Keeping track of hidden dangers - The short history of the Sabiá virus

Abstract Emerging infectious diseases are a global threat. In countries like Brazil, where biodiversity is high and public health conditions in terms of infrastructure and medical care are often precarious, emerging diseases are particularly worrisome. The lack of monitoring strategies to identify pathogens with the potential to cause outbreaks or epidemics is another problem in Brazil and other developing countries. In this article, we present the history of the Sabiá virus (SABV), a pathogen that was described in the 1990s in Brazil. Several aspects of the biology and ecology of the SABV remain unknown. The SABV has the potential to cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. To date, four cases of human infections have been reported worldwide; two were naturally acquired (both in Brazil), whereas the other two were linked to occupational exposure in the laboratory environment (one in Brazil and one in the USA). In this review, we summarize the basic biological and ecological characteristics of the SABV. This is the first work to gather all available data on the historical aspects involving the cases of SABV infection along with an update on its characteristic features.

Contribuiçäo ao conhecimento sobre a Hantavirose no Brasil / A contribution to the knowledge of hantaviruses in Brazil

Foram revistos diferentes aspectos da síndrome pulmonar e cardiovascular por hantavírus, uma doença emergente transmitida pela inalação das excretas de roedores silvestres e que ocorre principalmente em indivíduos que têm contato com o meio rural e com estes animais. Trata-se de doença grave, com letalidade acima de 50%, que leva à insuficiência respiratória e ao choque. A terapia de suporte ventilatório e cardiovascular deve ser precocemente instituída, preferencialmente em unidades de terapia intensiva. A presença de edema pulmonar exige cuidados de ventilação precoces. Apesar dos pacientes apresentarem-se em choque, deve-se ter cuidados com a infusão de líquidos para que não se agrave o edema pulmonar. É necessário informar os profissionais de saúde sobre a doença, considerando que muitos casos devem passar despercebidos. O diagnóstico laboratorial de hantavirose acessível e rápido precisa ser implementado e para tanto, precisa-se de pesquisas desenvolvendo métodos diagnósticos sensíveis e confiáveis. O controle da doença exige envolvimento de múltiplos profissionais visando conhecer sua história natural, a biologia do reservatório e a do vírus.

Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome, an emerging disease transmitted by the inhalation of wild rodent excreta and affecting mostly agriculture workers and other professionals in contact with these animals, is reviewed. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a severe disease with case fatality ratio greater than 50%. The syndrome is characterized by respiratory distress and shock. Disease management includes early mechanical ventilation and volume administration, preferable in intensive care units. Caution is advised during liquid infusion for shock treatment since pulmonary edema develops frequently. Information about hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome should be widely disseminated among the Brazilian medical community considering that, many cases can be undiagnosed. Rapid and accessible laboratory diagnosis of hantaviruses must be implemented in Brazil and research focused on the development of sensible and reliable diagnostic methods and reagents is encouraged. The control of hantaviruses depends on a multi-professional approach aiming to know the natural history, the biology of the reservoir and of the virus.