed that 12 patients had different degrees of nerve injuries. The operation time, intraoperative bleeding, intra- and post-operative complications were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were used to evaluate the low back pain and quality of life, and the American spinal cord injury association (ASIA) classification was used to evaluate the neurological function. X-ray films were taken, and local Cobb angle (LCA) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were measured to evaluate the correction of the kyphosis.@*RESULTS@#All operations were successfully completed and the operation time ranged from 127 to 254 minutes (mean, 176.3 minutes). The amount of intraoperative bleeding ranged from 400 to 950 mL (mean, 722.5 mL). One case of dural sac tear occurred during operation, and no cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred after repair, and the rest of the patients did not suffer from neurological and vascular injuries, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and other related complications during operation. All incisions healed by first intention without infection or fat liquefaction. All patients were followed up 8-16 months (mean, 12.5 months). The VAS score, ODI, LCA, and SVA at 3 days after operation and last follow-up significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05), and the difference between 3 days after operation and last follow-up was not significant ( P>0.05). The ASIA grading of neurological function at last follow-up also significantly improved when compared with that before operation ( P<0.05), including 17 cases of grade E and 3 cases of grade D. At last follow-up, all bone grafts achieved bone fusion, and no complications such as loosening, breaking of internal fixation, and pseudoarthrosis occurred.@*CONCLUSION@#One-stage posterior eggshell osteotomy and long-segment pedicle screw fixation is an effective surgical procedure for ankylosing spondylitis kyphosis combined with acute thoracolumbar vertebral fracture. It can significantly relieve patients' clinical symptoms and to some extent, alleviate the local kyphotic deformity.

Avaliação da qualidade e vida de prateleira de ovos de consumo tratados com óleo mineral e timol / Evaluation of the quality and shelf life of consumer eggs treated with mineral oil and thymol

Várias pesquisas mostram o interesse na aplicação de materiais de revestimento na superfície de cascas de ovos para preservar a qualidade interior dos ovos, bem como para prolongar sua vida útil. No presente trabalho verificou-se a qualidade interna de 100 ovos galinhas para o consumo. Os ovos foram revestidos externamente na casca com tratamento de óleo mineral e timol 10%, e um grupo controle, que não sofreu nenhum tipo de tratamento. Um total de 10 ovos de cada grupo (controle e tratado) foram avaliados no dia 7, 14, 21 dias de armazenamento em relação aos seus parâmetros internos de qualidade. Os parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade dos ovos avaliados foram Perda de peso dos ovos (g), Porcentagem da gema (%), Porcentagem do albúmen (%), Índice de gema, pH do Albúmen, pH da gema e Unidades Haugh (UH). Foi observada diminuição da qualidade interna dos ovos durante os períodos de armazenamento principalmente no grupo controle. Os ovos do grupo controle, que não receberam nenhum tipo de revestimento apresentaram a maior perda de peso e os valores da unidade Haugh diminuíram ao longo do armazenamento, o que não foi observado nos dois grupos tratados. A unidade Haugh dos grupos tratados não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. Concluiu-se que os ovos tratados com óleo mineral e timol a 10%, o revestimento da casca contribuiu para a preservação dos ovos mantendo positivamente a qualidade interna dos ovos ao longo do período de estocagem, o que pode contribuir para o aumento da vida de prateleira de ovos.

Several researchers show interest in the application of coating materials on the surface of eggshells to preserve the interior quality of the eggs, as well as to prolong their shelf life. In the present work, the internal quality of 100 chicken eggs for consumption was verified. The eggs were coated externally in the shell with mineral oil and 10% thymol treatment, and a control group did not undergo any type of treatment. a total of 10 eggs from each group (control and treated) were evaluated on day 7, 14, 21 of storage in relation to their internal quality parameters. The physicochemical parameters of egg quality evaluated were egg weight loss (g), yolk percentage (%), albumen percentage (%), yolk index, albumen pH, yolk ph and haugh units (uh). decreased internal egg quality was observed during storage periods, mainly in the control group. The eggs in the control group, which did not receive any kind of coating, showed the greatest weight loss and the haugh unit values decreased during storage, which was not observed in the two treated groups. The haugh unit of the treated groups did not show significant differences between them. It was concluded that in eggs treated with mineral oil and 10% thymol, the shell coating contributed to the preservation of the eggs, positively maintaining the internal quality of the eggs throughout the storage period, which may contribute to an increase in shelf life of eggs.

Environment type and storage period on eggshell quality of laying hens at different ages / Tipos de ambiente e período de armazenamento sobre a qualidade de casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais em diferentes idades

ABSTRACT: Eggshell quality is directly linked to the good acceptability of the product by consumers, whereas the industry is concerned with economic losses. Prolonged periods of laying, diseases, nutrition, bird age and genetics can influence egg quality. This study aimed to examine the influence of the environment, bird age and storage period on the physical characteristics of the shell of eggs from commercial laying hens. The experiment involved 288 eggs from Hy-line hens, which were distributed in a completely randomized design with a triple 3×2×4 factorial arrangement represented by three ages (31, 62 or 88 weeks), two storage temperatures (ambient or refrigerated), and four storage periods (one, 10, 20 or 30 days), totaling 24 treatments. Four replications were used with three eggs each. Eggshell strength, percentage and thickness were measured. Differences were observed, with the eggs stored at room temperature exhibiting lower shell strength. Laying eggs at an advanced age (88 weeks) resulted in decreased eggshell strength as compared with the other ages, whereas the eggs from young layers (31 weeks) had a thicker shell. The advancing age of the laying hens reduced eggshell quality, regardless of the storage environment. Nonetheless, the eggs stored in the refrigerator showed better eggshell quality and integrity than those stored at ambient temperature.

RESUMO: A qualidade da casca está diretamente ligada à boa aceitabilidade do produto pelos consumidores, enquanto a indústria se preocupa com as perdas econômicas. Períodos prolongados de postura, doenças, nutrição, idade da ave e genética podem influenciar a qualidade dos ovos. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do ambiente, idade da ave e período de armazenamento nas características físicas da casca de ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizados 288 ovos de poedeiras Hy-line, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial triplo 3x2x4, sendo os fatores: três idades (31, 62 e 88 semanas), temperatura de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigerado), e quatro períodos de armazenamento (um, 10, 20 e 30 dias), totalizando 24 tratamentos, com quatro repetições de três ovos. Avaliou-se a resistência, percentual e espessura da casca. Foram observadas diferenças, uma vez que os ovos armazenados em temperatura ambiente apresentaram diminuição na resistência de casca. Ovos de poedeiras em idade avançada (88 semanas) apresentaram pior resistência de casca em relação às demais idades, enquanto ovos provenientes de poedeiras jovens (31 semanas) apresentaram maior espessura de casca. A idade avançada da poedeira reduziu a qualidade de casca dos ovos, independentemente do ambiente de armazenamento. Ainda, os ovos armazenados em geladeira apresentaram melhor qualidade e integridade da casca em comparação com os armazenados ao ambiente.

Recycling Potential of Natural Waste Products in the Development of Fingerprint Powders for Forensic Application

@#Introduction: The most common method to emerge latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces is powdering by applying commercial fingerprint powders. However, the chemical composition of the powder is often toxic and poses health hazards to humans. This study was endeavoured to explore the effectiveness and potential use of natural resources for the enhancement of latent fingermarks. Methods: Eggshells and clamshells were prepared in fine powder form, and latent fingermarks were developed using each powder. Five non-porous substrates were selected for fingermarks deposition; glass, aluminium can, plastic book cover, painted wood, and compact disc. Results: Both natural powders have successfully developed high-quality finger marks with high clarity of ridge characteristics in comparison to commercial fingerprint powder (positive control) and untreated fingermark (negative control) on most of the tested surfaces tested. The sebaceous fingermarks have shown the best quality fingermarks when developed with both powders. In the ageing study, it was found that most non-porous substrates bearing latent fingermarks exposed to the destructive conditions can be successfully visualised in the early period of exposure. Conclusion: Eggshell and clamshell powders are as effective as commercial white powder but preferrable to be applied because of the low cost, abundant and non-hazardous.

Network prediction of the potential molecular mechanisms in birds of prey exposed to organochlorine pesticides / Red de predicción de potenciales mecanismos moleculares en aves de presa expuestas a pesticidas organoclorados

Abstract In the 1960s, organochlorine compounds were responsible for the decline of birds of prey populations such as Haliaee- tus leucocephalus and Falco peregrinus. Pesticides similar to DDT cause bioaccumulation in birds, affecting their eggshell com- position and compromising their development. Using system biology tools, the goal of this study was to better comprehend how organochlorines act on birds. We performed a literature review, using the STITCH 5.0 platform, searching for the terms DDT and TCDD. The sub-networks were amplified in 100 interactions in STRING 10.5 and joined by the Cytoscape 3.4.0 Merge software, using the experimental animal model Gallus gallus. Clusterization, gene ontology, and centrality were the parameters evaluated in the resulting network. The resulting network had 1,417 interactions and 137 nodes. The clusterization indicated four clusters and the gene ontology pointed to biological processes related to cell signaling and morphological development. The centrality analysis indicated ESR1 and HSP90AB1 as hub/bottleneck proteins involved in the estrogen pathway and calcium transport. Therefore, it is possible that HSP90 proteins have increased expression in birds contaminated with organochlorine pesticides, favoring ESRI-organochlorines interaction and disturbing the calcium availability related to the eggshell formation. The presence or absence of heat shock proteins, such as HSP90, influences several aspects of reproduction in many species. Therefore, the relationship between the HSP90 protein expression and thin-shell syndrome was identified for the first time in this in silico study.

Resumen En los años 60, los organoclorados fueron responsables del declive de aves de rapiña como Haliaeetus leucocephalus y Falco peregrinus. Pesticidas como el DDT, causan biomagnificación en las aves, afectando las cáscaras de los huevos y dañando su desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue, a través de herramientas de biología de sistemas, comprender cómo los organoclorados actúan en el organismo de las aves. A través de una revisión bibliográfica se incluyeron dos compuestos, DDT y TCDD. Estos fue ron prospectos en la plataforma STITCH 5.0. Las subredes encontradas fueron aumentadas en 100 interacciones en la plataforma STRING 10.5 y unidas por la herramienta Merge del programa Cytoscape 3.4.0, usando el modelo experimental Gallus gallus. En la red resultante se analizaron la clusterización, la ontología génica y la centralidad. La red resultante presentó 137 nudos y 1.417 interacciones. El análisis de clusterización indicó 4 clusters, siendo que el análisis y ontología génica apuntó procesos biológicos ligados a la señalización y al desarrollo morfológico. El estudio de centralidad apuntó a ESR1 y HSP90AB1 como los hubs-bottle- neck proteínas que estaban involucradas en la vía de recepción de estrógeno y en el transporte de calcio. De acuerdo con los resultados podemos inferir que las proteínas HSP90 tienen su expresión aumentada, en aves contaminadas con pesticidas organoclo rados, favoreciendo la interacción entre ESRI y DDT / TCDD. Con ello, la interacción ESRI y la hormona estrógeno se compromete perjudicando el transporte de calcio y consecuentemente la formación de la cáscara del huevo en aves expuestas. La expresión de proteínas de choque térmico ha sido asociada a varios aspectos de la reproducción en muchas especies, sin embargo, una asociación entre HSP90 y el síndrome de la cáscara fina del huevo fue identificada por primera vez en este experimento in silico.

Evaluation of the activity of hen eggshell graft in experimentally induced mandibular defects in rabbits: pilot study

Background: For the treatment of the cranial and maxillofacial bone defects autogenic and/or allogenic bone grafts and alloplastic materials have been used for a long time. In the last decade, avian eggshell powder has been suggested as a bone substitute candidate in reconstructive surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of particulate hen eggshell grafting on the healing of experimentally induced mandibular defects.Methods: The study was conducted on 10 adult local rabbits. Two cavities of 4mm diameter have been created in the lateral surface of the mandible. One of the cavities was filled with particulate hen eggshell graft (test one), while the other hole was left for normal healing (control one). On the 8 weeks, the rabbits have been sacrificed and defective regions have been extracted.Results: All animals showed normal wound healing. No foreign body reaction was observed, hen eggshell grafts were resorbed, integrated with bone at 8 weeks.  There were no differences between control and chicken eggshell groups in new bone formation. At 8 weeks, histological analysis of specimens showed different amounts of woven bone contained osteocytes and covered by lining of osteoblasts.Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that hen eggshell powder is a worth-while bone substitute because it is a safe, cheap, and easily available material.

Comparative study of egg contamination with SalmonellaHeidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium / Estudo comparativo da contaminação de ovos com SalmonellaHeidelberg e Salmonella Typhimurium

Cases of salmonellosis in humans have been associated with consumption of eggs contaminated with this bacterial pathogen due to insufficient heat treatment. The most prevalent serotypes of Salmonella in Brazil include serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg. The first two serotypes are major causes for eggs to be withheld from sale and for recalls over Salmonella contamination concerns in both domestic and foreign markets. Eggs may be contaminated through transovarian infection (transovarial transmission) due to the presence of the microorganism in the hen's oviduct and bacterial penetration of the eggshell. There is little data in the literature on the susceptibility of egg contamination and eggshell penetration by Brazilian serotypes of Salmonella. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium serotypes to penetrate through the eggshell and detect these bacteria in the albumen and yolk according to the thickness of the eggshell. SPF (specific-pathogen-free) eggs were artificially contaminated by contact with moist cotton containing Salmonella (15 x 108 CFU/ml). Eggs were divided into the following groups: negative control (not contaminated), S. Heidelberg, and S. Typhimurium. Subsequently, these eggs were incubated at 37°C, and their contents analyzed after 4 h and 24 h of incubation. The evaluation (assessment) of the contamination was performed by traditional bacteriology and confirmed by biochemical and serological tests. Treatments were compared with Fisher's test using a SAS statistical software. For S. Heidelberg, the percentage of positivity (positive cases) was lower in both albumen and yolk at 4 h and 24 h intervals (33.33% and 3.7%, and 3.7% and 3.7%, respectively) compared to S. Typhimurium (26.63% and 7.41%, and 33.33% and 33.33%, respectively). These findings suggest that the former strain (S. Heidelberg) was unable to survive in the hostile environment of the albumen. In contrast, eggshell thickness had no significant correlation with the number of positive samples. In conclusion, the results obtained in the egg infection model show that the Salmonella strains tested were able to penetrate the eggshell and multiply in both the albumen and yolk and that S. Typhimurium proved to be the most efficient to grow within these portions of the egg.(AU)

Salmonelose em humanos é frequentemente associada ao consumo de ovos contaminados sem o devido processamento térmico. No Brasil, os sorotipos mais prevalentes são: Enteritidis, Typhimurium e Heidelberg, alvo de barreiras sanitárias na comercialização de ovos. O ovo pode ser contaminado por via transovariana, pela presença da bactéria no oviduto da ave e também por penetração da bactéria através da casca do ovo. Existem poucas informações acerca da capacidade de contaminação no ovo por sorotipos isolados no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade dos sorotipos S. Heidelberg e S. Typhimurium penetrar através da casca do ovo e colonizar a albumina e gema, relacionando à espessura da casca. Os ovos SPF (livres de patógenos específicos) foram contaminados artificialmente pelo contato com algodão umedecido (15 x 108 CF/mL). Os ovos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: controle negativo (sem contaminação), S. Heidelberg e S. Typhimurium. Posteriormente foram incubadas a 37°C e seu conteúdo foi analisado após 4 e 24 h. A avaliação da contaminação foi realizada por bacteriologia tradicional e confirmada por testes bioquímicos e sorológicos. Os tratamentos foram comparados com o teste de Fisher usando o software estatístico SAS. Para S. Heidelberg, a percentagem de positividade foi menor no albúmen e gema às 4 e 24 h (33,33% e 3,7%, 3,7% e 3,7%, respectivamente) em comparação com S. Typhimurium (26,63% e 7,41%, 33,33% e 33,33%, respectivamente), sugerindo que a primeira estirpe foi mais vulnerável as condições hostis da albumina. Por outro lado, a espessura da casca do ovo não teve relação significativa com a positividade das amostras. Em conclusão, o modelo de infecção do ovo mostrou que as cepas foram capazes de penetrar a casca do ovo e sobreviver na albumina e gema, sendo que o sorotipo S. Typhimurium foi mais eficiente.(AU)

Efficiency of chitosan and eggshell on harvesting of Spirulina sp. in a bioflocculation process

Aims@#Microalgae were very small in size (a few μm) and have a low concentration in the medium. Due to their size, harvesting of microalgae from their growth medium remain a major obstacle in downstream processing. Efficient harvesting method must be applied to ensure it is cost effective, preserves quality and improves the culture process which is important for commercial algal production. Common harvesting methods use to harvest microalgae from their growth medium are centrifugation, filtration, flotation, sedimentation, and flocculation. Flocculation is a common method use to harvest microalgae due to low cost, save time and highly efficient method for algae biomass recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects chitosan and eggshell on flocculation of microalga Spirulina platensis. Chitosan and eggshell were chosen as flocculant due to their biodegradability, non-toxicity and safe to handle. @*Methodology and results@#The efficiencies of flocculation process were examined by conducting experiments over a range of culture pH, flocculant concentrations and flocculation time using chitosan and eggshell as flocculant agent. Under optimized flocculation conditions of 50 mg/L chitosan at pH 8 culture media for 90 min of flocculation time and 4 mg/mL eggshell at pH 4 culture media for 8 min of flocculation time, the maximum flocculation efficiency obtained was 79.98±1.65% and 97.17±1.38%, respectively. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Therefore, it can be concluded that chitosan and eggshell could be used as flocculants for harvesting large scale microalgal biomass production. Nevertheless, eggshell is more economical and more efficient compared to chitosan in harvesting microalgae biomass.

Efficacy of three sealing methods on hatchability of micro- cracked eggs from broiler breeder hens / Eficacia de tres métodos de sellado de huevos con micro grietas sobre la incubabilidad de gallinas reproductoras de pollos de engorde / Eficácia de três metodos de selagem de microfissuras em ovos na incubadora provenientes de galinhas reprodutoras de frangos de corte

Abstract Background: Shell fragility of hatching eggs can have negative implications on the economic performance of hatcheries. Objective: To determine the efficacy of sealing eggshell micro cracks with either coloured or uncoloured nail varnish, and molten paraffin on hatchability, embryonic mortality (EM) and hatched chick weight (CW). Methods: Eggs (n= 576) with micro-cracks were assigned among four groups (n=144 each group) for a 21 d incubation period. One group was untreated (CE). In the other groups, the micro cracked area of eggshells was sealed with uncolored nail varnish (NV), colored nail varnish (CV), or molten paraffin wax (MP). A positive control group of un-cracked eggs (UE) was also included (n= 144). Results: The eggshell sealant treatments allowed normal conductance related to egg weight loss after 18 d of incubation (11.45%), and chick weights were normal among treatment groups (44.7 g). Hatchability and embryonic mortality in the early and late incubation periods of the NV group was similar to UE (84.02 vs 86.11% for hatchability, 6.95 vs 10.42% for EM on days 1-10, and 2.08 vs 1.39% for EM on days 18-21 respectively; p>0.05). The CV group had lower hatchability than the NV (77.77 vs 84.02% respectively; p<0.05), whereas MP showed similar hatchability compared to the CE group (59.72 vs 72.92%, respectively p>0.05). Conclusions: Application of uncoloured nail varnish on shell micro-cracks improves egg hatchability.

Resumen Antecedentes: la rotura de la cáscara es un problema que afecta a los huevos para incubación, reduciendo la eficiencia económica de la producción. Objetivo: determinar la eficacia del sellado de micro grietas de huevos utilizando parafina fundida, esmalte de uñas transparente, o esmalte de color sobre la incubabilidad, mortalidad embrionaria (EM) y peso de los pollitos (CW). Métodos: los huevos (n= 576) con micro fisuras fueron asignados a uno de cuatro grupos durante un período de incubación de 21 días. Un grupo se mantuvo sin tratar (CE), en los otros grupos se selló el área micro-agrietada de la cascara con esmalte incoloro de uñas (NV), esmalte de color (CV), o parafina fundida (MP). Tambien se incluyó un grupo de huevos no agrietados (UE, n= 144). Resultados: los tres tratamientos aplicados a la cascara permitieron obtener una pérdida de peso normal de los huevos a 18 d (11,45%), asi como un peso normal de los pollitos (44,7 g). El grupo NV presentó incubabilidad y EM similares a UE durante el periodo de incubación (84,02 vs 86,11% incubalidad y 6,95 vs 10,42% EM entre los días 1-10; y 2,08 vs 1,39% EM entre los días 18-21 respectivamente; p>0,05). El grupo CV tuvo incubabilidad inferior a la de NV (77,77 vs 84,02% respectivamente; p<0,05), mientras que el grupo MP mostró incubabilidad similar a la obtenida por el grupo CE (59,72 vs 72,92%, respectivamente p>0,05). Conclusiones: la aplicación de esmalte incoloro de uñas en las micro-grietas de la cascara mejora la incubabilidad de los huevos.

Resumo Antecedentes: a quebra da casca do ovo é um dos problemas mais importantes durante a incubação, reduzindo a eficiência económica da produção. Objetivo: determinar a eficácia da selagem de microfissuras na casca de ovo com verniz de unhas, transparente ou colorido, e parafina fundida na eclosão, mortalidade embrionária (EM), e peso dos pintos ao nascimento (CW). Métodos: ovos (n= 576) apresentando microfissuras foram divididos em quatro grupos (n= 144) e colocados a incubar por um período de 21 dias. Um dos grupos não foi tratado (CE). Os ovos dos restantes grupos foram selados com verniz de unhas transparente (NV), verniz de unhas colorido (CV) ou parafina fundida (MP). Foi ainda incluido um controlo positivo constituído por ovos sem microfissuras (UE) (n= 144). Resultados: em todos os grupos tratados, observou-se uma perda de peso normal após 18 dias de incubação (11,45%) assim como um peso vivo normal dos pintos ao nascimento (44,7 g). Observou-se uma taxa de eclosão e mortalidade embrionária similar dos períodos iniciais e finais de incubação entre os grupos NV e UE (84,02 vs 86,11% para eclodibilidade, 6,95 vs 10,42% para EM entre os dias 1-10, e 2,08 vs 1,39% para EM entre os dias 18-21 respectivamente; p>0,05). O grupo CV evidenciou uma taxa de eclosão menor do que a do grupo NV (77,77 vs 84,02% respectivamente; p<0,05). No entanto, o grupo MP apresentou uma eclodibilidade similar à observada no grupo CE (59,72 vs 72,92%, respectivamente p>0,05). Conclusões: o uso de verniz de unhas transparente é um método apropriado para incrementar a eclodibilidade de ovos com microfissuras.

Analysis of Effect of Eggshell Membrane Patching for Moderate-to-Large Traumatic Tympanic Membrane Perforation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of eggshell membrane (ESM) patching for tympanic membrane (TM) perforation, and to investigate correlations between healing time and age, gender, patching time, perforation size, and perforation location. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-five patients diagnosed with traumatic TM perforation at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, between January 2008 and October 2013. Patients were divided into two groups, according to perforation edge approximation or ESM patching treatment. Healing time was compared between the group that received perforation edge approximation and the group that received ESM patching. Perforation grade, age, onset, and location were also compared between the two groups. RESULTS: ESM patching significantly improved healing time compared to spontaneous healing, especially in patients with moderate or large traumatic TM perforations (≥grade II). However, patient age, gender, perforation location, and especially timing of procedure, did not significantly affect healing time. CONCLUSIONS: ESM patching can be a good treatment choice to promote tympanic membrane healing in large traumatic TM perforations.

Eggshell apex abnormalities associated with Mycoplasma synoviae infection in layers

Eggs exhibiting eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) were evaluated for changes in shell characteristics such as strength, thickness, and ultrastructure. Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infection was confirmed by serological assay along with isolation of MS from the trachea and oviduct. Changes in eggshell quality were shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.01). We also identified ultrastructural changes in the mammillary knob layer by Scanning Electron Microscopy. While eggs may seem to be structurally sound, ultrastructural evaluation showed that affected eggs do not regain their former quality. In our knowledge, this is the first report describing the occurrence of EAA in Korea.

Avaliação da qualidade da casca dos ovos provenientes de matrizes pesadas com diferentes idades / Evaluation of eggshell quality from broiler breeder hens with different ages

Foi realizado um estudo sobre qualidade da casca dos ovos incubáveis provenientes de matrizes pesadas com diferentes idades, por meio da avaliação da relação entre peso da casca e peso do ovo e análises de peso específico, espessura, porosidade, resistência e microscopia eletrônica. Os dois tratamentos foram definidos pela idade da matriz, sendo considerados ovos de matrizes novas - 33 semanas - e de matrizes velhas - 63 semanas. Os ovos de matrizes com 33 semanas foram mais leves, e o número de poros por cm² foi menor que o de ovos das aves mais velhas. Ovos de aves com 63 semanas apresentaram menor percentual de casca em relação ao peso do ovo, menor peso específico e menores resistência e espessura da casca. A proporção das membranas da casca em relação à sua espessura total foi maior nas matrizes mais novas. Concluiu-se que ovos de matrizes velhas têm qualidade de casca inferior aos ovos das matrizes novas e que as membranas da casca nos ovos de matrizes novas desempenham papel relevante em sua estrutura.

We conducted a study on eggshell quality from Cobb® broiler breeders at different ages by assessing the relationship between eggshell weight and egg weight and analysis of specific weight, thickness, porosity, strength and electron microscopy. Both treatments were defined by broiler breeder age, considering eggs from young breeders (33 weeks) and eggs from old breeders (63 weeks). It was observed that eggs from breeders at 33 weeks have lower weight and number of pores per cm² compared with eggs from older birds. 63 weeks broiler breeders had lower percentage of eggshell in relation to egg weight, lower specific weight, strength and thickness, when compared with eggs from young breeders. The proportion of shell membranes in relation to its total thickness was significantly higher in young breeders. It was concluded that eggs from older broiler breeders have lower eggshell quality than the young breeders. The shell membranes in young breeder's eggs play a significant role in its structure, making it necessary to focus on this layer in future studies on eggshell quality and their relationship between breeder age and incubation yield.

Características morfológicas da casca do ovo de avestruz / Morphologicals characteristics of the ostrich eggshell

A análise morfológica da casca do ovo da avestruz é importante, pois diversos fatores morfológicos podem estar relacionados com a eclodibilidade do ovo desta espécie no Brasil. Para tanto foram analisadas 60 amostras de ovos aparentemente normais (ovos eclodidos e com morte embrionária). Foram efetuadas observações que permitiram estabelecer: a espessura média da casca do ovo, a porosidade da casca destes ovos, e correlacionar estas variáveis com a eclodibilidade. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente mediante o teste de Duncan, o que mostrou que ovos com menor porosidade tem também uma menor eclodibilidade. A porosidade média dos ovos eclodidos é de 19,87 poros/cm², e dos ovos com morte embrionária é de 16,78 poros/cm². Não houve diferença estatística entre a espessura da casca nas regiões estudada, nem interação entre viabilidade e as regiões.

Morphological analysis of the ostrich eggshell is important because several factors can be related to morphological hatchability of eggs of this species in Brazil. Therefore, 60 samples of apparently normal eggs were analyzed (eggs hatched and with embryonic death). The observations were allowed to establish that: the average thickness of the eggshell, the porosity of the shell of the eggs, and correlate these variables with hatchability. The results were statistically analyzed by Duncan's test, which showed that eggs with less porosity also have a lower hatchability. The average porosity of hatched eggs is 19.87 pores/cm², and of eggs with embryonic death is pores/cm2 16.78. There was no statistical difference between the thickness of the shell in the regions studied, no interaction between viability and the regions studied.

Ultramorphological features of the egg of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston) (Diptera, Psychodidae)

Ultramorphological features of the egg of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston) (Diptera, Psychodidae). Psychodidae flies, also known as sewage, sand and filter flies are important for medical and veterinary purposes. General information about life cycle and adult habits is available, but few species are known about the egg morphology. Therefore, in this study, the egg ultramorphology of Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston, 1893) was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to describe its structure, generating data for further comparison between different fly species and genera. General aspects of T. albipunctatus egg are similar to other Psychodidae; egg measuring approximately 0.4 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width. However, based on the continuous and discontinuous longitudinal ridge sculptures observed on the exochorion, which can be species-specific, we can infer that T. albipunctatus eggs can survive under dry or moist conditions, making their control much more difficult. Our data emphasize the advantages of the electron microscope approach in the study of the exochorion patterns. Eggshell morphology of T. albipunctatus can be used as basis for further studies and as a tool to compare different species of Psychodidae flies.

Aspectos ultramorfológicos do ovo de Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston) (Diptera, Psychodidae). As moscas da família Psychodidae, também conhecidas como moscas de banheiro, são de importância médica e veterinária. Informações gerais sobre ciclo de vida e hábitos do adulto são facilmente encontradas, mas pouco se sabe sobre a morfologia do ovo. Dessa forma, neste estudo, a ultramofologia do ovo de Telmatoscopus albipunctatus (Williston, 1893) foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura com o objetivo de descrever sua estrutura, provendo importantes dados para futuras comparações entre moscas de diferentes espécies e gêneros. O aspecto geral do ovo de T. albipunctatus é similar a outros Psychodidae, medindo aproximadamente 0.4 mm de comprimento e 0.1 mm de largura. Entretanto, baseado nas esculturas contínuas e descontínuas do exocórion, as quais podem ser espécie-específicas, podemos inferir que os ovos de T. albipunctatus podem sobreviver sob condições de muita umidade ou seca, dificultando o controle da espécie. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância do uso da microscopia eletrônica como uma ferramenta no estudo dos padrões do exocórion. A morfologia externa do ovo de T. albipunctatus pode ser usada como base para futuros estudos e como ferramenta para comparação de diferentes espécies de moscas do gênero Psychodidae.

Efecto del butirato de sodio en dietas para gallinas sobre el comportamiento productivo, calidad del huevo y vellosidades intestinales / Effect of sodium butyrate on diets for laying hens on the productive performance, egg quality and intestinal villi

In this study, productive performance, quality of eggs and histological analysis of intestinal villi of the duodenum (length and width) was evaluated in Bovans laying hens of 63 weeks of age, with the addition of butyrate in the diet ( 0, 300, 500 ppm). The results obtained in ten weeks of experimentation showed a response (P < 0.05) on egg production percentaje (86.4, 92.2 and 89.6), egg weight (63.4, 63.4 and 64.1 g), feed consumption/bird/day (111.4, 111.9 and 113.4 g), feed conversion (2.09, 1.95 and 2.03), micro-fractures percentaje (20.8, 14.9 and 12.9), broken eggs percentaje (2.6, 2.1 and 0.6), length of villi (1.15, 1.22 and 1.32 mm) and villi width (0.467, 0.500 and 0.532 mm) to the addition of butyrate. These results indicate the beneficial effect of butyrate in laying hens in the last third of its first production cycle. From information obtained in this study, it is concluded that sodium butyrate on diets at 500 ppm for Bovans laying hens of 63 weeks of age, improves the productive performance, shell quality and intestinal villi integrity.

En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento productivo, calidad del huevo y análisis histológico de vellosidades intestinales de duodeno (largo y ancho) en gallinas de la estirpe Bovans, de 63 semanas de edad, con adición de butirato en la dieta (0, 300, 500 ppm). Los resultados obtenidos en diez semanas de experimentación mostraron respuesta (P < 0.05) en porcentaje de postura (86.4, 92.2 y 89.6), peso del huevo (63.4, 63.4 y 64.1 g) consumo/ave/día (111.4, 111.9 y 113.4 g), conversión alimentaria (2.09, 1.95 y 2.03), de microfracturas (20.8, 14.9 y 12.9), de huevos rotos (2.6, 2.1 y 0.6), longitud de vellosidades (1.15, 1.22 y 1.32 mm) y ancho de vellosidades (0.467, 0.500 y 0.532 mm) a la adición de butirato. Los resultados indican el efecto benéfico del butirato en gallinas ponedoras en el último tercio de su primer ciclo de producción. De la información obtenida en el presente estudio se concluye que el butirato de sodio en dietas a 500 ppm para gallinas Bovans, de 63 semanas de edad, mejora el comportamiento productivo, la calidad del cascarón y la integridad de las vellosidades intestinales.

Quantification of japanese quail eggshell colour by image analysis

The Japanese quail lays eggs with colourful and patterned shells which make the eggshell colour difficult to classify. In this study, the method of measuring colour of patchy eggs using image analyses and its power to discriminate among individual variation were established. Estimated repeatability for egg colour and proportion of patterned areas was high (>0.58), suggesting intermedíate or high heritability of eggshell colour characteristics. Three components have been identified as significant in discriminant function analysis. These three components explained 91.4 percent of the total variance in egg colour characteristics. In cluster analysis, 78.3 percent of the eggs that were collected from 15 females were correctly classified. This study indicates that eggshell colour characteristics can be reliably studied by image analyses and that this method can provide a unified character list for future examinations and interpretations of quail egg characteristics.

Cloning and expression of Sj423 gene encoding the egg-shell precursor protein of Schistosoma japonicum / 中国人兽共患病学报

The gene fragment encoding the egg-shell precursor protein of Schistosoma japonicum was amplified with RT-PCR by using PCR primer designed according to the 423 bp cDNA fragment of the Philippine strain of S.japonicum, the corresponding mDNA fragment of Chinese strain as template and then the 5' and 3' ends of this gene cDNA were amplified with 5' RACE and 3' RACE by using a series of primers designed according to the result of sequencing. Result of sequence analysis showed that this fragment, named as Sj423, contained a complete open reading frame (ORF) of gene encoding the egg-shell precursor protein of S.japonicum.(Chinese strain). As demonstrated by sequencing analysis. No intron could be detected in this gene fragment. This gene was subsequently expressed in E.coli after cloning into the expression vector pET28c(+). The molecular mass of the expressed product of this gene was 20.9 kDa as revealed by SDS-PAGE analysis, and Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant protein expressed could react well with the rabbit antiserum against the worm antigen of S.japonicum;indicating the good antigenicity of this expressed product.

Overview of Pharmacological Research on Eggshell Membrane / 国际中医中药杂志

In the basis of a large amount of literatures, this article sumed up the characteristics and application of eggshell membrane.

Determination of Glucose with Biosensor by Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase with Chitosan / 分析化学

A glucose biosensor was fabricated from a glucose oxidasE-immobilized by chitosan and oxygen electrode. The effects of concentration of chitosan(0.3%), enzyme loading(0.8 mg), pH 7.0, phosphate buffer concentration(300 mmol/L), and temperature 25 ℃ for the response of the biosensor were investigated. The glucose biosensor has a linear response range of 0.016-1.10 mmol/L with a detection limit of 8.0 μmol/L(S/N=3). The response time was less than 60 s. The biosensor showed extremely good stability with a shelf-life of at least 3 months. The biosensor exhibited good repeatable response to a 0.25 mmol/L glucose olution with a relative standard deviation of 2.5%(n=10). The precision of fabrication of the biosensors using four different membranes was good with a RSD of 4.7%. Some common potential components in sample such as niacinamide, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin E, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Zn2+ showed no interferences on the response of the glucose biosensor. The biosensor was successfully applied to determine the glucose in commercial beverage samples.