Condições sanitárias entre domicílios indígenas e não indígenas no Brasil de acordo com os Censos nacionais de 2000 e 2010 / Sanitation conditions of indigenous and nonindigenous households in Brazil according the 2000 and 2010 national censuses

Resumo Este estudo apresenta uma comparação entre domicílios indígenas e não indígenas no tocante à presença de infraestrutura de saneamento básico em áreas urbanas e rurais do Brasil a partir dos dados dos Censos de 2000 e 2010. As análises se basearam em estatísticas descritivas e modelos de Regressões Logísticas Múltiplas (RLM). Os resultados indicam o aumento da presença dos serviços analisados nos domicílios brasileiros ao longo da década. Não obstante, domicílios indígenas apresentaram piores condições sanitárias em 2010. Esgotamento sanitário foi o serviço mais precário registrado em ambos os Censos, com ocorrência ainda menos pronunciada nos domicílios indígenas. Os modelos de RLM confirmaram os resultados descritivos, no sentido de que os domicílios indígenas apresentaram piores condições quanto à presença de serviços de saneamento básico. Observou-se que, em algumas áreas, como o Norte urbano, Sudeste urbano e Centro-Oeste rural, houve o aumento das desigualdades entre domicílios indígenas e não indígenas de 2000 para 2010. O presente estudo não apenas aponta para condições de saneamento menos adequadas em domicílios indígenas no Brasil, como também evidencia a persistência de expressivas desigualdades associadas à cor ou raça.

Abstract This study compares the availability of basic sanitation infrastructure in indigenous and nonindigenous household located in urban and rural areas using data from the 2000 and 2010 Brazilian National Censuses. The analyses were based on descriptive statistics and modelling with multiple logistic regression. While there was an increase in the availability of basic sanitation in Brazilian households over the decade, indigenous households continued to have worse conditions in 2010. Sewage was the sanitation service with the lowest coverage in both censuses, and indigenous households had a lower rate of sewage services than nonindigenous households did. Logistic regression results confirmed the findings of the descriptive analyses, attesting to the fact that sanitation conditions are worse in indigenous households. In some areas, such as the urban North and Southeast and rural areas of the Central-West region, the gap in basic sanitation infrastructure between indigenous and nonindigenous households increased from 2000 to 2010. This study not only indicates the less-adequate sanitation conditions in indigenous households in Brazil but also attests to the persistence of major inequalities associated with race or color in the country.

Mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2 and other breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes in Central and South American populations

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. A major advance in the understanding of the genetic etiology of BC was the discovery of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes, which are considered high-penetrance BC genes. In non-carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations, disease susceptibility may be explained of a small number of mutations in BRCA1/2 and a much higher proportion of mutations in ethnicity-specific moderate- and/or low-penetrance genes. In Central and South American populations, studied have focused on analyzing the distribution and prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations and other susceptibility genes that are scarce in Latin America as compared to North America, Europe, Australia, and Israel. Thus, the aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding pathogenic BRCA variants and other BC susceptibility genes. We conducted a comprehensive review of 47 studies from 12 countries in Central and South America published between 2002 and 2017 reporting the prevalence and/or spectrum of mutations and pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and other BC susceptibility genes. The studies on BRCA1/2 mutations screened a total of 5956 individuals, and studies on susceptibility genes analyzed a combined sample size of 11,578 individuals. To date, a total of 190 different BRCA1/2 pathogenic mutations in Central and South American populations have been reported in the literature. Pathogenic mutations or variants that increase BC risk have been reported in the following genes or genomic regions: ATM, BARD1, CHECK2, FGFR2, GSTM1, MAP3K1, MTHFR, PALB2, RAD51, TOX3, TP53, XRCC1, and 2q35.