Complicaciones postoperatorias en fractura de órbita: experiencia en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del equipo de cirugía maxilofacial del Hospital del Trabajador en el manejo de las fracturas de órbita. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de 42 pacientes consecutivos operados por fractura de órbita en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital del Trabajador entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2017. Se tabularon datos demográficos, información del trauma, tipo de fractura, fracturas asociadas, tratamiento y seguimiento. Resultado: De los 42 pacientes, la mayoría eran hombres (73,8%) con edad promedio de 40 ± 12,24 años. Los principales síntomas al ingreso fueron equimosis (64,3%), edema periocular (54,8%), hemorragia subconjuntival (33,3%) y diplopía (26,2%). La pared orbitaria más frecuentemente afectada fue el piso de la órbita (85,7%). Las fracturas se presentaron de forma aislada en 35,7% de los casos y asociada a otra fractura de la cara en 64,3%. Post cirugía, la tasa de complicación fue de 16,7%, producto de diplopía y enoftalmos leves que solo requirieron tratamientos conservadores para su resolución. Discusión: La baja tasa de complicaciones se debe a la experiencia del equipo médico con un seguimiento a largo plazo, la medición de volúmenes orbitarios, imagenología intraoperatoria, utilización de malla prefabricada y asistencia endoscópica. Conclusiones: Un adecuado diagnóstico y evaluación son fundamentales para el tratamiento de la fractura de órbita. Los datos demográficos, las características de las fracturas y las complicaciones descritas fueron muy similares a lo reportado por otras experiencias, mientras que la tasa de complicaciones fue menor.

Aim: To describe the experience of the Maxillofacial Surgical team of Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago in the management of orbital fractures. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of 42 patients operated consecutively between January of 2016 and November of 2017 at Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago by the Maxillofacial Surgery team due to orbital fracture. The demographic data was tabulated and then a comparison between isolated and combined orbital fractures was made. Results: Of 42 patients most were men (73.8%) with an average age of 40±12.24 years. At admission the main symptoms were ecchymosis (64.3%), periorbital edema (54.8%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (33.3%) and diplopia (26.2%). The most frequently affected orbital wall was the floor (85.7%). Isolated fractures accounted for 35.7% of the cases and those associated with other facial fractures for 64.3%. The postoperative complication rate was 16.7% due to diplopia and enophthalmos. Both complications were mild and only required conservative management. Discussion: The low complication rate might be due to the experience of the surgical team in the management of orbital fractures, long-term following, orbital volume measurements, intraoperative imaging, the use of prefabricated mesh and endoscopic guidance. Conclusión: An adequate diagnosis and evaluation are fundamental for orbital fracture treatment. Demographic data, fracture characteristics and the complications described were similar to those reported by other studies, while the rate of complications was lower than those experiences.

Corneal Perforation associated with "Silent Brain Syndrome" / Perfuração corneana associada à "síndrome do cérebro silencioso"

ABSTRACT This case report describes the clinical characteristics and ophthalmic management of a patient who developed corneal perforation due to severe enophthalmos consistent with "silent brain syndrome." A 27-year-old man with a history of congenital hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunt was referred with complaints of "sinking of the eyeballs" and progressively decreasing vision in the left eye. Examination revealed severe bilateral enophthalmos in addition to superonasal corneal perforation with iris prolapse in the left eye. The patient underwent therapeutic keratoplasty the next day. Orbital reconstruction with costochondral graft and shunt revision of the intracranial hypotension were performed the next month to prevent further progression.

RESUMO Este relato de caso descreve as características clínicas e o manejo cirúrgico de um paciente que teve perfuração da córnea devido à enoftalmia grave consistente com a "síndrome do cérebro silencioso". Um homem de 27 anos com história de hidrocefalia congênita e derivação ventrículo-peritoneal foi encaminhado com queixas de "afundamento dos globos oculares" e diminuição progressiva da visão no olho esquerdo. O exame revelou enoftalmo bilateral importante, além de perfuração superonasal da córnea com prolapso iriano no olho esquerdo. A paciente foi submetida à ceratoplastia terapêutica no dia seguinte. Foi realizado no mês seguinte a reconstrução da órbita com enxerto costocondral e revisão do shunt para evitar progressão e piora do caso.

Orbital varix presenting with enophthalmos and intermittent proptosis: a case report

We report the case of a 22-year-old male, presenting with right enophthalmos and intermittent exophthalmos observed after valsalva maneuver. Orbital imaging revealed a retrobulbar vascular lesion with multiple phleboliths suggestive of orbital varices. On magnetic resonance angiography, no obvious feeder vessel could be delineated. We decided to manage the patient conservatively, in the absence of complications such as proptosis with corneal exposure, optic nerve compression, orbital hemorrhage. Orbital varix is a low flow vascular anomaly which generally presents with an intermittent exophthalmos. Development of enophthalmos associated with orbital varices as in our case, is very rare.

Avaliação do volume do conteúdo da cavidade orbitária e sua influência na permanência de complicações pós-traumáticas / Evaluation of the volume of the orbital cavity content and its influence on the permanence of post-traumatic complications

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de tomografias computadorizadas, as alterações volumétricas pós-traumáticas, dos tecidos orbitários, no período préoperatório, pós-operatório imediato e após os primeiros 3 meses da cicatrização, correlacionando-as com a manutenção das complicações pós-traumáticas. Vinte e três pacientes com indicação cirúrgica para fraturas unilaterais de órbita foram avaliados clinicamente e por meio de tomografia computadorizada. A órbita oposta, não fraturada foi utilizada como controle. As complicações mais frequentes foram enoftalmo, diplopia e distopia. A alteração volumétrica tecidual nas órbitas fraturadas apresentou-se constante e com diferença estatística significante, com p< 0,0001. Não houve correlação estatística entre a diferença volumétrica do conteúdo orbitário nos 3 períodos e a manutenção das complicações pós-traumáticas, apresentando p= 0,1617. Semelhantemente, não houve correlação entre a área fraturada e a permanência das complicações. Conclui-se que o volume do conteúdo da cavidade orbitária não poderá ser utilizado como fator determinante para a permanência da complicação pós-traumática(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate through computed tomography, the posttraumatic volumetric alterations of the orbital tissues, in the preoperative period, immediate postoperative period, and after the first 3 months of healing, correlating them with the maintenance of the post-traumatic complications. Twenty-three patients with surgical indication for unilateral orbital fractures were evaluated clinically and by means of computed tomography. The opposite, unfractured orbit was used as a control. The most frequent complications were enophthalmos, diplopia and dystopia. The tissue volume change in the fractured orbits was constant and present statistically significant difference, with p< 0.0001. There was no statistical correlation between the volumetric difference of orbital content in the 3 periods and the maintenance of post-traumatic complications, with p= 0.1617. Similarly, there was no correlation between the fractured area and the permanence of complications. It is concluded that the volume of the orbital cavity content cannot be used as a determining factor for the permanence of the post-traumatic complication(AU)

Clinical application of resorbable plate in orbital fracture surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To evaluate the clinical application of resorbable implants in orbital fracture repair surgery.<p>METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 48 eyes in 48 cases of orbital fracture, all patients were treated with resorbable implants for orbital fracture repair. During operations we exposed fully fracture defect range and returned the tissues that entered the paranasal sinus. A resorbable implant was trimmed to proper sizes according to the fracture defect range and fixed with 2 absorbable screws. The accuracy of plate positioning of the reconstructed orbit and the practicability of clinical use of resorbable implant were judged by the ophthalmic examination and computed tomography(CT)scan before and after operation. <p>RESULTS: All the patients completed the operation successfully and had no serious complications during or after surgery. All the patients had a good anatomical restoration by the postoperative CT scan. One year re-examination after operation, among 18 eyes with limitation of extraocular muscle movement(EOM)before operation 1 eye(6%)with limitation of EOM improved after surgery,17 eyes(94%)with limitation of EOM got cured. Among 30 cases with diplopia before operation 12 cases(40%)with diplopia improved after surgery, 18 cases(60%)with diplopia got cured. Among 32 eyes with enophthalmos before operation 10 eyes(31%)with enophthalmos improved after surgery, 22 eyes(69%)with enophthalmos get cured. Among 40 eyes with suborbital skin numbness before operation 33 eyes(82%)with suborbital skin numbness improved after surgery, 7 eyes(18%)with suborbital skin numbness got cured. Only one eye got lower eyelid entropion after surgery and was resolved by the second correction of entropion.<p>CONCLUSION: The resorbable implant can repair the fractures of orbital wall well. It is a better material of orbital fracture repairment.

Ocular auto-stimulation and its morbidity in stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity

Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics and morbidity due to ocular auto-stimulation (OAS) in stage 5 Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Methods: Stage 5 ROP cases presenting to ROP clinic of a tertiary care centre from January 2017 to December 2017 were recruited. Eye-pressing was elicited on history from parents and categorized as infrequent (performed <50% of waking time) or frequent (?50% of time). B-scan ultrasonography was performed for configuration of retinal detachment (open or closed funnel). Keratometry was performed in eyes undergoing vitrectomy under general anaesthesia using automated hand-held keratometer. The outcome measures were the presence and characteristics of OAS, enophthalmos, corneal opacity and keratometry values. Results: Out of 93 eyes of 49 babies, 78.5% (n = 73) had OAS. Gestational age, birth weight, sex, retinal funnel configuration, and visual function did not significantly affect OAS. However, post-conceptional age was significantly greater in eyes with OAS (95% CI: 63.1 to 69.9 weeks) than those without OAS (95% CI: 52.4 to 63.4 weeks) (P = 0.018). OAS occurred frequently in 32.8% (n = 24/73) eyes, more commonly in eyes with light followability. Keratometry did not differ significantly with the presence of OAS (P = 0.88). Enophthalmos, corneal opacity, posterior synechiae were noted in 79.5% (58/73), 21.9% (16/73), and 28.8% (21/73) eyes with OAS, respectively. Enophthalmos occurred significantly in eyes with OAS (P = 0.001), while corneal opacity and posterior synechiae did not (P = 0.071 and 0.91, respectively). Conclusion: OAS and its resultant morbidity are common occurrences in stage 5 ROP. The post-conceptional age and residual visual function may govern the characteristics of OAS.

Management of Orbital Blowout Fractures: ENT Surgeon's Perspective

Correction of post-traumatic enophthalmos with anatomical absorbable implant and iliac bone graft

BACKGROUND: Trauma is one of the most common causes of enophthalmos, and post-traumatic enophthalmos primarily results from an increased volume of the bony orbit. We achieved good long-term results by simultaneously using an anatomical absorbable implant and iliac bone graft to correct post-traumatic enophthalmos.METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2016, we performed operations on seven patients with post-traumatic enophthalmos. In all seven cases, reduction surgery for the initial trauma was performed at our hospital. Hertel exophthalmometry, clinical photography, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT), and orbital volume measurements using software to calculate the specific volume captured on 3D-CT (ITK-SNAP, Insight Toolkit-SNAP) were performed preoperatively and postoperatively.RESULTS: Patients were evaluated based on exophthalmometry, clinical photographs, 3D-CT, and orbital volume measured by the ITK-SNAP program at 5 days and 1 year postoperatively, and all factors improved significantly compared with the preoperative baseline. Complications such as hematoma or extraocular muscle limitation were absent, and the corrected orbital volume was well maintained at the 1-year follow-up visit.CONCLUSION: We present a method to correct enophthalmos by reconstructing the orbital wall using an anatomical absorbable implant and a simultaneous autologous iliac bone graft. All cases showed satisfactory results for enophthalmos correction. We suggest this method as a good option for the correction of post-traumatic enophthalmos.

Orbital wall restoring surgery with primary orbital wall fragments in blowout fracture

Most orbital surgeons believe that it's difficult to restore the primary orbital wall to its previous position and that the orbital wall is so thin that cannot be firmly its primary position. Therefore, orbital wall fractures generally have been reconstructed by replacing the bony defect with a synthetic implant. Although synthetic implants have sufficient strength to maintain their shape and position in the orbital cavity, replacement surgery has some drawbacks due to the residual permanent implants. In previous studies, the author has reported an orbital wall restoring technique in which the primary orbital wall fragment was restored to its prior position through a combination of the transorbital and transantral approaches. Simple straight and curved elevators were introduced transnasally to restore the orbital wall and to maintain temporary extraorbital support in the maxillary and ethmoid sinus. A transconjunctival approach provided sufficient space for implant insertion, while the transnasal approach enabled restoration of the herniated soft tissue back into the orbit. Fracture defect was reduced by restoring the primary orbital wall fragment to its primary position, making it possible to use relatively small size implant, furthermore, extraorbital support from both sinuses decreased the incidence of implant displacement. The author could recreate a natural shape of the orbit with the patient's own orbital bone fragments with this dual approach and effectively restored the orbital volume and shape. This procedure has the advantages for retrieving the orbital contents and restoring the primary orbital wall to its prior position.

The application of Medpor Titan combined with Medpor in orbital floor reconstruction / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the surgical treatment of orbital fractures and ocular traction deformities, and summarize the surgical results.@*Methods@#A retrospective study was conducted on 42 cases of monocular patients with orbital fractures and ocular fractures treated by Medpor Titan and Medpor. Preoperative CT scan and three-dimensional reconstruction were performed to evaluate the maxillofacial fractures, orbital wall defects, orbital content, shift incarceration. During surgery, the periorbital fracture and defect area were exposed, the periorbital shift bone were reduced, Medpor Titan was used to repair the orbital floor, Medpor to correct eyeball retraction. Follow-up observation of postoperative results and to assess the patient′s satisfaction rate, patient’s eyeballs, visual acuity and motor function.@*Results@#All patients had successful operation, the eye trapping deformity were significantly improved or corrected. Patient satisfaction rate was 92.9% (39/42); wound healingswere good, except for 1 infection (4 years after surgery), there was no rejection. Six months after the surgery, the ocular protrusion was reduced in 88.1% (37/42), the degree of diplopia was significantly improved in 90.5% (19/21) and the eye movement disorder corrected by 87.5% (14/16).@*Conclusions@#Medpor Titan combined with Medpor repair orbital wall fractures can achieve good results, with high satisfaction rate. Diplopia and eye movement dysfunction can be significantly improved.

Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of silent sinus syndrome / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical features, diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategy of silent sinus syndrome (SSS).@*Methods@#A retrospective study was made on eight SSS patients treated during 2013-2016 in Longgang ENT Hospital and Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of SUN Yat-sen University. The following clinical data, including demographic data, symptoms, history of trauma and surgery, signs, imaging examination, endoscopic surgery and postoperative outcomes, were analyzed to summarize the diagnosis and treatment experiences.@*Results@#Eight SSS patients showed the following clinical features: the proportions of both sexes and sinus sides were 4 to 4; seven cases (7/8) were adult, with an average of (48.1±11.8)y; seven cases (7/8) had long history of trauma or surgery, with an average of (17.9±10.5)y; seven cases (7/8) cannot recall the exact course of SSS; six cases (6/8) had no nasal symptoms; eight cases (8/8) had unilateral ocular discomforts; eight cases (8/8) had signs of unilateral enophthalmos (2-5 mm), accompanied with hypoglobus; and by CT and MRI scanning, eight cases (8/8) showed the unilateral maxillary sinus outlet obstruction, sinus full opacification, sinus wall bony rarefaction, sinus wall contraction, sinus volume loss, and the ipsilateral orbital floor bowing descent and orbital volume increase. After treated by endoscopic sinus surgery and followed-up for one year, four cases were cured, and the other four improved; no intra- or post-operative complications occurred; and no individual need a two-stage orbital plastic reconstruction.@*Conclusions@#SSS often develops in the unilateral maxillary sinus of adult patient with long history of trauma or surgery, but the nasal symptoms and signs are silent. Diagnostic for SSS depends on characteristic ocular sign and sinus CT imaging. Endoscopic sinus surgery helps to improve ocular and nasal signs and promote orbital self-reconstruction.

Effect on enophthalmos between different edge point repairment after orbital wall fracture repair surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To investigate the importance between several edge points repair through enophthalmos study after orbital wall fracture repair surgery. <p>METHODS: The date of 23 eyes of 23 cases with medial-inferior orbital wall fracture with enophthalmos were collected and analyzed retrospectively. All cases underwent orbital fracture surgery, the follow-up time was 3mo. After surgery, the degree of enophthalmos was within 2mm. The repair of bony buttress, exterior margin of inferior orbital wall, and superior margin of medial orbital wall after surgery were analyzed. <p>RESULTS: In these well-recoverd patients, repair rate between bony buttress(100%), exterior margin of inferior orbital wall(43%)and superior margin of medial orbital wall(83%)were different. <p>CONCLUSION: The repair of bony buttress was most important for surgery. Analysis between surgical efficacy and edge points repair is valuable for surgical operation and risk control.

Orbital wall restoring surgery with resorbable mesh plate

BACKGROUND: Orbital resorbable mesh plates are adequate to use for isolated floor and medial wall fractures with an intact bony buttress, but are not recommended to use for large orbital wall fractures that need load bearing support. The author previously reported an orbital wall restoring surgery that restored the orbital floor to its prior position through the transnasal approach and maintained temporary extraorbital support with a balloon in the maxillary sinus. Extraorbital support could reduce the load applied on the orbital implants in orbital wall restoring surgery and the use of resorbable implants was considered appropriate for the author’s orbital wall restoring technique. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 31 patients with pure unilateral orbital floor fractures between May 2014 and May 2018. The patients underwent transnasal restoration of the orbital floor through insertion of a resorbable mesh plate and maintenance of temporary balloon support. The surgical results were evaluated by the Hertel scale and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative orbital volume ratio (OVR) values. RESULTS: The OVR decreased significantly, by an average of 6.01% (p < 0.05) and the preoperative and postoperative Hertel scale measurements decreased by an average of 0.34 mm with statistical significance (p < 0.05). No complications such as buckling or sagging of the implant occurred among the 31 patients. CONCLUSION: The use of resorbable mesh plate in orbital floor restoration surgery is an effective and safe technique that can reduce implant deformation or complications deriving from the residual permanent implant.

New anthropometric data for preoperative planning in orbital wall fracture treatment: the use of eyelid drooping

BACKGROUND: The presence of enophthalmos is an important determinant in the decision of orbital wall fracture surgery. We proposed eyelid drooping as a new anthropometric diagnostic measure and analyzed whether eyelid drooping is associated with enophthalmos. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed from January 2014 to December 2016. A total of 75 patients with blowout fractures were studied. One experimenter measured the degree of enophthalmos using a Hertel exophthalmometer at 1 week after trauma and at 3 months after surgery. The height change of the upper eyelid was measured using the marginal reflex distance (MRD) on both sides, and the degree of eyelid drooping was calculated by comparing the two lengths. We analyzed statistically the correlation between enophthalmos and eyelid drooping. RESULTS: We found a highly significant correlation between the degree of enophthalmos and the reduction rate of MRD (RRM, as an indicator of eyelid drooping) at 1 week after trauma (r = 0.845). Approximately 2.0 mm of enophthalmos was associated with a 30.8% reduction in MRD on the affected side as compared with the normal side. At 3 months after surgery, patients showed improved eyelid appearance, with a moderate association between enophthalmos and RRM. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the degree of enophthalmos, measured using an exophthalmometer, is associated with a change in the height of the upper eyelid. Thus, upper eyelid drooping can be used as another indicator for orbital wall fracture surgery. Compared with conventional methods, measurements of eyelid drooping are easy to perform, offering a great advantage and understanding to the patient.

Delayed reconstruction of posttraumatic facial deformities

Posttraumatic facial deformities (PTFDs) are very difficult to correct, and if they do occur, their impact can be devastating. It may sometimes be impossible for patients to return to normal life. The aim of surgical treatment is to restore the deformed bone structure and soft tissue to create symmetry between the affected side and the opposite side. In the process of managing PTFD, correcting enophthalmos is one of the most challenging aspects for surgeons because of difficulties in overcoming the scar tissue and danger of injuring to the optic nerve. In this article, surgical options for reconstruction of the medial wall, floor, lateral wall, and roof of the orbit are described. To optimize aesthetic improvement, additional cosmetic procedures such as facial contouring surgery, blepharoplasty and rhinoplasty can be used. Plastic surgeons should join emergency trauma teams to implement an overall treatment plan containing rational strategies to avoid or minimize PTFD.

Reconstruction of Medial Orbital Wall Fractures without Subperiosteal Dissection: The “Push-Out” Technique

BACKGROUND: Various surgical methods for repairing medial orbital wall fractures have been introduced. The conventional technique requires total separation of the displaced orbital bones from the orbital soft tissues. However, subperiosteal dissection around the fracture can cause additional damage. The aim of the present study is to introduce a method of reconstructing medial orbital wall fractures without subperiosteal dissection named the “push-out” technique. METHODS: Six patients with post-traumatic enophthalmos resulting from an old medial orbital wall fracture and 10 patients with an acute medial orbital wall fracture were included. All were treated with the push-out technique. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) was performed to assess the correct positioning of the implants. The Hertel scale and a comparison between preoperative and postoperative orbital volume were used to assess the surgical results. RESULTS: Restoration of the normal orbital cavity shape was confirmed by examining the postoperative CT scans. In the old fracture group, the median orbital volume of the fractured side was 29.22 cm3 preoperatively, and significantly improved postoperatively to a value of 25.13 cm3. In the acute fracture group, the median orbital volume of the fractured side was 28.73 cm3 preoperatively, and significantly improved postoperatively to a value of 24.90 cm3. Differences on the Hertel scale also improved, from 2.13 mm preoperatively to 0.25 mm postoperatively in the old fracture group and from 1.67 mm preoperatively to 0.33 mm postoperatively in the acute fracture group. CONCLUSIONS: The push-out technique can be considered a good alternative choice for old medial orbital wall fractures with posttraumatic enophthalmos, acute medial orbital wall fractures including large fractured bone segments, and single-hinged greenstick fractures.

Reconstruction of Medial Orbital Wall Fractures without Subperiosteal Dissection: The “Push-Out” Technique

BACKGROUND: Various surgical methods for repairing medial orbital wall fractures have been introduced. The conventional technique requires total separation of the displaced orbital bones from the orbital soft tissues. However, subperiosteal dissection around the fracture can cause additional damage. The aim of the present study is to introduce a method of reconstructing medial orbital wall fractures without subperiosteal dissection named the “push-out” technique. METHODS: Six patients with post-traumatic enophthalmos resulting from an old medial orbital wall fracture and 10 patients with an acute medial orbital wall fracture were included. All were treated with the push-out technique. Postoperative computed tomography (CT) was performed to assess the correct positioning of the implants. The Hertel scale and a comparison between preoperative and postoperative orbital volume were used to assess the surgical results. RESULTS: Restoration of the normal orbital cavity shape was confirmed by examining the postoperative CT scans. In the old fracture group, the median orbital volume of the fractured side was 29.22 cm3 preoperatively, and significantly improved postoperatively to a value of 25.13 cm3. In the acute fracture group, the median orbital volume of the fractured side was 28.73 cm3 preoperatively, and significantly improved postoperatively to a value of 24.90 cm3. Differences on the Hertel scale also improved, from 2.13 mm preoperatively to 0.25 mm postoperatively in the old fracture group and from 1.67 mm preoperatively to 0.33 mm postoperatively in the acute fracture group. CONCLUSIONS: The push-out technique can be considered a good alternative choice for old medial orbital wall fractures with posttraumatic enophthalmos, acute medial orbital wall fractures including large fractured bone segments, and single-hinged greenstick fractures.

The Effect of Intraoperative Exophthalmometric Values on Enophthalmos Correction in Inferior Orbital Wall Reconstruction

PURPOSE: To measure the enophthalmos corrective effect after inferior orbital wall reconstruction, we compared preoperative and intraoperative exophthalmometric values with postoperative exophthalmometric values. METHODS: From January 2014 to April 2016, 60 eyes of 60 patients who underwent surgery for inferior orbital wall fracture were included. In Group 1, the exophthalmometric value was measured before surgery, during the operation, and 6 months after surgery using the Naugle exophthalmometer. In Group 2, the value was measured before surgery and 6 months after surgery using the Hertel exophthalmometer. The thickness of implants was determined by preoperative exophthalmometric values and overcorrection of 0.5 mm was performed in Group 1 patients with relatively large fractures. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 32.4 years in Group 1 and 34.3 years in Group 2. The mean duration between injury and surgery was 4.2 weeks in Group 1 and 2.3 weeks in Group 2. There was no statistically significant difference between preoperative exophthalmometric values in Group 1 (−1.78 ± 0.31 mm) and Group 2 (−1.81 ± 0.26 mm), but postoperative exophthalmometric values between Group 1 (−0.25 ± 0.78 mm) and Group 2 (−0.53 ± 0.46 mm) were statistically different (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: The exophthalmometric values and wall fracture size are important factors for determining implant thickness of inferior orbital wall reconstruction. Intraoperative measurement of exophthalmometric values should be considered in inferior orbital wall reconstruction for enophthalmos correction.

The imploding antrum: An unusual case of nontraumatic painless enophthalmos.

The imploding antrum or silent sinus syndrome is a rare phenomenon that presents with spontaneous painless enophthalmos and hypoglobus. It occurs due to ipsilateral maxillary antral atelectasis secondary to asymptomatic obstructive chronic sinus mucosal disease. Ophthalmologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and radiologists must be aware of this entity. This article illustrates the typical presentation in a 17‑year‑old male with unilateral ptosis and a deep superior sulcus, and characteristic imaging findings of ipsilateral increased orbital volume and depression of the orbital floor, maxillary sinus opacification and atelectasis with retraction of the posterolateral and medial walls, lateralization of the uncinate process, and obstruction of the ostiomeatal unit. This is probably the first time that the syndrome is being reported in such a young person. The pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and treatment modalities of this entity are also reviewed.