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Mammogram images are majorly used for detecting the breast cancer. The level of positivity of breast cancer is detected after excluding the pectoral muscle from mammogram images. Hence, it is very significant to identify and segment the pectoral muscle from the mammographic images. In this work, a new multilevel thresholding, on the basis of electro-magnetism optimization (EMO) technique, is proposed. The EMO works on the principle of attractive and repulsive forces among the charges to develop the members of a population. Here, both Kapur's and Otsu based cost functions are employed with EMO separately. These standard functions are executed over the EMO operator till the best solution is achieved. Thus, optimal threshold levels can be identified for the considered mammographic image. The proposed methodology is applied on all the three twenty-two mammogram images available in mammographic image analysis society dataset, and successful segmentation of the pectoral muscle is achieved for majority of the mammogram images. Hence, the proposed algorithm is found to be robust for variations in the pectoral muscle.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Conjunto de DatosRESUMEN
Resumo Os fenômenos envolvendo eletromagnetismo e conservação da energia durante o século XIX não se enquadravam no paradigma newtoniano vigente. Havia entre os estudiosos a necessidade de explicar tais fatos considerando-se "algo mais", não expresso até então. É nessa explicação que a Naturphilosophie, programa filosófico associado ao movimento romântico alemão do século XIX, parece oferecer novos caminhos para entender as ciências. Neste artigo, trazemos os principais aspectos da obra de Schelling, principal expoente da Naturphilosophie, e como seus pressupostos foram inseridos nas ciências físicas para explicar o eletromagnetismo e a conservação da energia.
Abstract Phenomena involving electromagnetism and conservation of energy during the nineteenth century did not fit the reigning Newtonian paradigm. Among scholars, there was the need to explain such facts considering "something more" that had not yet been expressed. Through this explanation, Naturphilosophie, the philosophical branch associated with the German romantic movement of the nineteenth century, seems to offer new ways of understanding the sciences. In this article, we present main aspects of the work of Schelling, the main exponent of Naturphilosophie, and how his assumptions were inserted into the physical sciences to explain electromagnetism and conservation of energy.
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Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Ciencia/historia , Consumo de Energía , Filosofía , NaturalezaRESUMEN
En este artículo se propone un modelo de remodelación ósea que tiene en cuenta los estímulos mecánicos y eléctricos. Bajo estos supuestos, se obtiene la distribución de masa que depende de las cargas mecánicas y eléctricas. El trabajo coloca de manifiesto la importancia del campo eléctrico en el proceso de remodelación y, propone la cuantificación de sus efectos para obtener un modelo aplicable a nivel clínico...
A bone remodeling model is proposed which takes account of mechanical and electrical stimuli. Under these assumptions, a mass distribution is obtained which depends on mechanical and electrical loads. The paper reveals the importance of the electric field in the remodeling process, and proposes to quantify its effects with a view to obtaining a clinically applicable model...
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Objective To study the electromagnetism environment of health equipment both in peace time and wartime,and give schemes.Methods The sources,types and harms of electromagnetic interference were analyzed.Methods for anti-jamming were discussed.Results Proper methods for anti-jamming were proposed.Conclusion Electromagnetic interference can be prevented effectively by using simple and convenient anti-jamming methods.