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Objective To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. Methods Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. Results The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). Conclusions The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.
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ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of food-borne diseases in Wenchang， Hainan Province， and to analyze the suspected food exposure sites and sources so as to provide scientific data for early prevention. MethodsThe data of food-borne disease cases， including basic information， time， population， region， suspected exposed food， etiology， etc.， from the sentinel hospitals of the surveillance systems in Wenchang from 2017 to 2021 were statistically analyzed. ResultsA total of 2 219 food-borne disease cases were collected from 2017 to 2021. The male-to-female sex ratio was 1.2：1， and there was no significant statistical difference （χ2=5.732， P>0.05）. Cases were mainly concentrated in children aged <7 years （43.26%）， followed by 7 to 18 years （15.41%）， 19 to 30 years （11.72%） and >60 years （11.36%）， and there was a significant statistical difference （χ2=168.125， P<0.001）. The highest number of cases were found in preschool children （36.05%）， followed by students （17.49%） and farmers （16.18%）. The peak incidence occurred from July to November （54.44%）. The suspected exposure foods reported in the monitored cases were mainly vegetable foods （17.49%） and mixed foods （17.08%）. The exposure sites were primarily households （76.30%） and catering services （13.56%）. The positive rate of pathogens was 12.26% in 1085 tested samples， and there was no statistically significant difference in the annual detection rate （χ2=1.086， P>0.05）. The main pathogens of food-borne pathogens were Salmonella （9.95%）， followed by norovirus （2.03%） and rotavirus （0.28%）. ConclusionThe surveillance of foodborne disease cases in Wenchang shows seasonal peak patterns according to population and pathogen epidemiological features. The main affected groups are preschool children， students， farmers， and the elderly. The exposures are mainly related to vegetable foods and mixed foods in households and catering service establishments. Efforts should be made to strengthen food safety awareness， health education， and supervision targeting residents and food operators in order to reduce the incidence of foodborne diseases in the Wenchang area.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for analyzing the causes and formulating targeted control measures of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases. Methods Individual case investigation forms for advanced schistosomiasis cases were collected from the Sichuan Provincial Epidemic Annual Report System from 2011 to 2022, and patients’ demographics, previous medical history and liver parenchymal grading were retrieved. All advanced schistosomiasis cases’ medical records were reviewed, and the subtypes of schistosomiasis-endemic villages where the cases’ household registration were, floating population, survival and death and time of death were collected. Results A total of 321 newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases were found in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022, with a male to female ratio of 0.99 to 1. There were 274 cases at ages of over 50 years (85.4%), with the highest proportion seen at ages of 60 to 69 years (87 cases, 27.1%), and splenomegaly was the most common type (180 cases, 56.1%), with no dwarfism type detected. The highest number of cases was reported in 2011 (78 cases), followed by in 2022 (74 cases), and the highest number of cases were reported in Meishan City (199 cases, 62.0%), Dongpo District (131 cases, 40.8%), and hilly subtype areas (136 cases, 42.4%). As of the end of 2022, there were 111 deaths due to advanced schistosomiasis, with the highest number of deaths seen in 2018 (25 deaths), and the highest mortality was seen among patients with the ascites type (41.2%). There were 47 (37.3%), 40 (59.5%) and 4 (23.5%) cases with grade III liver parenchyma among patients with splenomegaly, ascites, and colonic proliferation types, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the grading of III liver parenchyma among three types of patients (H = 12.092, P < 0.05), with more severe liver parenchyma injuries seen among patients with the ascites type than among those with splenomegaly and colonic proliferation type (Z = 24.262 and 44.738, both Padjusted values < 0.05). Conclusions There have been newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province during recent years, and patients with the ascites type should be given a high priority among advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province. Intensified clue surveys are needed for early identification and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis cases, so as to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of life.
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Abstract@#Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is characterized by infectivity, complex pathogenesis and multiple target organs, causes multiple organ infections in the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and eyes, which seriously endangers human health. Various subspecies of HAdV has different tissue tropism, which presents diverse clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics. Based on the molecule biological characteristics of HAdV, this review summarizes the clinical symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of HAdV infections depending on tissue tropism, and describes the trends in HAdV epidemiology, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of HAdV infections.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Report System in Henan Province from 2010 to 2011, so as to provide insights into for echinococcosis control and surveillance. Methods The data pertaining to reported echinococcosis cases in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021 were retrieved from the National Notifiable Disease Report System, and a descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed using the software SPSS 22.0. Results A total of 150 echinococcosis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021, including 88 confirmed cases (58.67%) and 62 clinically diagnosed cases (41.33%), 77 cases reported by Henan Province (51.33%) and 73 cases reported by other provinces (48.67%). Echinococcosis cases were reported in each month, with 8 to 21 cases reported in each month, and the number of reported echinococcosis cases appeared no remarkable temporal changes. The echinococcosis cases were reported across 18 cities of Henan Province, with the highest number of cases reported in Zhoukou (17.33%) and Nanyang cities (17.33%) and the lowest number reported in Sanmenxia City (0.67%). The reported echinococcosis cases had a male to female ratio of 1.17:1, and the cases were found at each age group, with the the highest number of cases seen at ages of 20 to 59 years (73.33%). Farmer was the predominant occupation (63.33%), followed by housekeepers and the unemployed (12.67%). Of all reported echinococcosis cases, there were 25 local cases (16.67%) and 125 imported cases (83.33%), 144 cases reported by medical institutions (96.00%) and 6 cases reported by centers for disease control and prevention (4.00%). Conclusions Although imported echinococcosis cases were the predominant source of echinococcosis cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Report System in Henan Province from 2010 to 2021, there were still sporadic local cases, and the emergence of local sources of infection cannot be excluded. Further expanded field surveys and surveillance of echinococcosis are required.
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ObjectiveTo learn the epidemiological features of foodborne diseases， and to provide scientific basis for disease control. MethodsThe monitoring data of foodborne diseases in Minhang from 2016 to 2020 were analyzed. Stool or swab specimens were collected to detect salmonella， Vibrio parahaemolyticus， Escherichia coli， Shigella， Campylobacter jejuni and norovirus. ResultsThe information of15 951 foodborne disease cases and 11 176 samples were collected， with the positive rate of 12.03%.The cases with diarrhea accounted for 99.90% of the total. The cases with fever accounted for 14.70% of the total. The cases with water stool accounted for 89.70% of the total. May to October were the epidemic periods of foodborne diseases in Minhang（79.78%）. The detection rate was the highest in the 30‒39 age group and cadre staff occupation（13.53%，13.49%）. The detection rates of foodborne bacteria and virus were 5.39% （Vibrio parahaemolyticus）， 3.25% （salmonella），1.44% （norovirus）， 1.06%（Escherichia coli）， 0.56% （Campylobacter jejuni）， 0.34% （mixed infection） and 0% （Shigella）. During this 5-year period， the positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus decreased significantly， while the positive rate of salmonella and Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni increased significantly. The main suspected food were aquatic products （29.44%）， meat （25.80%） and fruits （10.78%）. The main processing methods of suspected food were family workshop （41.12%） and restaurants （37.55%）. The total detection rate of the cases was the highest in the canteen， reaching 20.51%. ConclusionFoodborne disease cases have a seasonal peak. The positive detection of pathogens tends to be similar year by year. The main suspected food is aquatic products. The main resources of suspected food are family workshop， restaurants， and canteen. Targeted health education， supervision and management should be taken to prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases and the outbreak of food poisoning
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological features of foodborne disease outbreaks in Shanghai and to find the risk factors. MethodsWe collected the data of foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Shanghai between 2010 and 2020， analyzed the characteristics of outbreaks， including time and geographic distribution， pathogenic factors and possible reasons caused outbreaks. ResultsBetween 2010 and 2020， there were 108 foodborne disease outbreaks with 1 736 cases， 45 inpatient cases and 1 death. May to September was the epidemic period， with about 64.81% of the outbreak occurrence. 39.81% outbreaks occurred in Pudong， Songjiang and Chongming Districts. Most outbreaks occurred in small restaurants （25%） and most foodborne cases were in staff canteen outbreaks （27.53%）. The main possible reasons caused outbreaks were improper food storage （19.44%）， cross-contamination （14.81%） and improper cooking （12.04%）. The major pathogenic factor was biological， caused 75.92% outbreaks and 77.59% cases. Methanol poisoning caused 1 death. The main contaminated food caused outbreaks was meat （17.59%）， multiple food （12.04%） and aquatic products （11.11%）. ConclusionThe foodborne disease outbreaks in Shanghai caused inpatient cases and death. We should pay more attention to foodborne disease outbreaks and we can control the risk factors by strengthening supervision and carrying out health education to reduce foodborne disease outbreaks.
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ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiological characteristics and transmission factors of a varicella outbreak in a school in Nanxun District of Huzhou City， and assess the effect of prevention and control measures， which may provide scientific evidence for improvement in the response to varicella outbreak. MethodsData were collected by field epidemiological survey and analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0 software. ResultsA total of 80 varicella cases were identified in this outbreak， which lasted 68 days. There were four peaks of incidence， involving 21 classes. The total incidence rate was determined to be 4.14%. Before the public health intervention， some cases were not isolated in time， which led to the initial spread in the class. After the mid-term examination， the outbreak further spread to multiple classes. Breakthrough varicella cases accounted for 48.75% of all the cases in the outbreak， among which 94.87% had been vaccinated for more than five years. However， there was no significant difference in the incidence of fever and rash between the breakthrough cases and non-breakthrough cases（P>0.05）. ConclusionTimely report， prompt response， and strict implementation of prevention and control measures remain crucial for effective containment of varicella outbreak.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological profiles of echinococcosis cases reported in non-endemic areas of China in the National Notifiable Disease Report System from 2004 to 2016, so as to provide insights into the development of effective surveillance and response measures. Methods The data pertaining to the echinococcosis cases reported in the National Notifiable Disease Report System in 22 non-endemic provinces of China from 2004 to 2016 were collected, and the epidemiological profiles of the reported echinococcosis cases were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 462 echinococcosis cases were reported in the 22 non-endemic provinces of China from 2004 to 2016, and the number of reported cases increased with time (χ2 = 4.516, P = 0.034). During the 13-year period from 2004 to 2016, the highest number of echinococcosis cases was reported in central and eastern China (56.49%), followed by in northern and northeastern China (30.30%), and the highest number of echinococcosis cases was reported in Henan Province (99 cases). Among the 462 echinococcosis cases reported, there were 234 men and 228 women, and the mean age was (41.42 ± 16.03) years (range, 4 to 86 years), with the highest number of echinococcosis cases reported at ages of 20 to 50 years (63.20%). The highest proportion of occupations was farmers and herdsmen (36.15%), and the greatest source was from echinococcosis-endemic provinces (50.43%); in addition, 97.40% of the echinococcosis cases were reported by hospitals. Conclusions Echinococcosis cases were reported in all 22 non-endemic provinces of China in the National Notifiable Disease Report System from 2004 to 2016, and the number of reported cases appeared an overall tendency for sporadicity and local increase with time. Screening of echinococcosis is recommended among famers and herdsmen at ages of 20 to 50 years from endemic regions by medical institutions in non-endemic regions for timely identification and treatment of echinococcosis cases.
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【Objective】 To describe the epidemiological features of COVID-19 confirmed cases in Northwest China and discuss the causation of these features in order to provide reference for taking preventive measures in the future. 【Methods】 We collected the data of all confirmed COVID-19 cases from January 23, 2020 to March 17, 2020 released on the official website of the Health Commission of Northwest China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang). We analyzed the characteristics in time and space distribution, age and gender. 【Results】 Totally 548 cases of COVID-19 were reported in Northwest China. The cumulative incidence rate was 0.53 per 100 000 people. The curative rate was 97.4% and the case fatality rate was 1.5%. Capital cities of each province had a higher incidence rate than that of other regions. The proportion of local transmission increased with time. The male-to-female ratio in the confirmed cases was 1.11∶1. Most patients were aged 20 to 60 years old. At the early stage most cases were imported from Hubei Province and later the pattern became local transmission. The average time interval between disease onset and hospital visit was (2.6±3.2)d. The average time interval between hospital visit and case confirmation was (4.8±3.1)d. The average time interval between centralized isolation and case confirmation was (6.1±4.0)d. 【Conclusion】 The epidemiological features of COVID-19 cases, including the basic situation, gender and age distribution and patient behaviors, were reviewed and analyzed. COVID-19 was well controlled in Northwest China, which indicates that the current preventive measures were effective. They will provide reference for future prevention.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and implementation of the “1-3-7” approach in malaria elimination in Yunnan Province, so as to provide the data support for the development of post-elimination surveillance interventions. Methods All data pertaining to malaria cases in Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019 were captured from the Notifiable Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the changes in the epidemic situation of malaria were analyzed during the 5-year period. In addition, the core indexes regarding the “1-3-7” approach in malaria elimination of Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019 were retrieved from the Malaria Control System in the Parasitic Disease Information Reporting System, and all changes in the indexes were descriptively analyzed. Results During the period from 2014 to 2019, a total of 2 283 malaria cases were reported in Yunnan Province, including 1 927 cases with vivax malaria, 326 cases with plasmodium malaria, 29 cases with other species of malaria, and one case with unidentified species. There were 64 local cases, 2 219 overseas imported cases. Among the 2 283 malaria cases, the male/female ratio was 4.58∶1, and 80.25% of the cases were aged from 15 to 50 years. Farmer (70.00%) was the predominant occupation, and 76.70% (1 751/2 283) of the cases were identified in 25 border counties (districts). Malaria cases were reported in each month during the 5-year period, and the number of malaria cases increased from April, peaked on May to July, and started to decline on August. From 2014 to 2019, the reporting rate of malaria cases within 24 hours upon diagnosis was 100%, and the detection of malaria cases was 99.69% (2 276/ 2 283) in the laboratory, with a 99.65% (2 275/2 283) rate of definite diagnosis. In addition, the percentage of individual epidemiological investigations within 3 days was 100.00% (2 283/2 283), and the number of epidemic foci survey and treatment within 7 days was 576 during the 3-year period from 2017 to 2019. The goal of malaria elimination was achieved in Yunnan Province on June, 2020. Conclusions Malaria has been eliminated in Yunnan Province, and management of overseas imported malaria is the primary challenge to consolidate the malaria elimination achievements in the future. However, the approach in malaria elimination remains to be maintained, and the role of the Yunnan Provincial Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory requires to be strengthened.
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Blastocystis is a unicellular, anaerobic, intestinal protozoan that infects humans and a variety of animals, which is widely prevalent across the world. Blastocystis infections have been detected in healthy populations, children, students, outpatients and inpatients, as well as diarrhea patients in China. High prevalence of Blastocystis infections has been reported in immunocompromised patients, and relatively high prevalence was seen in individuals living in Guangxi and Yunnan regions. Based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence, a total of 17 subtypes (ST1 to ST17) of Blastocystis have been characterized until now, among which ST1 to ST9 and ST12 infect humans and animals, and ST10 to ST17 only infect animals. In China, ST1 to ST3 are predominant human Blastocystis subtypes, and ST1/ST3, ST1/ST2 and ST2/ST3 mixed infections have been also identified. This review mainly describes the epidemiology and genotypes of Blastocystis in humans and animals in China.
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Objective To understand the basic information and epidemic characteristics of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of cysticercosis. Methods The data of inpatients in the Dali Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Center from 2014 to 2017 were collected and the eligible data of new cases of cysticercosis were analyzed by the epidemiological method. Results There were 1 552 patients with cysticercosis, including 549 new cases of cysticercosis. Among the new cysticercosis patients, most were neurocysticer-cosis cases (484 / 549, 88.16%). The symptoms included epilepsy and headache (51.73%), headache (40.98%), and dizziness (18.76%). The new cysticercosis patients were mainly middle-aged male farmers of Bai nationality, and they were distributed in all counties (cities) of Dali Prefecture, especially in Eryuan County (26.78%), and Dali City (19.49%). The annual incidence rate was 4.423/105 in 2014, 3.837/105 in 2015, 3.765/105 in 2016, and 3.442/105 in 2017, and there was no significance among the different years’incidence ( χ2 = 4.595, P > 0.05). Conclusion Dali Prefecture is still an endemic area of cysticercosis. Therefore, the monitoring, prevention and control of the disease should be strengthened.
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Objective To understand the basic information and epidemic characteristics of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of cysticercosis. Methods The data of inpatients in the Dali Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Center from 2014 to 2017 were collected and the eligible data of new cases of cysticercosis were analyzed by the epidemiological method. Results There were 1 552 patients with cysticercosis, including 549 new cases of cysticercosis. Among the new cysticercosis patients, most were neurocysticer-cosis cases (484 / 549, 88.16%). The symptoms included epilepsy and headache (51.73%), headache (40.98%), and dizziness (18.76%). The new cysticercosis patients were mainly middle-aged male farmers of Bai nationality, and they were distributed in all counties (cities) of Dali Prefecture, especially in Eryuan County (26.78%), and Dali City (19.49%). The annual incidence rate was 4.423/105 in 2014, 3.837/105 in 2015, 3.765/105 in 2016, and 3.442/105 in 2017, and there was no significance among the different years’incidence ( χ2 = 4.595, P > 0.05). Conclusion Dali Prefecture is still an endemic area of cysticercosis. Therefore, the monitoring, prevention and control of the disease should be strengthened.
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Dengue has become endemic in India with outbreaks caused by all the four serotypes occurring almost every year. Dengue cases have been increasing alarmingly in Assam also. This study aimed to identify the dengue serotypes circulating in Assam. Clinically suspected dengue fever cases were included in the study. Viral RNA was extracted using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). Nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was done for serotyping. The frequency of dengue was 25.23% with a peak during the period from September (22.56%) to October (26.22%). Two serotypes were detected, DEN-1 (72.7%) and DEN-2 (12.1%) and dual infection in 15.1%.
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Objective To explore the causes of dengue fever resurgence in Guangxi, and to analyze the risk factors of dengue fever. Methods The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conduced based on the dengue fever data reported from 2006 to 2015, and the surveillance results of aedes and antibody levels in health population from 2013 to 2015 in Guangxi. Results Before 2013, dengue fever was imported from foreign country in Guangxi, accounting for 95.35％(42/45), and 75.71％of the imported cases was imported from Southeast Asia. The local outbreak of dengue fever was happened in 2014, accounted for 94.02％(849/903) of the total number of 10 years. From onset to diagnosis, Guangxi dengue fever cases need 0-70 d (median time interval is 6 d). Cases were reported year-round, but the peak season for the onset of dengue fever was from September to November, accounting for 96.46％of all cases (871/903). The number of cases reported in Nanning was the most (83.37％), followed by Wuzhou city (7.44％) and Guilin city (4.81％), and all the three cities had dengue fever outbreaks. The cases were mainly commercial service staff (27.80％) and houseworkers and unemployed people (18.16％). Results of aedes monitoring showed that the density of aedes was high in Guangxi. In more than 50％ of the monitoring seasons the breteau index (BI) stayed greater than 20. However, the antibody positive rate was only 3％ in the healthy residents of Guangxi. Conclusion The risk of dengue fever is high in Guangxi. Therefore, it is essential to emphasizing idea of prevention and control, strengthening immigration surveillance, improving diagnosis ability, enhancing public health education, and expanding monitoring range.
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Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and epidemiological feature of nine respiratory pathogens of acute respiratory tract infection patients in the northern area of Henan Province,in order to provide reference for clinical effective prevention and treatment of acute respiratory tract infection.Methods The clinical distribution and epidemiological feature of nine respiratory pathogens were analyzed by a retrospective review of 11 135 serum samples which were detected by indirect immunofluorescence method from December 2014 to November 2016.Results There were 2 630 cases with nine respiratory pathogens infection,the infection rate was 23.62％.The main four respiratory pathogens were mycoplasma pneumonia (16.63 ％),influenza B virus (2.41％),parainfluenza virus (2.29 ％),adenovirus (0.79％).The nine respiratory pathogens infection rate of male and female was 21.60％ (1 516/7 020) and 27.07 ％ (1 114/4 115),respectively.The nine respiratory pathogens infection rate of ＜ 1 year group,1-5 years group,6-14 years group,15-30 years group,31-50 years group and ＞ 50 years group was 8.91％ (330/3 702),31.12％ (1 424/4 576),37.36％ (634/1 697),27.10％ (90/332),24.64％ (69/280),15.13 ％ (83/548),respectively.The nine respiratory pathogens infection rate of ＜ 1 year group was lower than that of the other five groups (P ＜ 0.05).The nine respiratory pathogens infection rate of spring group,summer group,autumn group and winter group was 24.66％ (591/2 396) 、23.86％ (631/2 645) 、31.09％ (748/2 406)、17.90％ (660/3 688),respectively.The nine respiratory pathogens infection rate of autumn group was higher than that of the other three groups (P ＜ 0.05).There were 253 patients with polyinfection which all were amphimorphic polyinfection in the 2 630 patients with respiratory pathogens infection,the polyinfection rate was 2.27％.Conclusions Respiratory pathogen infection rate was different because of different gender,different age and different season.The virus was the main pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection.Because of multiplicity of infection and seasonal distribution of pathogens,the prevention of the epidemic should be strengthened in spring and autumn season especially.
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Objective To investigate the infection status of human rotavirus,calicivirus,astrovirus and enteric adenovirus in children aged ＜5 years in disease surveillance areas in Henan province from 2013 to 2015.Methods A total of 880 stool samples were collected from four sentinel hospitals and group A rotavirus was detected by ELISA and group A rotavirus G/P genotyping was performed with nested multiplex RT-PCR,while rotavirus (group B,C),calicivirus and astrovirus were detected by two-step multiplex RT-PCR and adenovirus were detected by PCR.The epidemiological data of positive cases were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 594 positive samples were detected,including 24 mixed infection samples,370 rotavirus positive samples (42.0％);162 calicivirus positive samples (18.4％);69 astrovirus positive samples (7.8％) and 17 enteric adenovirus positive samples (1.9％).The overall positive rate of four viruses was significantly higher in urban area than in rural area,but the positive rate of rotavirus was higher in males than in females and in younger age group than in older age group.G9P [8] was the major genotype of group A rotavirus,there were two seasonal infection peaks in autumn and spring.Norovirus Ⅱ was the predominant type of calicivirus and the infection peak was in spring.Viral diarrhea cases were distributed in different age groups,mainly in age groups 0-12 months (rotavirus) and 3-5 years (calicivirus).The main clinical symptoms included fever,diarrhea and vomiting.The etiological characteristics differed with gender and area.Conclusions The infection rate of diarrheal viruses was higher in young children ＜5 years old in disease surveillance areas.The epidemiological and clinical features varied with the type of pathogen.
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Objective To investigate the infection status of human rotavirus,calicivirus,astrovirus and enteric adenovirus in children aged ＜5 years in disease surveillance areas in Henan province from 2013 to 2015.Methods A total of 880 stool samples were collected from four sentinel hospitals and group A rotavirus was detected by ELISA and group A rotavirus G/P genotyping was performed with nested multiplex RT-PCR,while rotavirus (group B,C),calicivirus and astrovirus were detected by two-step multiplex RT-PCR and adenovirus were detected by PCR.The epidemiological data of positive cases were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 594 positive samples were detected,including 24 mixed infection samples,370 rotavirus positive samples (42.0％);162 calicivirus positive samples (18.4％);69 astrovirus positive samples (7.8％) and 17 enteric adenovirus positive samples (1.9％).The overall positive rate of four viruses was significantly higher in urban area than in rural area,but the positive rate of rotavirus was higher in males than in females and in younger age group than in older age group.G9P [8] was the major genotype of group A rotavirus,there were two seasonal infection peaks in autumn and spring.Norovirus Ⅱ was the predominant type of calicivirus and the infection peak was in spring.Viral diarrhea cases were distributed in different age groups,mainly in age groups 0-12 months (rotavirus) and 3-5 years (calicivirus).The main clinical symptoms included fever,diarrhea and vomiting.The etiological characteristics differed with gender and area.Conclusions The infection rate of diarrheal viruses was higher in young children ＜5 years old in disease surveillance areas.The epidemiological and clinical features varied with the type of pathogen.
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Objective To investigate the infectious status,etiological spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of rotavirus (group A/B/C),calicivirus (novovirus Ⅰ/Ⅱ,sapovirus),astrovirus and enteric adenovirus in diarrhea cases below 5 years old from 2008 to 2015 in Henan provinces.Methods Totally 2541 stool samples were collected from cases below 5 years old in four sentinel hospitals.All stool specimens were tested for group A rotavirus by double antibody sandwich ELISA method.G/P genotyping of group A rotavirus was determined by nested multiplex PCR.Viral RNA was extracted from all samples and rotavirus (group B/C),calicivirus,astrovirus and enteric adenovirus were detected by two-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reation (RT-PCR)/PCR.Results One thousand four hundred and twenty-one out of 2 541 samples were positive with a total positive rate of 55 .9%,among which,102 were mixed infection.The isolation rate of rotavirus was 36.0% (914 samples)(group A:785 cases,group B:36 cases,group C:93 cases),calicivirus was 12.1 % (308 samples)(novovirus Ⅰ:64 cases,novovirusⅡ:193 cases,sapovirus:51 cases),astrovirus was 5 .9% (151 samples),enteric adenovirus was 1 .9%(48 samples).The group A rotavirus gene type combinations were composed mainly of G9P[8],G2P[4], G3P[8 ],G1P [8 ]and most cases were identified from September to November and March to May. Novovirus Ⅱ was predominant in calicivirus and most cases were identifed between March and May. Rotavirus or calicivirus infection was mainly among children aged 4—12 months or 3—5 years, respectively.Clinical manifestations included fever,diarrhea,vomiting,dehydration.Gender and region distributions differed according to the types of pathogen.Conclusions Group A rotavirus and novovirus Ⅱare the major viral pathogen in diarrhea cases younger than 5 years old in Henan province.Different viral infections exhibit extinct epidemiologic and clinical characteristics.