Genome wide identification of nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) gene encoding regions in Solanum lycopersicum resistant to environmental pathogens by computational methods

Aim: The nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes are responsive to pathogen strike in plants. This study focused on identifying the loci specific NBS-LRR gene encoding regions in tomato at whole genome level. Methodology: Major computational challenges in analyzing large genomic data using existing analytical tools were limited by the amount of memory used for reading large data. In this study, a specific algorithm was developed to identify a signature pattern associated with stress tolerant coding regions using stream readers for reading whole tomato genome, chromosome wise, to locate NBS-LRR coding sequences. Results: The computer program reads chromosome wise data and extracts the potential stress tolerant coding regions. It was found that more than 300 disease resistance protein coding regions were found across all chromosome, specifically in chromosome 12 more NBS-LRR concentration were found and their respective locus were identified. Interpretation: The identified disease resistance protein coding regions, specifically the NBS-LRR coding regions and their loci can be useful for plant breeders to select parental lines for developing plants tolerant to disease and pest invasion

Efficacy of an internal teat seal associated with a dry cow intramammary antibiotic for prevention of intramammary infections in dairy cows during the dry and early lactation periods / Eficácia de um selante interno de tetos associado a antibiótico de vaca seca na prevenção de infecções intramamárias no período seco e início de lactação em vacas leiteiras

The present study aimed to evaluate the use of an internal dry period teat seal containing bismuth subnitrate (Teatseal®, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, USA) associated with a long-acting cloxacilin preparation (Orbenin® Extra dry cow, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, USA), in preventing new infections during the dry-off and early postpartum period. A total of 150 Holstein cows (average production of 9,000 kg of milk per lactation), with four functional udder quarters without clinical mastitis was included in the study. All animals were dried-off 60 days before the expected calving date. Two teats positioned diagonal-contralaterally received only dry cow antibiotic, control group C (n=300) and the other two teats, treatment group T (n=300) received dry cow antibiotic and infusion with an internal teat seal. Data from SCC variable were transformed by log base-10 transformation. Duncan's test was used accepting 5% as the level of statistical significance. The occurrence of intramammary infection (IMI) and chronicity rate, and frequency of microorganisms isolated at drying and immediately postpartum in teats of group C and group T were evaluated using a non-parametric Chi-square Test, accepting 10% as the statistical significance level. There was a decrease in the occurrence of new infections in the early postpartum in cows which the sealant was used (C=19.6%, T=11.4%). In the postpartum period, Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from 16 teats in C and seven in T. The greatest reduction was observed for Escherichia coli (8 vs 1) in group T. There was no effect using the internal sealant on the frequency of isolation of environmental Streptococus. The use of sealant reduced the prevalence of subclinical mastitis cows between drying-off and the early postpartum period (C=51% versus T=42%) and resulted in a lower somatic cell count (SCC) in the treatment group when compared with the control group (T=1,073x103, C=1,793x103). The use of the internal teat seal combined with dry cow antibiotic is effective in the prevention of IMI during the dry period and early lactation and results in the reduction of SCC in immediate postpartum period. The treatment is effective in reducing infection between dry-off and the immediate postpartum caused by major and minor pathogens. However, no effect on infections caused by contagious pathogens was observed.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de um selante interno de tetos contendo subnitrato de bismuto (Teatseal®, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, EUA) associado a um antibiótico de longa ação contendo cloxacilina (Orbenin® Extra dry cow, Zoetis®, Florham Park, Nova Jersey, EUA) em prevenir novas infecções durante o período seco e pós-parto imediato. Foram utilizadas 150 vacas Holandesas (produção média de 9,000 kg de leite por lactação), com os quatro quartos mamários funcionais e sem mastite clínica, que foram secas 60 dias antes da data prevista para o parto. O teto constituiu a unidade experimental. O grupo controle (C) foi representado por dois tetos diagonais-contralaterais (n=300), que receberam somente o antibiótico de vaca seca. Os outros dois tetos (n=300) constituíam o grupo tratado (T) e recebiam o antibiótico de vaca seca associado ao selante interno. Dados da variável contagem de células somáticas (CCS) passaram por transformação logarítmica na base 10 e foram submetidos ao teste de Duncan, aceitando-se nível de 5% de significância estatística. A ocorrência de infecções intramamárias (IIM), taxa de cronicidade e frequência de microrganismos isolados na secagem e imediatamente pós-parto nos tetos do grupo controle e tratados com selante interno foram avaliados utilizando o teste não paramétrico qui-quadrado, aceitando 10% de nível de significância. Houve redução na ocorrência de novas infecções no pós-parto imediato nos animais em que se utilizou o selante (C=19,6%, T=11,4%). No período pós-parto, foram isolados microrganismos Gram-negativo de 16 tetos no C e sete no T. A maior redução ocorreu para Escherichia coli, (8 versus 1) no grupo T. Não houve efeito da utilização do selante interno na frequência de isolamento de Streptococcus ambientais. O uso do selante reduziu a prevalência de mastite subclínica das vacas no pós-parto imediato (C=51% versus T=42%) e resultou em menor CCS no grupo tratado (T = 1.073 x 103) quando comparado com o grupo controle (C=1.793x103). O uso do selante interno combinado com antibiótico de vacas secas é eficaz na prevenção de infecções intramamárias no período seco e início de lactação e resulta na redução da CCS no período pós-parto imediato. O tratamento é eficaz na redução de infecção entre a secagem e o pós-parto imediato causada por patógenos maiores e menores. Entretanto, não tem efeito sobre infecções causadas por patógenos contagiosos.(AU)

Patógenos contagiosos y ambientales aislados de cuartos mamarios con mastitis subclínica de alto riesgo en tres fincas del estado Zulia / Contagious and Environmental Pathogens Isolated from Mammary Quarters With Subclinical Mastitis of Risk High in Three Farms of Zulia State

La mastitis es la enfermedad más común y costosa del ganado lechero en la mayor parte del mundo. En el presente estudio se investigó la frecuencia de aislamientos de patógenos contagiosos y ambientales a partir de ganado vacuno con mastitis subclínica, en tres fincas del estado Zulia. Se determinó la asociación de los grupos de patógenos con los diferentes sistemas de ordeño empleados, así como el probable efecto de las estaciones climáticas sobre la frecuencia de aislamiento de microorganismos. A nivel de campo se practicó la prueba de California para mastitis (CMT) a 2.416 cuartos mamarios. A los 758 cuartos que fueron clasificados de alto riesgo por el CMT se les realizó cultivo bacteriológico. Los principales patógenos aislados fueron Streptococcus agalactiae (26%), Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (23%), Streptococcus spp. (20%) y S. aureus (17%). El 73% de los patógenos aislados fueron contagiosos. El carácter contagioso de la infección intramamaria se observó en las tres fincas, la cual se presentó en un 75; 86 y 68% en las fincas A, B y C, respectivamente. No se observó un patrón estacional definido para la presencia de patógenos contagiosos y ambientales.

Mastitis is the commonest and most expensive disease in dairy cattle in most countries. In the present study it was investigated the frequency of isolates of contagious and environmental pathogens of subclinical mastitis on three farms of Zulia State. Was determined association by groups of pathogens with different milking systems used in each farm and the likely effect of the seasons. At the field level, California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed to 2,416 mammary quarters. A 758 quarters that were classified as risks high by the CMT, also were cultured bacteriologically. In general, the most frequently isolated bacteria were S. agalactiae (26%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (23%), Streptococcus spp. (20%) and S. aureus (17%). Seventy three percent of isolated pathogens were contagious. The contagious nature of intramammary infection was observed in the three farms with a frequency of 75, 86 and 68% in farms A, B and C, respectively. The results did not allow inferring a clear seasonal pattern for the presence of contagious and environmental pathogens.