Epidemiological characteristics and environmental risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Wei River basin, China, 2005-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015, and analyze the environmental factors that cause the differences of spatial distribution. Methods: HFRS reported cases in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015 were collected form "National Disease Reporting Information System" , and the epidemiological features of HFRS were analyzed. Boosted regression trees (BRT) model was applied to evaluate the environment factors on the geographical distribution of HFRS in Wei River basin at 5 km×5 km gird scale. Results: The number of HFRS cases was 18 629, and the average annual incidence from 2005-2015 in Wei River basin was 7.24/100 000. The highest morbidity was 15.18/100 000 in 2012. The middle and lower reaches of Wei River basin had high incidence of HFRS, such as Xi'an, Weinan city. Patients' age was mainly between 16 to 60, and the largest morbidity occured in people over 60 years old. Boosted regression trees modle identified building land, farmland coverage percentage and altitude had higher contribution to the distribution of HFRS. Conclusions: The epidemiological characteristics of HFRS changed significantly. Patients older than 60 years old were having the highest incidence rates. Environmental factors such as buildup land, farmland and altitude played important roles in the geographical distribution of HFRS in the Wei River basin.

Epidemiological characteristics and environmental risk factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Wei River basin, China, 2005-2015 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015,and analyze the environmental factors that cause the differences of spatial distribution.Methods HFRS reported cases in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015 were collected form "National Disease Reporting Information System",and the epidemiological features of HFRS were analyzed.Boosted regression trees (BRT) model was applied to evaluate the environment factors on the geographical distribution of HFRS in Wei River basin at 5 km × 5 krn gird scale.Results The number of HFRS cases was 18 629,and the average annual incidence from 2005-2015 in Wei River basin was 7.24/100 000.The highest morbidity was 15.18/100 000 in 2012.The middle and lower reaches of Wei River basin had high incidence of HFRS,such as Xi'an,Weinan city.Patients' age was mainly between 16 to 60,and the largest morbidity occured in people over 60 years old.Boosted regression trees modle identified building land,farmland coverage percentage and altitude had higher contribution to the distribution of HFRS.Conclusions The epidemiological characteristics of HFRS changed significantly.Patients older than 60 years old were having the highest incidence rates.Environmental factors such as buildup land,farmland and altitude played important roles in the geographical distribution of HFRS in the Wei River basin.

Environmental risk factors for induction of the inflammatory bowel disease / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of intestinal chronic non-specific inflammatory disease with unknown etiolog~ including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.The risk factors associated with pathogenesis of IBD include environmental factors,genetic factors,and immune factors.Among them,the environmental factors include smoking,drugs,diet,infection and psychological factors.

Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean region of Colombia

The objective of this research was to identify environmental risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Colombia and map high-risk municipalities. The study area was the Colombian Andean region, comprising 715 rural and urban municipalities. We used 10 years of CL surveillance: 2000-2009. We used spatial-temporal analysis - conditional autoregressive Poisson random effects modelling - in a Bayesian framework to model the dependence of municipality-level incidence on land use, climate, elevation and population density. Bivariable spatial analysis identified rainforests, forests and secondary vegetation, temperature, and annual precipitation as positively associated with CL incidence. By contrast, livestock agroecosystems and temperature seasonality were negatively associated. Multivariable analysis identified land use - rainforests and agro-livestock - and climate - temperature, rainfall and temperature seasonality - as best predictors of CL. We conclude that climate and land use can be used to identify areas at high risk of CL and that this approach is potentially applicable elsewhere in Latin America.

Encuesta sobre exposición de embarazadas y recién nacidos a contaminantes ambientales de riesgo en el gran Buenos Aires / Survey on exposure of pregnant women and newborns to hazardous environmental pollutants in the greater Buenos Aires

INTRODUCCIÓN: el feto y el niño son particularmentevulnerables a las exposiciones a contaminantes ambientalessus primeros años de vida. La Organización Mundial de la Saludconsidera a la Salud Ambiental Materno Infantil como uno de losprincipales retos del siglo 21 y promueve estrategias que permitanabordar, divulgar y resolver los problemas. OBJETIVOS: Conocerla frecuencia de exposición a contaminantes ambientales deriesgo para la salud del feto y del recién nacido, considerandoembarazos de mujeres asistidas en el Servicio de Obstetricia delHospital Nacional Profesor A. Posadas. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó unestudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con una encuestaadministrada por profesionales capacitados en la temática.RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 748 encuestas a 165 embarazadasy 583 puérperas. Se obtuvieron datos sobre porcentaje de casasprecarias, zonas inundables, acceso a red pública de agua, aredes cloacales y a gas natural, manejo de residuos, actividadlaboral, exposición al humo del tabaco y al humo de segundamano, exposición a plomo y a plaguicidas, uso de artefactos a gas,cercanía a fábricas, calles muy transitadas o autopistas, basuralesy cementerios, material particulado peridomiciliario y oloresdesagradables relacionados con la quema de basura y la cercaníade industrias. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de exposición ariesgos ambientales podría favorecer intervenciones oportunaspara la prevención, identificación y/o derivación.

INTRODUCTION: the human fetus and the child in thefirst years of life are particularly vulnerable to exposure to environmentalcontaminants. The World Health Organization considers thatchildren and mothers’ environmental health is one of the major healthcare challenges of the twenty-first century and promotes strategiesto prevent, disseminate and solve the problems. OBJECTIVES: Todetermine the frequency of exposure to environmental agents thatpose a risk to the health of the fetus and the newborn, consideringpregnancies of women assisted in the Department of Obstetricsof the Hospital Prof. A. Posadas. METHODS: An observationaldescriptive cross-sectional study was performed, including a surveyadministered by specially trained professionals. RESULTS: A total of748 surveys were conducted to 165 pregnant and 583 postpartumwomen. They collected information about percentage of precarioushousing, flood-prone areas, access to public water system, tosewerage system and to natural gas network, waste management,occupational activity, exposure to tobacco smoke and second-handsmoke, exposure to lead and pesticides, use of gas appliances, vicinityto factories, high-traffic streets or highways, garbage dumps andcemeteries, particulate matter in the surroundings and unpleasantodors related to the burning of garbage and the vicinity to industries.CONCLUSIONS: The detection of exposure to environmentalrisks may be useful to promote timely interventions for prevention,identification and/or referral.

Association between parental exposure to environmental risk factors and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between parental environmental risk factors exposure and the risk for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Methods A total of 179 ALL children cases were selected in Tianjin Blood Disease Hospital and 136 healthy children matched by age,gender and living place were selected in 2015 for a case control study.The data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate non conditional logistic regression models.Results The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sex,history of abortion,exposure in a smoking environment during pregnancy,catching a cold,taking antipyretic analgesics,maternal exposure to air purifying agent,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were associated with the risk of childhood ALL (P＜0.05) and the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sex,history of abortion,catching a cold,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were associated with the risk of childhood ALL (P＜0.05).Conclusion The five factors including sex,history of abortion,catching a cold,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were risk factors for childhood ALL.

Association between parental exposure to environmental risk factors and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between parental environmental risk factors exposure and the risk for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).Methods A total of 179 ALL children cases were selected in Tianjin Blood Disease Hospital and 136 healthy children matched by age,gender and living place were selected in 2015 for a case control study.The data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate non conditional logistic regression models.Results The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sex,history of abortion,exposure in a smoking environment during pregnancy,catching a cold,taking antipyretic analgesics,maternal exposure to air purifying agent,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were associated with the risk of childhood ALL (P＜0.05) and the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that sex,history of abortion,catching a cold,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were associated with the risk of childhood ALL (P＜0.05).Conclusion The five factors including sex,history of abortion,catching a cold,father's occupational exposure to petroleum products and home decoration during pregnancy were risk factors for childhood ALL.

Modelos reducionista e multinível na esquizofrenia: alcances e limites / Reductionist and multilevel models in schizophrenia: scope and limits / Modèles réductionnistes et à multi-niveaux dans la schizophrénie: portée et restrictions / Los modelos reduccionista y multinivel en la esquizofrenia: alcance y límites / Reduktionistische und Mehrebenenmodelle in der Schizophrenie: Anwendungsbereiche und Begrenzungen / 精神分裂症的还原和多层次模型：范围和界限

O objetivo do presente artigo consiste em apresentar um modelo reducionista e o modelo multinível com relação à explicação etiológica dos transtornos mentais, a partir do exemplar da esquizofrenia, considerando-se os alcances e limites destes modelos. Ao final do artigo, são extraídas algumas implicações ético-políticas para a psiquiatria.

The aim of this paper is to present a reductionist model and the multilevel model for the etiological explanation of mental disorders, based on the example of schizophrenia and by taking into account the scope and limits of those models. To conclude, some ethical and political implications for psychiatry are singled out.

Le but de cet article est de présenter un modèle réductionniste et le modèle à multi-niveaux pour l’explication étiologique des troubles mentaux, illustrés par l’exemple de la schizophrénie et en tenant compte de la portée et des restrictions que ces modèles présentent. Quelques implications éthiques et politiques pour la psychiatrie en sont extraites en guise de conclusion.

El propósito de este artículo consiste en presentar el modelo reduccionista y el modelo multinivel con respecto a la explicación etiológica de los trastornos mentales desde el ejemplo de la esquizofrenia, teniendo en cuenta los alcances y los límites de estos modelos. Al final del artículo, se extraen algunas implicaciones éticas y políticas para la psiquiatría.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt ein reduktionistisches Modell und das Mehrebenenmodell für die ätiologische Erklärung psychischer Störungen und benutzt als Beispiel die Schizophrenie, unter Berücksichtigung der Anwendungsbereiche und Begrenzungen dieser Modelle. Abschließend werden ethische und politische Schlussfolgerungen für die Psychiatrie erläutert.

本文章的目的是提供一个还原模式和多层次的模型解释精神障碍的病因，尤其精神分裂症，并考虑其范围和界限。在文章结束时提取精神病学一些伦理和政治影响。.

The relation between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer in Xuanwei city, Yunnan province / 基础医学与临床

The rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) and lung cancer morbidity in Xuanwei city of Yunnan province are among the highest nationwide , and COPD is an major risk factor for lung cancer .The concur-rence of COPD and lung cancer is a common disease .There are common causative environmental risk factors and pathogenic processes between the two diseases , which provides new ideas for the research , prevention and treatment of both diseases .Additionally the discussion of the relationship between COPD and lung cancer can provide refer -ences for further studies of both diseases .

Association between Prenatal Environmental Factors and Child Autism: A Case Control Study in Tianjin, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between autism and prenatal environmental risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was conducted among 193 children with autism from the special educational schools and 733 typical development controls matched by age and gender by using questionnaire in Tianjin from 2007 to 2012. Statistical analysis included quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST) and logistic regression in SPSS 20.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were four predictors by QUEST and the logistic regression analysis, maternal air conditioner use during pregnancy (OR=0.316, 95% CI: 0.215-0.463) was the single first-level node (χ²=50.994, P=0.000); newborn complications (OR=4.277, 95% CI: 2.314-7.908) and paternal consumption of freshwater fish (OR=0.383, 95% CI: 0.256-0.573) were second-layer predictors (χ²=45.248, P=0.000; χ²=24.212, P=0.000); and maternal depression (OR=4.822, 95% CI: 3.047-7.631) was the single third-level predictor (χ²=23.835, P=0.000). The prediction accuracy of the tree was 89.2%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The air conditioner use during pregnancy and paternal freshwater fish diet might be beneficial for the prevention of autism, while newborn complications and maternal depression might be the risk factors.</p>

Schizophrenia and Its Association with Biological and Environmental Factors: A Community Based Study.

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the proportion of probable schizophrenia in Arab population visiting primary health care centers and investigate its associated biologic and environmental factors. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Primary Health Care (PHC) centres, Supreme Council of Health, Qatar, between January 2009 to December 2010. Subjects: Of 1491 Arab patients approached, 1148 patients agreed to participate in the study (77%). Methods: The study was based on a face to face interview with a designed questionnaire including socio-demographic, biologic and environmental factors. A diagnostic screening questionnaire which consisted of 6 questions about the symptoms of schizophrenic disorders was used for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Results: Of the studied subjects, 11.7% of them were diagnosed with schizophrenia. A significant association was observed between schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients in terms of age group (p=0.048), BMI (p=0.019), gender (p=0.027), ethnicity (p=0.008), marital status (p=0.001), occupation (p<0.001), household income (p<0.001) and place of residence (p=0.039). Obstetric complications were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients with a higher frequency of pregnancy stress (31.3%; p<0.001) and diabetes (20.1%; p=0.008). Among the obstetric complications, Rhesus incompatibility (OR 2.74; 95% CI (1.16-6.47); P=0.021) and pregnancy stress (OR 2.51; 95% CI (1.60-3.94); P<0.001) were the major predictors for the development of schizophrenia. Delivery complications of asphyxia (17.9%; p=0.003), uterine atony (10.4%; p=0.028) and emergency caesarean section (17.2%; p=0.024) were significantly higher in mothers of the patients. Urban upbringing (OR 1.60; 95% CI (1.02 - 2.50); P<0.037) and social isolation (OR 1.72; 95% CI (1.06-2.74); P<0.027) were the main significant environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Conclusion: An increasing schizophrenia risk with obstetric complications was observed in the study sample. Rhesus incompatibility and pregnancy stress were the main predictors for schizophrenia.

The familial and other environmental risk factors in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is generally accepted as having a strong genetic basis but environmental influences have also been reported as contributing factors. Among the environmental influences, maternal smoking, pregnancy, labour/delivery and neonatal complications (PLDNC) and disturbed family situations have been implicated most. Aims: To study the pattern and extent of familial and environmental risk factors in children with ADHD attending a tertiary general hospital in India. Methods: The study was conducted in the child guidance clinic (CGC) of Kolkata, India from January 2012 to August 2013. The sample was screened by applying child symptom inventory -4-parent version to all the children of age five to twelve years attending the CGC. Children with IQ< 50 were excluded by Binet Kamat test. The final sample was selected by DSM-IVTR criteria. The parents of the final sample were finally interviewed with a semi-structured proforma to find out the familial and environmental risk factors among them. Results: The final sample was 84 ADHD cases out of total 339 children attending the CGC. Of them, 5.95% had diagnosed cases of ADHD among their siblings and cousins, while nearly 20% had alcohol dependence and bipolarity among parents. There was no maternal substance abuse, but disturbed family situations were found in 32.14% of children with ADHD, mostly contributed by parental mental illnesses. PLDNC were also quite common (nearly 30%) among these children, but no regular exposure to food additives. Conclusions: The extent of ADHD in our CGC (25%) though similar with other studies, the pattern of risk factors are different. There is complex interaction of familial (parental externalizing disorders) and other environmental factors (family situations, antenatal care). The role of inadequate maternal and child health care delivery system is also evident.

Associação de variáveis ambientais à ocorrência de leptospirose canina e humana na cidade de São Paulo / Association of environmental variables with the leptospirosis occurrence in dogs and humans at São Paulo city

Foi realizada uma análise espacial da ocorrência de leptospirose humana e canina na Supervisão de Vigilância em Saúde do Butantã, situada no município de São Paulo, no ano de 2007, associada a variáveis ambientais de risco, tais como: focos de enchente e áreas de desratização. Foram encontrados aglomerados espaciais de pontos de alagamentos em 12 setores censitários e de casos de leptospirose humana em quatro setores censitários, sem correlação entre ambos. Não foram encontrados agrupamentos de casos em cães, possivelmente devido à subnotificação. As proporções casos humanos de leptospirose : população humana dentro e fora da área de desratização foram 7:199.600 e 9:257.980, respectivamente. Conclui-se que medidas de controle de roedores como a desratização foram responsáveis pela minimização dos efeitos dos fatores de risco para a transmissão de leptospirose para humanos.

A spatial analysis of the human and canine leptospirosis occurrence was performed in São Paulo city in 2007, associated with environmental risk variables such as flooding and rodent control sites. Clusters of flooding sites were found in 12 census sectors, and human leptospirosis in 4 census sectors, without correlation between them. Clusters of canine cases were not found, possibly due to lack of notification. The proportions of human cases in and out of rodent control areas were, respectively, 7:199,600 and 9:257,980. Rodent control measures minimized the effects of the risk factors in the leptospirosis transmission to humans.

Environmental Risk Factors for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Implications for Clinical Practice

In this review, we have provided an overview of the environmental risk factors for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on the major environmental toxicants related to the disorder. Researchers have indicated that since the characteristics of ADHD are complex, the disorder's etiology involves multiple genes of moderate effect interacting with environmental factors. The possible roles of prenatal and perinatal exposure have been the main focus of research on environmental risk factors for ADHD. Among environmental toxicants, we reviewed the potential effects on the development of ADHD of exposure to lead, nicotine, alcohol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxin. Further, for the each neurotoxicant, clinical prevention or intervention strategies aimed at reducing a child's risk from environmental toxic insults have been presented.

Association of functionally important polymorphisms in cytochrome P450s with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a common malignancy that possibly involves a combination of exposure to the carcinogens and inherited genetic differences in the enzymes catalyzing their metabolism. Alcohol and tobacco consumption are the primary environmental risk factors, while polymorphism in various biotransformation enzymes such as cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and glutathione S-transferases, (GSTs) has been implicated as the major genetic risk factors for the development of HNSCC. The functionally important polymorphisms in these CYPs (1A1*2A, 1A1*2C, 1B1*2, 2E1*5B, 2E1*6, 2C19*2, 2D6*4, 2D6*10) and GSTs (GSTM1-null or GSTT1-null) were found to be significantly associated with HNSCC risk. Significant differences in the distribution of certain haplotypes of CYPs have also been reported and prevalence of certain genotype combinations of CYPs and GSTS in cases has indicated the importance of gene-gene interactions in HNSCC risk. Alcohol or tobacco use (smoking and chewing) were also found to interact synergistically with variant genotypes of these CYPs and GSTS in significantly enhancing HNSCC risk. This increase in risk associated with the variant genotypes with tobacco or alcohol use have further demonstrated the importance of gene–environment interactions in determining the susceptibility to HNSCC.

Aspectos metodológicos para estimar la carga de factores de riesgo ambientales / Methodological features to estimate the environmental risk factors burden

Se presentan por primera vez en una publicación nacional los conceptos y aspectos metodológicos más importantes relacionados con la adecuación del método general para estimar la carga de factores de riesgo, al caso particular de los factores de riesgo ambientales. Los trabajos fundamentales sobre este tema han sido desarrollados desde hace un poco más de 10 años por especialistas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se ilustra el procedimiento con la estimación de la carga atribuible al factor de riesgo ambiental "agua y saneamiento" en Cuba. El objetivo del trabajo es contribuir a un mayor conocimiento y debate sobre estas técnicas, lo que eventualmente conduciría a su gradual aplicación y al uso inteligente de sus resultados en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la salud ambiental.

This is the first time that in a national publication to appear the more important methodological concepts and features related to general method adjustment to estimate the risk factors burden, particularly the environmental ones. From approximately 10 years ago the WHO's specialist have made fundamental papers on this subject. Procedure is illustrated with the burden valuation attributable to "water and disinfection" as an environmental risk factor in Cuba. The aim of present paper is to contribute to a greater knowledge and debate on these techniques what possibly could to lead to its gradual application and to wise use of results in the decision-making related to environmental health.

Factores de riesgo medioambientales del cáncer cervicouterino / Environmental risk factors of the cervix uteri cancer

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, cuyo universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por todas las pacientes con el diagnóstico de cáncer cérvicouterino que acudieron a consulta de patología de cuello del Hospital Provincial Ginecobstétrico Ana Betancourt de Mora de la Ciudad de Camagüey en el período comprendido del 1ro de febrero de 2005 al 31 de marzo de 2006, con el fin de determinar los factores de riesgo medio ambientales que se asociaban. De un total de 142 pacientes, se obtuvo una muestra de 100 casos con el diagnóstico de cáncer cérvico uterino y más de 18 años de edad, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta según criterio de expertos y los resultados se analizaron por medios automáticos. Entre los resultados obtenidos se observó que casi la mitad de los casos presentaron factores de riesgo medio ambientales asociados, entre los que se destacaron las ITS, con casi la mitad de las pacientes, seguido por el tabaquismo y la cervicitis con aproximadamente la quinta parte de las enfermas para ambos. En las ITS referidas como antecedentes, predominaron la candidosis vaginal y los condilomas acuminados, con alrededor de la quinta y la séptima parte de las enfermas respectivamente. Las ITS de mayor incidencia, diagnosticadas al momento del diagnóstico del CCU, fueron también la candidosis vaginal y los condilomas acuminados, con aproximadamente la tercera y algo más de la cuarta parte de las pacientes respectivamente.

A descriptive observational study was carried out whose universe of work was constituted by all the patients with cervix uteri cancer as diagnosis that came to the Neck Pathology consultation at Ana Betancourt de Mora Gynecobstetric Provincial Hospital of Camagüey City from February 1st 2005 to March 31st 2006, with the purpose of determining the environmental risk factors that were associated. Of a total of 142 patients, a sample of 100 cases was obtained with the diagnosis of cervix uteri cancer and more than 18 years of age to whom were applied a survey according to experts' criterion and the results were analyzed by automatic means. Among the obtained results it was observed that almost the half of the cases presented associated environmental risk factors, among those STI stood out, with almost the half of the patients, followed by the tabacism and cervicitis with approximately the fifth part of the sick persons for both. In the STI referred as antecedents, the vaginal candidosis and the condylomata acuminatum prevailed, around the fifth and the seventh part of the sick persons respectively. Sexually transmitted infections of higher incidence, diagnosed to the moment of the cervix uteri cancer diagnostic, was also the vaginal candidosis and the condylomata acuminatum, with approximately the third and more than the fourth part of the patients respectively.

Environmental Risk Factors for Child Leukemia in Ningxia:a Case-Control Study / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore environmental hazards of childhood leukemia and to determine hazardous suspects on childhood leukemia. Methods Using 1∶2 matched case-control study design,50 patients of leukemia and 100 controls selected from the Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical College were investigated during Feb.2005-May 2007. Information was obtained by questionnaires, which included the general social demographic characteristics, disease history, the history of exposure to the materials during the child's mother pregnancy, indoor and outdoor environmental situation and the history of the families. Results The data showed that hazards for childhood leukemia were significantly associated with the history of infection(OR=0.452),diagnostic X-ray exposure (OR=0.157), the history of exposure to the chemical fertilizer and the pesticide during the pregnancy of mother(OR=3.150), the house type(OR=5.162), the nearest distance to the high voltage electricity (OR=2.383) and the radioactive source to the dwelling environment (OR=2.793) were important hazardous factors of the childhood leukemia. Conclusion The history of infection, diagnostic X-ray exposure, the history of exposure to the chemical fertilizer and the pesticide during the pregnancy of mother,the house type, the nearest distance to the high voltage electricity and the radioactive source to the dwelling environment might be the hazardous factors of the childhood leukemia.

Interaction of Polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and Environmental Risk Factors in Gastric Cancer / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the interaction of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and environmental hazard factors in gastric cancer. Methods 1∶1 case-control study was carried out in Nanjing area, using PCR-RFLP technology to determined the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and epidemiological data about environmental exposure of 121 cases and controls were collected. Interaction indexes (?) were calculated to determine the type of gene-environment interaction. Results After confounding adjusted, the result showed that interaction existed in genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 RsaⅠand the family history of digestive system disease, smoking, pickled food, irregular diet habit, interaction indexes (?) value were 1.855, 2.626, 1.736 and 1.714 respectively. A low exposure-gene effect interaction was found in CYP2E1 RsaⅠgenotype and the frequency of pickled food consumed, while a high exposure-gene effect interaction exist in CYP2E1 RsaⅠgenotype and irregular diet habit. Conclusion Genetic and environmental hazard factors co-effect the development of gastric cancer, genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and environmental risk factors show an interaction in gastric cancer.