Ecological construction of ESP curriculum system in medical schools under perspective of learning science / 中华医学教育探索杂志

English for specific purpose (ESP) courses for the postgraduates in medical schools have both physical and social attributes, with emphasis to improve practical language learning of medical specialties. It's an effective way to develop the English language application ability of high-level medical college students by constructing an ESP teaching and learning ecological system with professional and social contextual characteristics. In this study, through design-based implementation research, scenario simulation class was designed and implemented to accomplish task-based language teaching and learning. Further discussions on how to integrate blended and interrelated classes, on how to define combined and interactive teachers' role were explored. Based on the teaching and learning practices, organically combining the innovative curriculum concept with the construction of ESP ecological system effectively directs the practical application of the ESP class under the perspective of learning science, and verifies the feasibility of the ecological construction of ESP curriculum system.

Mechanism of Tibetan medicine Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills in regulating intestinal flora and improving non-alcoholic steatohepatitis / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Tibetan medicine Ershiwuwei Songshi Pills(ESP) on the intestinal flora of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) mice. Forty-eight male C57 BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group, model(methionine-choline-deficient, MCD) group, high-(0.8 g·kg~(-1)), medium-(0.4 g·kg~(-1)), and low-dose(0.2 g·kg~(-1)) ESP groups, and pioglitazone(PGZ, 10 mg·kg~(-1)) group, with eight mice in each group. Mice in the control group were fed with normal diet, while those in the remaining five groups with MCD diet for five weeks for inducing NASH. During modeling, they were gavaged with the corresponding drugs. The changes in body mass, daily water intake, and daily food intake were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the liver tissues were collected and stained with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) for observing the pathological changes, followed by oil red O staining for observing fat accumulation in the liver. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and triglyceride(TG) in liver tissue were measured. The changes in intestinal flora of mice were determined using 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that compared with the model group, the high-, medium-and low-dose ESP groups and the PGZ group exhibited significantly lowered AST and ALT in serum and TG in liver tissues and alleviated hepatocellular steatosis and fat accumulation in the liver. As demonstrated by 16 S rRNA sequencing, the abundance index and diversity of intestinal flora decreased in the model group, while those increased in the ESP groups. Besides, the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio decreased at the phylum level. In the alteration of the composition of intestinal flora, ESP reduced the abundance of Erysipelotrichia and Faecalibaculum but increased the abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae, Rikenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. This study has revealed that ESP has a protective effect against NASH induced by MCD diet, which may be related to its regulation of the changes in intestinal flora, alteration of the composition of intestinal flora, and inhibition of the intestinal dysbiosis.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for pain management in laparoscopic liver resection: case report / Bloqueo continuo del elevador de la espina para el manejo del dolor en una reseccion hepática laparoscopica: reporte de caso

Abstract Pain after liver resection can be difficult to manage. Epidural anesthesia (EA) is an effective technique in pain control in this surgery. However, postoperative coagulopathy and hypotension due to autonomic nervous system block in high-risk patients, may result that the EA is an inadequate analgesic technique in according to enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) recommendations for liver surgery. Regional block techniques have been recommended for liver surgery in ERAS guidelines. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a recent block described for thoracic and abdominal surgeries and provides both somatic and visceral analgesia. We describe a high-risk patient with cardiac dysfunction and Parkinson's disease who underwent laparoscopic right liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Satisfactory intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved by a combined continuous ESP block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP), and oblique subcostal TAP blocks. Surgery and postoperative period was uneventful. No opioids were administered during hospitalization. A combined of thoracic and abdominal wall blocks can be an effective approach for intra and postoperative analgesia in high-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection. Further clinical research is recommended to establish the effectiveness of the ESP block as an analgesic technique in this surgery.

Resumen El dolor posterior a una resección hepática puede ser difícil de manejar. La anestesia epidural (AE) es una técnica efectiva para el control del dolor en esta cirugía. Sin embargo, la coagulopatía y la hipotensión postoperatorias debido al bloqueo del sistema nervioso autónomo en pacientes de alto riesgo, puede hacer que la AE sea una técnica analgésica inadecuada, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la recuperación mejorada después de cirugía (ERAS, por las iniciales en inglés de Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) para cirugía hepática. Se han recomendado las técnicas de bloqueo regional para cirugía hepática en las guías ERAS. El bloqueo del plano erector de la espina (BEE) (ESP, por las iniciales en inglés de erector spinae plan block) es una técnica reciente, para cirugías torácicas y abdominales, que brinda analgesia tanto somática como visceral. Se describe aquí un paciente de alto riesgo con disfunción cardiaca y enfermedad de Parkinson que se sometió a resección la paroscópica del lóbulo derecho del hígado por carcinoma hepatocelular. Se logró analgesia intra y postoperatoria eficaz mediante una combinación de bloqueo continuo ESP, y bloqueos del plano transverso abdominal (PTA) y del plano transverso abdominal subcostal oblicuo. La cirugía y el periodo postoperatorio transcurrieron sin novedad y no se administraron opioides durante la hospitalización. La combinación de bloqueos combinados torácicos y de la pared abdominal pueden ser un abordaje efectivo para la analgesia intra y postoperatoria en pacientes de alto riesgo que se someten a resección hepática laparoscópica. Se recomienda continuar con la investigación clínica a finde establecer la efectividad del bloqueo ESP como técnica anestésica para esta cirugía.

Erector spinae plane block in pediatric orthopedic surgery: two case reports / Bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha em cirurgia ortopédica pediátrica: dois relatos de caso

Abstract The erector spinae plane block is a safe and effective regional anesthesia technique, which has earned new indications perioperatively since its description. We introduce two pediatric anesthesia cases in which we performed the erector spinae plane block during intermediate/major orthopedic surgeries. The first patient is a 2 year-old girl submitted to surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip. The second patient is a 14 year-old boy submitted to surgical treatment of bilateral clubfoot. This last patient is potentially the first published case in which the erector spinae plane block was performed for ankle and foot surgery. Both cases experienced excellent analgesia, avoiding opiate requirement completely.

Resumo O bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha guiado por ultrassonografia é uma técnica segura e eficaz de anestesia regional, que apresenta novas indicações no perioperatório. Apresentamos dois casos de bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha realizados para analgesia de cirurgia ortopédica pediátrica de médio/grande porte. O primeiro: menina de 2 anos submetida a tratamento cirúrgico de displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril. O segundo: menino de 14 anos submetido a correção de pé valgo bilateral. Este último, no melhor do nosso conhecimento, é o primeiro caso de bloqueio do plano eretor da espinha em cirurgia de tornozelo/pé descrito na literatura. Os casos tiveram analgesia pós-operatória adequada, sem necessidade de opioides.

Comparison between erector spinal plane block and epidural block techniques for postoperative analgesia in open cholecystectomies: a randomized clinical trial / Comparação entre as técnicas de bloqueio do plano do músculo eretor da espinha e bloqueio epidural para analgesia pós-operatória em colecistectomias abertas: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Blockade of the Erector Spinal Muscle (ESP Block) is a relatively new block, initially described for chronic thoracic pain analgesia, but it has already been described for anesthesia and analgesia in thoracic surgical procedures and, more recently, for high abdominal surgeries. The aim of the study was to compare two techniques, ESP Block and Epidural Block, with morphine and local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy surgeries. Methods: Controlled single-blind randomized clinical trial with 31 patients (ESP Block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), of both genders, ages between 27 and 77 years. The ESP block was performed at the T8 level with injection of 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine bilaterally. The epidural block was performed at the T8-T9 space with 20 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine and 1 mg of morphine. Results: The ESP Block group presented higher mean ​​Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) values for pain in the up to 2 hour (p = 0.001) and in the 24 hour (p = 0.001) assessments. The ESP Block group had a three-fold increased risk (43.7% vs. 13.3%) of rescue opioid use in the 24 postoperative hours when compared to the epidural group (RR = 3.72, 95% CI: 0.91 to 15.31, p = 0.046). Conclusion: ESP Block did not prove to be an effective technique for postoperative analgesia of open cholecystectomy, at the doses performed in this study, having required more use of rescue opioid, and without differences in NPS. More comprehensive studies are required to assess the efficacy of ESP block for the visceral and abdominal somatic component, considering the specific blockade level.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: O Bloqueio do Plano do Músculo Eretor da Espinha (ESP block) é um bloqueio relativamente novo, inicialmente descrito para analgesia de dor torácica crônica, porém já descrito para anestesia e analgesia em procedimentos cirúrgicos torácicos e, mais recentemente, para cirurgias abdominais altas. O estudo objetivou comparar as técnicas de bloqueio ESP e bloqueio Epidural com morfina e anestésico local para analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias de colecistectomia aberta. Método: Estudo clínico randomizado controlado, unicego com 31 pacientes (ESP block, n = 15; Epidural, n = 16), de ambos os sexos, idades entre 27 e 77 anos. O ESP block foi realizado no nível de T8 com injeção de 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% bilateral. O bloqueio Epidural foi realizado no espaço T8-T9 com 20 mL de ropivacaína 0,5% e 1 mg de morfina. Resultados: O grupo ESP block apresentou valores médios de dor pela Escala Visual Numérica (EVN) maiores nas avaliações até 2 horas (p= 0,001) e em 24 horas (p= 0,001). O grupo ESP block apresentou um risco três vezes maior - 43,7%vs.13,3% - de uso de opioide de resgate em 24 horas pós-operatórias do que o grupo epidural (RR = 3,72; 95% IC 0,91 a 15,31; p= 0,046). Conclusão: Nas doses realizadas nesse estudo, o ESP block não se mostrou uma técnica efetiva para analgesia pós-operatória de colecistectomia aberta, com mais uso de opioide de resgate e sem diferenças na escala visual numérica de dor. Necessita-se de estudos mais abrangentes avaliando a eficácia do ESP block para o componente visceral e somático abdominal, considerando o nível do bloqueio específico.

The erector spinae plane block: a narrative review / 대한마취과학회지

Regional anesthesia and pain management have experienced advances in recent years, especially with the advent of fascial plane blocks. The erector spinae plane block is one of the newest techniques to be described. In the past two years, publications referring to ESP block have increased significantly. The objective of this review is to analyze the articles about ESP block that have been published to date. We performed a search in the main databases and identified 368 articles. After a selection of the relevant articles, 125 studies were found eligible and were included in the review. The ESP block is performed by depositing the local anesthetic in the fascial plane, deeper than the erector spinae muscle at the tip of the transverse process of the vertebra. Many cases of its use have been described with satisfactory results in the treatment of both acute pain and chronic pain. The applicability of the technique covers many clinical scenarios. Of the 98 case reports reviewed, 12 and 87 articles, respectively described the technique as a treatment for chronic pain and acute pain. The single-shot was the most frequently used technique. As described in the articles published to date, the technique is easy to perform and has a low rate of complications. However, despite the effectiveness of the technique, further studies are necessary to obtain more evidence of its actions.

Flipped classroom for English biomedical research paper writing based on collaborative teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

English biomedical research paper writing is a key skill for biomedical postgraduates as it directly determines the publicity of their research findings and their international academic influence. It belongs to the field of ESP (English for Specific Purposes), and has the characteristics of diversified students, specialized and complicated teaching content, and a curriculum with time and space constraints. Based on the characteristics, needs analysis of this course as well as years of discipline construction and teaching research, the flipped classroom for English biomedical research paper writing based on collaborative teaching is put forward, which has combined the advantages of both collaborative teaching and flipped classroom: it integrates the knowledge expertise of biomedical teachers and English teachers to meet the requirements for ESP teachers; in the meantime, it has broken the time and space constraints of traditional classroom through "after-class knowledge input and in-class knowledge extension and deepening", blazing new trails for course delivery.

Explorations on setting and teaching of practical course of medical English for academic purpose / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The practical course of medical English for academic purpose is the academic module of medical English teaching system. Based on the target situation analysis, the course consists of reading and writing of scientific papers, design of academic posters, and oral presentation in academic conferences, all of which focus on the selected key literature. During the course, the genre analysis theory, task-based teaching and situational teaching were applied to help students to improve their practical competence of academic English through accomplishing different kinds of academic communicative activities.

English Curriculum Setting and Practice Based on ESP in Provincial Medical College / 沈阳医学院学报

Objective:To cultivate English talents with expertise. Methods:Based on the poll of 803 medical students in Grade 2013 with different professional questionnaires and the interview of 30 students who have graduated in the past 5 years and are working now, together with the successful experience from others and our own training objectives, English curriculum model has been built whose purpose is to satisfy professional needs in the future. Results: In addition to the regular courses of 2 years of intensive reading and self-studying audio-visual online learning, we also offer 12 optional courses including practical oral medical English and IELTS English Training Course. The students’enthusiasm for learning English is aroused,and 24.7%of all the students at school take an active part in English selective courses. Conclusion:The multi-mode English curriculum setting based on ESP is the key and inevitable trend in English teaching.

Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Free Radical Generation in Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Product-Treated Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

Clonorchiasis, caused by direct contact with Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), is associated with chronic inflammation, malignant changes in bile ducts, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis. Our previous report revealed that intracellular free radicals enzymatically generated by C. sinensis ESPs cause NF-κB-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT1). Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of upstream Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the initial host innate immune responses to infection. We found that treatment of HuCCT1 cells with native ESPs induced changes in TLR mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, concomitant with the generation of free radicals. ESP-mediated free radical generation was markedly attenuated by preincubation of the cells with TLR1-4-neutralizing antibodies, indicating that at least TLR1 through 4 participate in stimulation of the host innate immune responses. These findings indicate that free radicals triggered by ESPs are critically involved in TLR signal transduction. Continuous signaling by this pathway may function in initiating C. sinensis infection-associated inflammation cascades, a detrimental event leading to progression to more severe hepatobiliary diseases.

Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Free Radical Generation in Clonorchis sinensis Excretory-Secretory Product-Treated Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

Clonorchiasis, caused by direct contact with Clonorchis sinensis worms and their excretory-secretory products (ESPs), is associated with chronic inflammation, malignant changes in bile ducts, and even cholangiocarcinogenesis. Our previous report revealed that intracellular free radicals enzymatically generated by C. sinensis ESPs cause NF-κB-mediated inflammation in human cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT1). Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the role of upstream Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on the initial host innate immune responses to infection. We found that treatment of HuCCT1 cells with native ESPs induced changes in TLR mRNA levels in a time-dependent manner, concomitant with the generation of free radicals. ESP-mediated free radical generation was markedly attenuated by preincubation of the cells with TLR1-4-neutralizing antibodies, indicating that at least TLR1 through 4 participate in stimulation of the host innate immune responses. These findings indicate that free radicals triggered by ESPs are critically involved in TLR signal transduction. Continuous signaling by this pathway may function in initiating C. sinensis infection-associated inflammation cascades, a detrimental event leading to progression to more severe hepatobiliary diseases.

Approach of Improving Medical Students′Doctor-patient Communication Skills under the ESP Teaching Theory / 中国医学伦理学

As the global economic integration, the trend of internationalization of medical education, social demand for foreign talents is more and more big, the English teaching, especially the doctor-patient communication in English teaching has become a major focus on the teaching content.Learning is the study of doctor-patient communication be-tween medical workers and patients how to mutual understanding, trust and cooperation, common a discipline, to conquer the disease and emphasize ability oriented ESP teaching concept, closely integrated with professional, promotes the student as the center, apply English teaching as means and tools to study, the two organically unifies in together.Practice shows that guided by the ESP teaching concept, improve medical students English power of expression of doctor-patient commu-nication attempt made substantial results.

The feasibility of pairing general English with ESP in schools of traditional Chinese medicine / 国际中医中药杂志

Many college students’ English is not good enough to meet the need of the society. Pairing general English with ESP is proposed so as to solve the problem. Taking college English teaching in schools of traditional Chinese medicine as a case, this paper analyzes the key factors such as teaching materials, language teachers, students, teaching objectives, methods and environment in the teaching process in order to prove that pairing general English with ESP is feasible.

Doctor-patient Communication Oral English Teaching Reform under the ESP Teaching Philosophy / 中国医学伦理学

This paper expounds the connotation of doctor-patient communication and its importance in medical prac-tice, and points out the problems existing in the doctor-patient communication in practice. Based on this, advances the ESP teaching ideas, reform mainly from the following several aspects: first, the increase in oral English course arrange-ment class, small class teaching;secondly, on the oral English teaching mode reform, with school, learning, is unified. Once again, to reform on English spoken language teaching material use, both medical professional knowledge and English language skills. Finally, the reform on oral English teaching staff, improve English teachers' team.

Exploring ‘ EGP + ESP' model of English curriculum in medical academies / 中华医学教育探索杂志

English curriculum development has been a focus of English teaching in the medical universities in China.Under the background of cultivation of international medical talents,this thesis analyzed the current situation and major problems in this field,and put forward EGP + ESP model in English curriculum development,proposed to provide systematic and continuous English education for the medical students through the combination of public English and Medical English.

Adaptación y validación del Faces-20-ESP: Re-conociendo el funcionamiento familiar enChillán, Chile / Adaptation and validation of faces 20-ESP: family functioning awareness in Chillán, Chile

En este artículo presentamos el proceso de adaptación y validación al contextolocal de la Escala Breve de Evaluación Familiar Faces 20 ESP realizada en la ciudad de Chillán,Chile. Los resultados obtenidos nos demostraron una semejanza altamente significativa frente a losencontrados en la versión original, lo que da cuenta de la fiabilidad y validez del instrumento para elestudio del funcionamiento familiar, sentando importantes precedentes académicos para posterioresinvestigaciones.Con base en el análisis comparativo, pudimos observar que en las familias estudiadas no existendiferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto en cohesión como en adaptabilidad, entre lostipos ensambladas y nucleares. Esto evidencia empíricamente que no es posible atribuir un tipo defuncionamiento determinado a una configuración familiar específica, lo que posiblemente contengaimplicancias teóricas futuras.

Prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from sewage and clinical samples in Iran.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to perform a molecular epidemiological survey by investigating the antibiotic resistance and the presence of known virulence factors in Enterococcus faecium isolates in Iran. The data collected from this study would allow us to control the spread and develop strategies for treatment of the enterococcal infections. Materials and Methods: In this study, 156 vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium (VSEF; 58) and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF; 98) samples were isolated from clinical specimen and sewage treatment plants (STPs). These isolates were screened for the presence of genes encoding for aggregation substance (asa1), cytolysin (cyl), enterococcal surface protein (esp), gelatinase (gelE) and hyaluronidase (hyl) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Although significantly different, the results showed the presence of hyl and esp genes in both clinical (41 and 75%, respectively) and sewage (3.2 and 41%, respectively) isolates. Sensitivity of all isolates to seven antibiotics was examined. The results of the clinical isolates showed that the majority of esp positive isolates were also resistant to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Furthermore, cyl, gelE and asa1 were not found in either clinical or STP isolates. Finally, we determined the distinct types of isolates using Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), which confirmed that most of the isolates were clonally unrelated. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that higher number of the clinical E. faecium isolates carried virulence genes than the isolates from STP. Finally, the lack of the genes in clinical and STP isolates confirmed that these genes do not transfer horizontally.

Virulence factors in vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin - susceptible Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil / Fatores de virulência em Enterococcus faecalis resistentes e suscetível à vancomicina isolados no Brasil

Enterococci are members of commensal flora of animals and insects, but are also important opportunistic pathogens. Our objective was to observe if there was any difference of virulence in several groups of E. faecalis, mainly between vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (VREFS) of colonization and infection. VREFS and vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis from Brazil were screened for the presence of virulence factor genes. Phenotypic assays were used to assess in vitro expression, to understand the pathogenic potential of these isolates and to determine whether a correlation exists between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Different virulence profiles were found suggesting that the disseminating clone may have generated several variations. However, our study showed that one constellation of traits appeared most commonly: gelatinase, aggregation substance and esp (GEA). These factors are important because they have been implicated in cell aggregation and biofilm formation. Biofilm formation may promote the conjugation of plasmids harboring resistance and virulence genes, enhancing the probability of entry of new resistance genes into species. Curiously, the profile GEA was not exclusive to VREFS, it was the second most observed in VSEFS isolates from colonization and infection in hospitalized patients and also from rectal swabs of healthy volunteers. Such strains appear to represent the entry gateway to new resistance genes into E. faecalis and may contribute to the spreading of E. faecalis mainly in hospitals.

Enterococci são membros da microbiota comensal de animais e insetos, mas também são importantes patógenos oportunistas. Nosso objetivo foi observar se há qualquer diferença na virulência nos diversos grupos de Enterococcus faecalis, principalmente nos E. faecalis resistente à vancomicina (VREFS) isolados de colonização e infecção. VREFS e E. faecalis sensíveis à vancomicina (VSEFS) do Brasil foram pesquisadas quanto a presença de fatores de virulência. Ensaios fenotípicos foram usados para obter a expressão in vivo, entender o potencial patogênico destas amostras e determinar se existe correlação entre virulência e resistência a antibióticos. Diferentes perfis de virulência foram encontrados sugerindo que o clone que está se disseminado pode ter gerado diversas variações. No entanto, nosso estudo mostrou que um conjunto de fatores parece ser mais comum entre as amostras: gelatinase, substância de agregação e esp (GEA). Estes fatores tem sido correlacionados com a agregação de células e formação de biofilmes. A formação de biofilme pode promover a conjugação de plasmídeos contendo genes de resistência entre as espécies. Curiosamente, o perfil GAE não foi exclusivo para VREFS, foi o segundo mais observado em amostras VSEFS provenientes de colonização e infecção em pacientes hospitalizados e também de swabs retais de voluntários saudáveis. Tais linhagens pacerem representar a "porta de entrada" para novos genes de resistência em E. faecalis e podem contribuir para a disseminação de E. faecalis principalmente nos hospitais.

Degranulation of human eosinophils induced by Paragonimus westermani-secreted protease

Eosinophil degranulation is considered to be a key effector function for the killing of helminthic worms and tissue inflammation at worm-infected lesion sites. However, relatively little data are available with regard to eosinophil response after stimulation with worm-secreted products which contain a large quantity of cysteine proteases. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the degranulation of human eosinophils could be induced by the direct stimulation of the excretory-secretory products (ESP) of Paragonimus westermani, which causes pulmonary paragonimiasis in human beings. Incubation of eosinophils for 3 hr with Paragonimus-secreted products resulted in marked degranulation, as evidenced by the release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) in the culture supernatants. Moreover, superoxide anion was produced by eosinophils after stimulation of the ESP. The ESP-induced EDN release was found to be significantly inhibited when the ESP was pretreated with protease inhibitor cocktail or the cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64. These findings suggest that human eosinophils become degranulated in response to P. westermani-secreted proteases, which may contribute to in vivo tissue inflammation around the worms.

Effect of up-regulated esp1 gene expression on apoptosis of A549 cells / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To construct an expression vector containing esp1 in order to observe the effect of esp1 gene on the apoptosis of A549 cells. Methods A conditional plasmid vector containing esp1 was constructed, and transfected into A549 cells. The expression level of esp1 was detected by fluorescence microscopy, the chromosomes and the apoptosis, proliferation were detected. Results Transfection of IRE-EGFP-esp1 into A549 cells reduced improper chromosome segregation, cell proliferation and increased the apoptosis of A549 cells. Conclusion Up-regulation of esp1 not only has inhibitory effects on the abnormal proliferation and chromatid separation of tumor cells, but induces the apoptosis of A549 cells.