RESUMEN
Due to the expansion of human population, threat for existence of all wild animals is gradually increasing. They are driven to exist in smaller areas and in the worst case scenario extinction. Zoos are being encouraged to improve the animal’s physical and social surroundings. In this study, the modern naturalistic enrichment introduced to large felids tiger, lion and leopard at Gandhi Zoological Park, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, was studied. The study has envisaged evaluating if the modern naturalistic enclosures could increase activity levels and how the felids opted to these enclosure. The enclosures were divided into menageries and natural enrichment, which had a varying degree of opportunities for the animals to climb, hide and rest above ground level. The environmental enrichment effects on the proportion of time spent engaging in active behaviors and stereotypic pacing in the large felids were compared and recorded using instantaneous scan sampling. The results of this study revealed clearly that large felids kept in more natural and complex enclosures performed less stereotypic pacing (unnatural behavior), and more exploratory (natural) behaviour than those housed in less natural enclosures reducing the stress level in captive tigers will enhance the animals’ overall physical and psychological well being, which will in turn increase the success of captive breeding programs. Furthermore, these results suggest that captive tigers should be housed in large enclosures containing natural substrate and vegetation, water pools, ample shade, a variety of resting locations and enrichment items
RESUMEN
The felines are animals that have great importance for the ecosystem, because they do the control of several species, like small mammals, birds, insects and so on. These predators have been threatened due to the destruction of their habitats and a way to preserve them is their breeding in captivities. This study aims to discover what kinds of intestinal parasites infected the felines (Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. tigrinus, Herpailurus yagouarondi, Panthera onca) of the Itaipu Binacional wild animal nursery (CASIB). Two methods were processed in the felines faecal samples: Sedimentation (HPJ) and Rithie. Among the forty-two felines enclosures analyzed, 38.09% (16/42) were positive and 61.90% (26/42) negative for intestinal parasites. The genus of parasites found were: Isospora, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Toxoplasma (like oocysts), Taenia, Toxoascaris and Spirometra, in spite of the control of hygiene in the company. This can be due to the visit of intermediate hosts infected in the felines enclosures.
Os felinos são animais de grande importância para o ecossistema, pois realizam o controle populacional de diversas espécies, tais como pequenos mamíferos, pássaros, insetos entre outros. Estes predadores tem sido ameaçados devido à destruição de seus habitats e uma maneira de preservá-los é sua criação em cativeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi descobrir que espécies de parasitos intestinais infectam os felinos (Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. tigrinus, Herpailurus yagouarondi, Panthera onca) do criadouro de animais silvestres da Itaipu Binacional (CASIB). As amostras fecais dos felinos foram analisadas por dois métodos: Sedimentação (HPJ) e Rithie. Dos quarenta e dois recintos de felinos analisados, 38.09% (16/42) estavam positivos e 61.90% (26/42) negativos para parasitos intestinais. Os gêneros dos parasitos encontrados foram: Isospora, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Toxoplasma (oocistos semelhantes), Taenia, Toxoascaris e Spirometra, apesar do controle de higiene realizado pela empresa. Este parasitismo possivelmente está relacionado à visita de hospedeiros intermediários infectados nos recintos dos felinos.
Los felinos son animales de gran importancia para el ecosistema, pues realizan el control de población de diversas especies, tales como pequeños mamíferos, aves, insectos y otros. Estos depredadores han sido amenazados debido a la destrucción de su hábitat y una forma de preservarlos es su creación en cautiverios. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo descubrir qué especies de parásitos intestinales infectan a los felinos (Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, L. tigrinus, Herpailurus yagouarondi, Panthera onca), del vivero de animales silvestres en Itaipu Binacional (CASIB). Las muestras de heces de felinos fueron examinadas por dos métodos: Sedimentación (HPJ) y Rithie. De los cuarenta y dos lugares del cautiverio analizados, 38,09% (16/42) estaban positivas y 61,90% (26/42) negativos para parásitos intestinales. Los géneros de parásitos encontrados fueron: Isospora, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Toxoplasma (ooquistes similares), Taenia, Toxoascaris y Spirometra, a pesar del control de higiene realizado por la empresa. Este parasitismo posiblemente está relacionado con la visita de huéspedes intermediarios infectados en los recintos de los felinos.