Oral parasitic protozoan Entamoeba gingivalis in periodontal disease patients, northeastern Thailand

@#Entamoeba gingivalis is present in the oral cavity of humans and is associated with periodontal disease. Consequently, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate the E. gingivalis infection and the associated risk factors among individuals suffering from periodontal conditions. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out within a cohort of periodontal patients. Dental plaque specimens were meticulously collected and subsequently subjected to thorough examination using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SrRNA) gene of the organism. The occurrence of risk factors for E. gingivalis infection was analyzed by the chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Out of the 230 participants, 60 were clinically diagnosed with periodontitis, while 170 were afflicted with gingivitis. Out of the 230 patients, 25 (10.9%) tested positive for E. gingivalis infections. An in-depth analysis unveiled that a significant majority of infections were recorded within subgroups characterized by a marital status (15.45%), manifestation of periodontitis (25.00%), and concomitant presence of underlying disease (20.83%). Furthermore, the high risk factor associated with E. gingivalis infection was the female (ORadj = 13.65, 95% CI = 1.08-173.21), followed by periodontitis (ORadj = 3.30, 95% CI = 1.21-9.00), respectively. The study employs a molecular diagnostic approach to screen for E. gingivalis enrichment within a subset of periodontal patients with advancing disease. The findings emphasize the necessity for further research to elucidate the pathogenesis of E. gingivalis and advocate for vigilant surveillance within a substantial population of periodontal patients.

Prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax en adolescentes de edad escolar / Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in school-age adolescents

Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenaxson protozoos que generalmente se encuentran en la cavidad oral de los humanos. E. gingivalis vive en la superficie de los dientes y las encías, bolsas gingivales cerca de la base de los dientes y rara vez en las criptas de las amígdalas. Por lo general, se transmiten por contacto directo de una persona a otra al besarse, rociarse con gotas o compartir utensilios para comer. Se sabe que hasta el 95% de las personas con poca higiene bucal pueden estar infectadas con esta ameba. Por otro lado, Trichomonas tenax es una pequeña tricomona que generalmente se encuentra en la cavidad oral del 5 al 10% de los humanos. Aunque se consideran comensales anaeróbicos no patógenos, el refugio de este protozoo es más común entre personas con mala higiene bucal o enfermedades. Los informes epidemiológicos demostraron variables tasas de prevalencia de la infección por E. gingivalis entre los niños, y su ocurrencia puede variar de acuerdo a la edad, presencia de gingivitis, periodontitis y condiciones inmunosupresoras. Los niños y adolescentes en edad escolar son extremadamente susceptibles a una amplia gama de infecciones gingivales como bacterias y protozoos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de los protozoarios E. gingivalis y T. tenax en adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 19 años en una población de 185 pacientes de la ciudad peruana de Huancayo, Perú. La prevalencia fue mayor en la población femenina (14,05%) que en la población masculina (11,35%), con un mayor porcentaje de prevalencia entre las edades de 17 a 19 años (12,43%), pH salival menor a 6,7 y con enfermedades periodentales (16,22%). Los resultados estadísticos demostraron que la edad (p=0,001), pH salival (p=0,024) y diagnóstico de otras patologías periodentales (p<0,001) fueron estadísticamente significativas(AU)

Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are protozoa that are usually found in the oral cavity of humans. E. gingivalis lives on the surface of the teeth and gums, gum pockets near the base of the teeth, and rarely in the crypts of the tonsils. They are usually spread by direct person-to-person contact through kissing, dousing, or sharing eating utensils. It is known that up to 95% of people with poor oral hygiene may be infected with this amoeba. On the other hand, Trichomonas tenax is a small trichomona that is usually found in the oral cavity of 5-10% of humans. Although they are considered non-pathogenic anaerobic commensals, the harborage of this protozoan is more common among people with poor oral hygiene or disease. Epidemiological reports have shown variable prevalence rates of E. gingivalis infection among children, and its occurrence may vary according to age, presence of gingivitis, periodontitis, and immunosuppressive conditions. School-age children and adolescents are extremely susceptible to a wide range of gingival infections including bacteria and protozoa. The objective of this work is to determine the prevalence of the protozoa E. gingivalis and T. tenax in adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 in a population of 185 patients from the Peruvian city of Huancayo, Peru. The prevalence was higher in the female population (14.05%) than in the male population (11.35%), with a higher percentage of prevalence between the ages of 17 to 19 years (12.43%), lower salivary pH to 6.7 and with periodontal diseases (16.22%). The statistical results showed that age (p=0.001), salivary pH (p=0.024) and diagnosis of other periodontal pathologies (p<0.001) were statistically significant(AU)

Protozoarios en cavidad bucal de escolares de Ciudad Bolívar, estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Protozoa in the oral cavity of schoolchildren in Ciudad Bolivar, Bolivar State, Venezuela

Se realizó un estudio con 105 muestras de biopelícula dental supragingival, procedentes de igual número de estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Estadal Bolivariana “Blanca Sosa de Vargas” de Ciudad Bolívar, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax. Las muestras fueron analizadas mediante las técnicas de examen directo, examen del sedimento y coloración tricrómica. Entamoeba gingivalis fue el único protozoario diagnosticado en 32 de las muestras. No hubo diferencia en cuanto al género y la edad de los estudiantes infectados (p>0,05). El protozoario se diagnosticó en niños con y sin caries por lo que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En conclusión, se determinó una prevalencia de E. gingivalis de 30,5% en muestras de biopelícula dental de la población estudiada.

A study of 105 supragingival dental biofilm samples taken from the same number of students of the “Blanca Sosa de Vargas” Bolivarian State Educational Unit of Ciudad Bolivar was done with the purpose of determining the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax. The samples were analyzed through direct examination, sediment examination and trichrome staining techniques. Entamoeba gingivalis was the only protozoa diagnosed in 32 of the samples. There was no difference in relation to gender and age of the infected students (p>0.05). The protozoa were diagnosed in children with and without caries and there were no statistically significant differences. In conclusion, a 30.5% prevalence of E. gingivalis was determined in dental biofilm samples from the population studied.

Prevalence of oral Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontal disease and healthy population in Shiraz, southern Iran.

Background: It was shown that two parasites of Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) may be responsible for oral parasitic infection. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in oral cavity of patients with periodontal disease and in healthy population in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients with periodontal disease (case group) and 50 subjects with healthy gingiva (control group) entered in the present study. A questionnaire recorded general health, smoking habits, and any history of antibiotic consumption during the last six months for each patient. In the case group, saliva was collected by sterile swab and the gingival crevicular fluid by the paper point. The plaque and calculi were collected by sterile curette and scaler. In the control group, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid were collected and sent to laboratory for further studies. Results: In the case group, nine patients were infected, six with E. gingivalis and three with T. tenax. Seven patients had mobility of the teeth, one patient was smoker and five had previous history of antibiotic consumption. In the control group, only one subject was infected with E. gingivalis without any history of smoking and antibiotic consumption. Conclusion: Parasitic infections are relatively common in patients with periodontal disease. It seems that follow-up of instructions are essential in control of parasitic infection in Southern Iran.

Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax en cavidad bucal de pacientes de la Clínica Integral del Adulto de la Facultad de Odontología, Maracaibo, Venezuela / Entamoeba gingivalis and tricomonas tenax in the oral cavity of patients from the integral adult clinic of the faculty of odontology, Maracaibo, Venezuela

Para determinar la prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax en cavidad bucal, se analizaron 50 muestras de la cavidad bucal de individuos de ambos géneros que acudieron a la Clínica Integral del Adulto de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad del Zulia. Se dividieron en dos grupos, de 25 individuos cada uno. Grupo 1, con manifestaciones clínicas de enfermedad (enfermedad periodontal y/o caries dental) al cual se le tomaron muestras de caries dental, placa y cálculo dental y grupo 2 o control con cavidad bucal sin manifestaciones clínicas de enfermedad, al cual se le tomó muestras de saliva y placa dental. Las muestras fueron analizadas microscópicamente a través del examen directo y con coloración permanente de hematoxilina férrica. Se observó una prevalencia de protozoarios bucales de un 10%; la especie predominante fue Entamoeba gingivalis en 5 casos, seguida de Trichomonas tenax en 1 caso. El estrato de 20 a 39 años fue el más afectado con un 10% de los casos. Al realizar el análisis estadístico resultó significativo (p=0,011) para las variables parasitismo y cavidad bucal enferma. El presente estudio pone de manifiesto una baja prevalencia de los protozoarios bucales en la población estudiada.

Fifty samples from the oral cavity of individuals of both genders who attended the Integral Adult Clinic of the Faculty of Odontology of Universidad del Zulia were analyzed to determine Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax prevalence. The patients were divided into two groups of 25 individuals each: Group 1, with clinical disease manifestations (periodontal disease and/or dental caries) from which we took samples from dental caries, plaque and dental calculus; and Group 2 or control, who had no clinical disease manifestations, from which we took saliva and dental plaque samples. All samples were analyzed microscopically through direct examination and with a ferric hematoxilin stain. There was a 10% prevalence of oral protozoa; the predominant species was Entamoeba gingivalis in 5 cases followed by Trichomonas tenax in 1 case. The 20-39 years age group was the most affected with 10% of cases. The statistical analysis was significant (p=0.011) for the parasitism and diseased oral cavity variables. The present study shows a low prevalence of oral cavity protozoa in the population studied.

Experimental Study on the Pathogenesis of Entamoeba gingivalis / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

Objective To study the pathogenesis of Entamoeba gingivalis ( E^g .) and its relation to periodontal diseases.\ Methods Rats were treated with immuno\|inhibitor for one week and the neck of incisor teeth of the rats was bound with steel wire. They were randomly divided into three groups: the first group was infected by E^g . in the periodontal tissue, the second group was infected by symbiotic bacteria (s.b.),and the third group was given physiological saline as control.Observation on the periodontal inflammation was made for each group of rats, and the purulent secretion from periodontal abscess was examined for living pathogens.\ Results The incidence of periodontal diseases in rats infected by E^g . was higher than that of symbiotic bacteria group and that of control ( P