Four Proved Cases by Professor LIAN Jianwei's Differentiation and Treatment on Eructation / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]Analyzing clinical experience and academic view of Pro. LIAN Jianwei for the treatment of eructation in order to completely learn and master his experience.[Method] Analyzing 4 belching cases of Pro. LIAN, and combining his therapeutic experience and view. [Result] According to the view of Pro. LIAN Jianwei, there are 4 common types in clinic, the type of accumulation in stomach and intestine, the type of spleen and stomach deficiency, the type of liver qi stagnation, the type of liver and spleen disharmony. Promoting digestion and harmonizing stomach to treat the type of food accumulation in stomach;benefiting qi and strengthening spleen to treat the type pf spleen and stomach qi deficiency;smoothing liver and regulating qi to treat type of liver and stomach disharmony; regulating liver and spleen to treat type of liver and spleen disharmony;eliminating damp to treat type of spleen deficiency with damp;activating blood to treat stasis caused by prolonged diseases. Prescriptions of Pro. LIANbased on methods which changed with syndromes. He insisted that treatments base on differentiation;prescriptions base on methods, which make effect well. [Conclusion] It is worthy for our students to learn and imitate clinical experience and academic view of Pro. LIAN Jianwei for the treatment of eructation.

Clinical Observation of Acupuncture for Post-stroke Belching / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the effect of acupuncture on post-stroke belching. Method Ninety-six patients with post-stroke belching were randomized into a control group and a treatment group by random number table, 48 cases in each group. The control group was intervened by conventional Western medication, while the treatment group was by acupuncture in addition to the medication given to the control group. The blood Cl﹣ and Ca2﹢ contents, as well as the symptoms score and occurrence of adverse reactions were compared before and after treatment. Result After intervention, the blood Cl﹣ and Ca2﹢ contents increased and the symptoms score decreased to different extent in both groups; except for the blood Ca2﹢ content, there were significant differences in comparing all the parameters between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05); there was a significant difference in comparing the occurrence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P<0.05), and there were less adverse reactions in the treatment group. Conclusion Acupuncture can effectively control the post-stroke belching and reduce the happening of adverse reactions.

EFFECT OF GUM CHEWING ON AIR SWALLOWING, SALIVA SWALLOWING AND BELCHING / Efeito da goma de mascar na deglutição de ar, deglutição de saliva e na eructação

BackgroundEructation is a physiologic event which allows gastric venting of swallowed air and most of the time is not perceived as a symptom. This is called gastric belching. Supragastric belching occurs when swallowed air does not reach the stomach and returns by mouth a short time after swallowing. This situation may cause discomfort, life limitations and problems in daily life.ObjectiveOur objective in this investigation was to evaluate if gum chewing increases the frequency of gastric and/or supragastric belches.MethodsEsophageal transit of liquid and gas was evaluated by impedance measurement in 16 patients with complaint of troublesome belching and in 15 controls. The Rome III criteria were used in the diagnosis of troublesome belching. The esophageal transit of liquid and gas was measured at 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter. The subjects were evaluated for 1 hour which was divided into three 20-minute periods: (1) while sitting for a 20-minute base period; (2) after the ingestion of yogurt (200 mL, 190 kcal), in which the subjects were evaluated while chewing or not chewing gum; (3) final 20-minute period in which the subjects then inverted the task of chewing or not chewing gum. In gastric belch, the air flowed from the stomach through the esophagus in oral direction and in supragastric belch the air entered the esophagus rapidly from proximal and was expulsed almost immediately in oral direction. Air swallows were characterized by an increase of at least 50% of basal impedance and saliva swallow by a decrease of at least 50% of basal impedance, that progress from proximal to distal esophagus.ResultsIn base period, air swallowing was more frequent in patients than in controls and saliva swallowing was more frequent in controls than in patients. There was no difference between the medians of controls and patients in the number of gastric belches and supragastric belches. In six patients, supragastric belches were seen at least once during the 20-minute base period. None of the controls had supragastric belches. In the control group, the ingestion of yogurt caused no significant alteration in the number of air swallows, saliva swallows, gastric belches and supragastric belches. In the patient group, there was an increase in the number of air swallows. If the subjects were chewing gum during this 20-minute period, there was an increase in the number of saliva swallows in both groups, without alterations of the number of air swallow, gastric belches and supragastric belches. There was no alteration in the number of the saliva swallows, air swallows, gastric belches and supragastric belches in both groups for subjects who did not chew gum in the 20-40 minute period after yogurt ingestion. When the subjects were chewing the gum, there was an increase in saliva swallows in the control and patients groups and in air swallows in the patients group.ConclusionGum chewing causes an increase in saliva swallowing in both patients with excessive belching and in controls, and an increase in air swallowing in patients with excessive belching 20 minutes after yogurt ingestion. Gum chewing did not increase or decrease the frequency of gastric or supragastric belches.

ContextoEructação é um evento fisiológico que permite a eliminação de gás presente no estômago, geralmente não percebida como sintoma, situação identificada como eructação gástrica. Eructação supragástrica ocorre quando o ar deglutido não vai ao estômago, mas retorna do esôfago imediatamente após ser deglutido; situação que causa desconforto e limitações ao paciente.ObjetivoO objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar se goma de mascar aumenta a frequência de eructação gástrica e/ou supragástrica.MétodosO trânsito de líquido e gás foi avaliado por impedância in 16 pacientes com queixas de eructação excessiva e 15 controles. O diagnóstico de eructação excessiva foi feito tendo em consideração os critérios descritos no Roma III. O trânsito pelo esôfago foi medido por sensores de impedância localizados a 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm e 20 cm do esfíncter inferior do esôfago. Os indivíduos foram avaliados sentados em uma cadeira durante um período basal de 20 minutos, outro período de 20 minutos após a ingestão de iogurte (200 mL, 190 kcal), mastigando ou não goma de mascar, e em outro período por mais 20 minutos no qual invertiam o fato de mastigarem ou não goma de mascar. Na eructação gástrica o ar vinha do estômago em direção proximal, e na eructação supragástrica o ar entrou no esôfago e foi imediatamente eliminado em direção proximal. A deglutição de ar foi caracterizada pelo aumento em pelo menos 50% do valor da impedância e a deglutição de saliva pela diminuição em pelo menos 50% do valor da impedância, que progredia da parte proximal do esôfago para a parte distal.ResultadosNo período basal a deglutição de ar foi mais frequente nos pacientes do que nos controles, e a deglutição de saliva mais frequente nos controles do que nos pacientes. Não houve diferenças na mediana entre os resultados de controles e pacientes no número de eructações gástricas e supragástricas. Em seis pacientes ocorreram eructações supragástricas, o que não aconteceu em nenhum controle. Entre os controles a ingestão de iogurte não alterou a frequência de deglutição de ar, deglutição de saliva, eructações gástricas e eructações supragástricas. No grupo de pacientes houve aumento da deglutição de ar. Mastigar a goma durante este período causou aumento da deglutição de saliva, nos dois grupos, sem alterações na frequência de deglutição de ar, eructação gástrica e eructação supragástrica. No período entre 20 e 40 minutos após a ingestão do iogurte, se a pessoa não mascava a goma, não havia mudança na frequência de deglutição de saliva, deglutição de ar, eructações gástricas e eructações supragástricas. Quando a pessoa mascava a goma, houve aumento da deglutição de saliva nos dois grupos e de deglutição de ar no grupo de pacientes.ConclusãoGoma de mascar causa aumento da deglutição de saliva em pacientes com eructações excessivas e controles, e aumento da deglutição de ar em pacientes 20 minutos após a ingestão de iogurte. Goma de mascar não aumenta ou diminui a frequência de eructação gástrica ou eructação supragástrica.

Supragastric Belching: Prevalence and Association With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Esophageal Hypomotility

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Supragastric belching (SGB) is a phenomenon during which air is sucked into the esophagus and then rapidly expelled through the mouth. Patients often complain of severely impaired quality of life. Our objective was to establish the prevalence of excessive SGB within a high-volume gastrointestinal physiology unit, and evaluate its association with symptoms, esophageal motility and gastresophageal reflux disease. METHODS: We established normal values for SGB by analyzing 24-hour pH-impedance in 40 healthy asymptomatic volunteers. We searched 2950 consecutive patient reports from our upper GI Physiology Unit (from 2010-2013) for SGB. Symptoms were recorded by a standardized questionnaire evaluating for reflux, dysphagia, and dyspepsia symptoms. We reviewed the predominant symptoms, 24-hour pH-impedance and high-resolution esophageal manometry results. RESULTS: Excessive SGB was defined as > 13 per 24 hours. We identified 100 patients with excessive SGB. Ninety-five percent of these patients suffered from typical reflux symptoms, 86% reported excessive belching, and 65% reported dysphagia. Forty-one percent of patients with excessive SGB had pathological acid reflux. Compared to the patients with normal acid exposure these patients trended towards a higher number of SGB episodes. Forty-four percent of patients had esophageal hypomotility. Patients with hypomotility had a significantly higher frequency of SGB compared to those with normal motility (118.3 +/- 106.1 vs 80.6 +/- 75.7, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Increased belching is rarely a symptom in isolation. Pathological acid exposure and hypomotility are associated with more SGB frequency. Whether SGB is a disordered response to other esophageal symptoms or their cause is unclear.

Belching (Eructation) / 대한소화기학회지

Belching is a normal physiological function that may occur when ingested air accumulated in the stomach is expelled or when food containing air and gas produced in the gastrointestinal tract is expelled. Excessive belching can cause patients to complain of abdominal discomfort, disturbed daily life activities, decreased quality of life and may be related to various gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, aerophagia and rumination syndrome. Belching disorders can be classified into aerophagia and unspecified belching disorder according to the Rome III criteria. Since the introduction of multichannel intraluminal impedance monitoring, efforts are being made to elucidate the types and pathogenic mechanisms of belching disorders. Treatment modalities such as behavioral therapy, speech therapy, baclofen, tranquilizers and proton pump inhibitors can be attempted, but further investigations on the effective treatment of belching disorders are warranted.

Esophageal motliity in troublesome bllching / Motilidade do esofago de pacientes com eructacao supragastrica

Context Supragastric belches are the main determinants of troublesome belching symptoms. In supragastric belches, air is rapidly brought into the esophagus and is immediately followed by a rapid expulsion before it has reached the stomach. Objective To evaluate the esophageal contraction and transit after wet swallows in patients with troublesome belching. Methods Esophageal contraction and transit were evaluated in 16 patients with troublesome belching and 15 controls. They were measured at 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by a solid state manometric and impedance catheter. Each subject swallowed five 5 mL boluses of saline. Results The amplitude, duration and area under the curve of contractions were similar in patients with troublesome belching and control subjects. The total esophageal bolus transit time was 6.2 (1.8) s in patients with troublesome belching and 6.1 (2.3) s in controls (P = 0.55). The bolus presence time was longer in controls than in patients at 5 cm from the LES [controls: 6.0 (1.1) s, patients: 4.9 (1.2) s, P = 0.04], without differences at 10, 15 and 20 cm from the LES. The bolus head advanced time was longer in patients than controls from 20 cm to 15 cm [controls: 0.1 (0.1) s, patients: 0.7(0.8)s, P = 0.01] and from 15 cm to 10 cm [controls: 0.3 (0.1) s, patients: 1.6 (2.6) s, P = 0.01] of the LES, without difference from 10 cm to 5 cm [controls: 0.7 (0.3) s, patients: 1.0 (1.1) s, P = 0.37]. There was no difference in segment transit time. Conclusion There was no difference in esophageal contractions between patients with troublesome belching and controls. The swallowed bolus went slower into the proximal and middle esophageal body in patients than in control, but cross the distal esophageal body faster in patients than in controls. .

Contexto Na eructação esofágica o ar é rapidamente trazido para o esôfago, fato imediatamente seguido pela rápida expulsão, antes de ter atingido o estômago. Objetivo Avaliar a contração e o trânsito pelo esôfago após deglutições líquidas em pacientes com eructações excessivas. Métodos Contração do esôfago e o trânsito foram avaliados em 16 pacientes com eructações excessivas e 15 controles. Elas foram medidas a 5, 10, 15 e 20 cm do esfíncter inferior do esôfago (EIE) por um cateter em estado sólido de manometria e impedância. Cada indivíduo deglutiu cinco vezes 5 mL de salina. Resultados A amplitude, duração e área sob a curva das contrações foram similares em pacientes com eructação e controles. O tempo total de trânsito esofágico foi de 6,2 (1,8) s em pacientes com eructação e 6,1 (2,3) s em controles (P = 0,55). O tempo de presença de bolus foi mais longo nos controles do que nos pacientes a 5 cm do EIE [controles: 6.0 (1.1) s, pacientes: 4.9 (1.2) s, P = 0,04], sem diferenças a 10, 15 e 20 cm do EIE. O tempo de avanço da cabeça bolo foi mais longo em pacientes do que nos controles, de 20 cm a 15 cm [controles: 0,1 (0,1) s, pacientes: 0,7 (0,8) s, P = 0,01] e de 15 cm a 10 cm [controles: 0,3 (0,1) s, pacientes: 1.6 (2.6) s, P = 0,01] do corpo esofágico, sem diferença de 10 cm a 5 cm [controles: 0,7 (0,3) s, de pacientes: 1.0 (1.1) s, P = 0,37]. Não houve diferença no tempo de trânsito segmentar. Conclusão Não houve diferença nas contrações do esôfago entre pacientes com eructação excessiva e controles. O bolo líquido deglutido teve propagação ...

Pilot study on pathophysiology mechanism of belching disorders / 中华消化杂志

Objective To investigate the pathophysiology mechanism in belching by using high resolution manometry combined with impedance monitoring.Methods Ten belching patients (four male and six female,ages ranged from 28 to 50 years) received high resolution manometry combined with impedance monitoring.The characters of esophageal motility at rest,swallowing and belching and the possible mechanism of belching were analyzed.Results Nine of 10 patients had esophageal peristaltic dysfunction,displaying as non-peristaltic contraction such as non-conduction contraction,interrupt contraction and dropping contraction.The pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of three patients decreased.LES of one patient had incomplete relaxation.Nine of 10 patients were supragastic belching,in which air moved rapidly into esophagus and reversed exited from the mouth in one second.Among nine supragastic belching patients,the pleural pressure of seven patients increased during inspiration,upper esophageal sphincter relaxed and air was mistaken into the esophagus.The pharyngeal muscle contracted in two patients and the air was forced into esophagus.Of all the patients,intragastric and esophageal pressure increased through abdominal muscles and diaphragm contraction and air exited from the mouth.Conclusions The results of this study indicated that there was esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in belching patients.There was no frequently air swallowing in excessive belching patients,the typical belching model was supragastic belching.