RESUMEN
Ex is te un incremento exponencial en la fabricación, utilización y desecho de artículos tecnológicos electrónicos y no electrónicos a nivel mundial, que conlleva un incremento en la presencia de materiales contaminantes y peligrosos para el ser humano. Las consecuencias de inadeacuados sistemas de disposición de sustancias peligrosas presentes en estos dispositivos, su uso cada vez más frecuente de forma doméstica e industrial, junto a una tasa de recambio cada vez más acelerada, se convertirá muy pronto en una amenaza importante para la salud de poblaciones humanas en países subdesarrollados o con gestiones ineficientes para sustancias peligrosas, con consecuencias perniciosas para diferentes grupos poblacionales. Se hace necesario un cuidadoso análisis de nuestra situación como sociedad con respecto a esto, junto con la implementación de políticas eficientes para disminuir las posibilidades de enfrentar severos problemas de salud pública en las siguientes décadas o siglos.
There is an exponential increase in manufacture, use and discard of electronic and not electronic devices in the world, implying an increase in the availability of pollutants and hazardous materials for human beings. Consequences of inefficient systems for disposing hazardous materials in these devices , their more frequent use in domestic and industrial settings, as well as an increased replacement rate, will bring important health threats to human populations in underdeveloped countries or with inefficient systems for managing hazardous materials, with disastrous consequences for different human populations. It is necessary a cautious analysis of our society in this respect, as well as executing efficient policies for decreasing the possibilities of facing severe public health problems in the upcoming decades or centuries.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Sustancias Peligrosas , Chatarra , Residuos DomésticosRESUMEN
Entomopathogenic fungi are very heterogeneous group used for management of insect pest. From last 2 decade in the search for new avenues in biological control, the importance of entomopathogens has been highlighted as an environmental friendly pest control method came in existence which is sustainable solution towards integrated pest control program. Fungi, which induce disease symptoms in insects, include fungi from quick killers to absolute parasites that provide disease symptoms in the host. Insect order and families are reviewed which were affected severely by entomopathogenic fungi.
RESUMEN
Objective To summarize the effectiveness in monitoring activities for healthcare-associated infection (HAI)in China in the past 30 years,explore the changing trend in HAI monitoring,find a new model for the moni-toring of HAI in China.Methods A total of 194 comprehensive hospitals and military hospitals in 13 provinces (au-tonomous regions,municipalities)were selected,questionnaire survey was adopted to investigate the situation of HAI monitoring.Results Of 194 hospitals,184 (94.85%)had available data after being checked,incidence of HAI in secondary and tertiary hospitals were 0.78% and 1.58% respectively,difference was significant (P <0.01).Monitoring was divided into two stages,cumulative percentage of each monitoring activity before 2006 and during 2006-2016 were respectively as follows:environmental hygiene were 73.91% and 100.00%,disinfection ef-ficacy 69.57% and 97.28%,overall comprehensive monitoring 64.67% and 98.91%,surgical site infection(SSI) 13.04% and 94.57%,ICU HAI 4.89% and 87.50%,neonatal HAI 1.75% and 60.82%,multidrug-resistant or-ganisms(MDROs)5.43% and 95.65%,hand hygiene compliance 2.17% and 93.48%,antimicrobial agents 15.22% and 87.50%.The reporting rate of HAI outbreak in tertiary hospitals was higher than secondary hospitals (33.33% [n=37]vs 16.44%[n=12],P =0.01).Conclusion The monitoring of HAI in China starts late,but develops rapidly,defects still exist in HAI monitoring system,reporting rate of HAI cases is still high,reporting rate of HAI outbreak is low.