Eurytrema coelomaticum infection: correlation between parasite burden and impairment of pancreatic exocrine enzyme secretion / Eurytrema coelomaticum: correlação entre carga parasitária e insuficiência pancreática exócrina

Eurytrema coelomaticum is a trematode reported in the pancreatic ducts of ruminants. It is conjectured that may cause disorders in the pancreas, as well as digestive and metabolic processes dependent on them. This study, determined if there is an impairment of exocrine pancreatic function, and correlated it with parasite burden. Pancreas, blood, and fecal samples were collected from 119 bovines at a abattoir. Stool samples were subjected to the gelatin and x-ray film digestion tests (to detect the presence of trypsin in feces). Using blood samples, the following biochemical tests were performed: amylase, lipase, glucose, fructosamine, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, and globulins. Analyses were correlated with pancreatic parasite burden. Cattle with a high parasitic load presented higher incidence of negative tests in both gelatin digestion and x-ray film digestion tests (P < 0.001) when compared to non-parasitized animals and those with a low parasitic load. Changes in those tests only occurred if the parasitemia was moderate or severe. The activity of the amylase and lipase enzymes was significantly higher in animals with low parasitemia (P < 0.05), compared to non-parasitized animals and with a high parasitic burden. In this study, in cases of high parasitemia, negative results were observed in both gelatin and x-ray film in the feces digestion tests. However, the low infection of E. coelomaticum, higher levels of serum amylase and lipase that also indicated loss of pancreatic exocrine functions were reported.

Eurytrema coelomaticum, um trematódeo de ductos pancreáticos de ruminantes. Conjectura-se que possa ocasionar transtornos nas funções pancreáticas, mais especificamente nos processos digestivos e metabólicos dependentes destas. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi determinar se há comprometimento da função pancreática exócrina, correlacionado-a a carga parasitária. Foram utilizados pâncreas e respectivas amostras de sangue e fezes de 119 bovinos. As amostras de fezes foram submetidas aos testes de digestão da gelatina em tubo e digestão de filme radiográfico, ambos para detecção de tripsina nas fezes. Foram realizados os seguintes exames bioquímicos em amostras de sangue: amilase, lipase, glicemia, frutosamina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais, albumina e globulinas. Após isto, as análises bioquímicas foram correlacionadas com a quantidade numérica de parasitas encontrados no pâncreas (post-mortem). Houve maior quantidade de testes negativos (digestão do filme radiográfico e prova de digestão da gelatina) nos animais com alta carga parasitária (P < 0.001), quando comparados aos animais não parasitados e com baixa carga parasitária. Portanto, os exames supracitados se alteram somente se a quantidade de parasitas for moderada ou severa. As atividades das enzimas amilase e lipase foram significativamente maiores nos animais que apresentavam baixa parasitemia (P < 0.05), em comparação com os animais com alta carga parasitária e não parasitados. Conclui-se que em quadros de alta parasitemia há alteração significativa nos testes de digestão nas fezes, e que em quadros de baixa parasitemia há alterações significativas nos valores de amilase e lipase séricas, ambos comprovando alterações pancreáticas importantes, de acordo com o quadro de parasitemia.

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial pcox1 and ribosomal 18S rRNA genes in Eurytrema pancreaticum isolates from goats in Huaihua City, Hunan Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the genetic variation of Eurytrema pancreaticum isolated from goats in Huaihua City, Hunan Province. Methods The partial sequence of mitochondrial cytochrome I (pcox1) and ribosomal 18S rRNA genes were amplified using a PCR assay in E. pancreaticum isolates from goats in Huaihua City, Hunan Province, and the PCR amplification products were sequenced. Then, the gene sequences were subjected to genetic variation and phylogenetic analyses. Results The sequences of the pcox1 and 18S rRNA genes were 430 bp and 1 857 bp in length in 18 E. pancreaticum isolates from goats in Huaihua City, Hunan Province, and there were 14 and 35 variation sites in pcox1 and 18S rRNA gene sequences, with intra-species genetic variations of 0 to 1.4% and 0 to 0.8%, respectively. The sequences of pcox1 and 18S rRNA genes had 99.0% to 99.8% and 99.5% to 99.8% homologies with those from E. pancreaticum Chinese strain recorded in the GenBank database. Consistent phylogenetic analysis results were found based on pcox1 and 18S rRNA genes. The 18 E. pancreaticum isolates from goats in Huaihua City were clustered into a clade with the known E. pancreaticum isolates registered in GenBank, and the clade with these 18 E. pancreaticum isolates was close to the clades with Eurytrema species and far from the clades with other trematodes. Conclusions The E. pancreaticum isolates from goats have a low genetic variation in Huaihua City, Hunan Province. Mitochondrial pcox1 and ribosomal 18S rRNA genes may serve as molecular markers for the studies on the genetic variation in goat-derived E. pancreaticum.

Discovery of Eurytrema Eggs in Sediment from a Colonial Period Latrine in Taiwan

In this study we take a closer look at the diseases that afflicted Japanese police officers who were stationed in a remote mountainous region of Taiwan from 1921 to 1944. Samples were taken from the latrine at the Huabanuo police outpost, and analyzed for the eggs of intestinal parasites, using microscopy and ELISA. The eggs of Eurytrema sp., (possibly E. pancreaticum), whipworm and roundworm were shown to be present. True infection with Eurytrema would indicate that the policemen ate uncooked grasshoppers and crickets infected with the parasite. However, false parasitism might also occur if the policemen ate the uncooked intestines of infected cattle, and the Eurytrema eggs passed through the human intestines. These findings provide an insight into the diet and health of the Japanese colonists in Taiwan nearly a century ago.

Molecular characterization of Eurytrema coelomaticum in cattle from Paraná, Brazil / Caracterização molecular de Eurytrema coelomaticum em bovinos do estado do Paraná, Brasil

This study investigated the occurrence of Eurytrema spp. in cattle by analysis of the partial 18S rRNA gene sequence. Trematodes from 44 bovine pancreas were collected and classified based on typical morphological features. PCR assay and sequence analyses of amplified products confirmed that the trematodes classified as Eurytrema coelomaticum were phylogenetically distinct from those identified as E. pancreaticum. The results of this study represent the first molecular characterization of E. coelomaticum within the Americas, and provide an efficient method to differentiate digenean trematodes of domestic animals.

Este estudo avaliou a ocorrência de Eurytrema spp. em bovinos por meio da análise da sequência parcial do gene 18S rRNA. Trematódeos procedentes de 44 pâncreas bovinos foram coletados e classificados com base em aspectos morfológicos típicos. A técnica de PCR e a análise da sequência de nucleotídeos dos produtos amplificados confirmaram que os trematódeos classificados como Eurytrema coelomaticum eram filogeneticamente distintos daqueles identificados como E. pancreaticum. Os resultados deste estudo representam a primeira caracterização molecular de E. coelomaticum nas Américas e disponibiliza um método eficiente para diferenciar trematódeos digenéticos em animais domésticos.

Observação in vitro da ação dos fungos nematòfagos Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium e Pochonia chlamydosporia sobre ovos de Eurytrema coelomaticum / In vitro evaluation of the action of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium and Pochonia chlamydosporia on Eurytrema coelomaticum eggs

Objetivou-se a observação in vitro da ação dos fungos nematófagos Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF 34) e Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) sobre ovos de Eurytrema coelomaticum. Os ovos foram vertidos em superfície de ágar-água 2 por cento contendo os isolados fúngicos e em AA 2 por cento sem fungo como controle. Ao completarem sete, 10 e 14 dias, aproximadamente os ovos foram removidos e classificados de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: efeito tipo 1, efeito lítico sem prejuízo morfológico a casca do ovo; tipo 2, efeito lítico com alteração morfológica da casca e embrião e tipo 3, efeito lítico com alteração morfológica do embrião e da casca, além de penetração de hifas e colonização interna do ovo. Os isolados AC001 e NF34 não demonstraram percentuais para o efeito do tipo 3, contudo o isolado VC1 apresentou resultados percentuais para o efeitodo tipo 3 que determinam a atividade ovicida de um fungo: 27,2 por cento aos sete dias, 23,1 por cento aos 10dias e 25,0 por cento aos 14 dias. Da mesma forma que isolado VC4 apresentou: 15,0 por cento aos sete dias, 25,4 por cento aos 10 dias e 21,8 por cento aos 14 dias respectivamente. Pochonia chlamydosporia é um fungo promissor que pode ser usado no controle biológico de E. coelomaticum.

The present study assessed in vitro action of nematophagous fungi species Duddingtonia flagrans (AC 001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF 34) and Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) on eggs of Eurytrema coelomaticum. Eggs were placed on Petri dishes with fungus isolate grown in water- agar 2 percent and in the control (no fungus). After seven, 10 and 14 days, the eggs were removed and classified according to the following parameters: type 1, lytic effect without morphological damage to eggshell; type 2, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell; and type 3, lytic effect with morphological alteration of embryo and eggshell, besides hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. The isolate AC001 andNF34 had not demonstrated percentages to type 3 effects, however isolated VC1 presented results percentages for the type 3 effect that it determines the ovicida activity of one fungus: 27.2 percent to the seven days, 23.1 percent to the 10 days and 25.0 percent to the 14 days. The isolated VC4 presented: 15.0 percent to the seven days, 25.4 percent to the 10 days and, 21.8 percentto the 14 days. P. chlamydosporia is a promising fungus can be used in the biological control of E. coelomaticum.

Euritrematose bovina / Bovine eurytrematosis

Nesta revisão de literatura sobre os trematódeos do gênero Eurytrema (LOOSS, 1907), pertencentes àfamília Dicrocoeliidae (ODHNER, 1910), são abordados aspectos como: espécies, morfologia, hospedeiros,distribuição geográfica, patogenia e patologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e controle terapêutico.

In this review about the trematoda of genre Eurytrema (LOOSS, 1907) that belong to Dicrocoeliidaefamily (ODHNER, 1910), aspects as species, morphology, host, geographic distribution, pathogenesisand pathology, diagnosis and therapeutic control are boarded

Parasite load in Eurytrema sp infected cattle from southwestern localities of the São Paulo / Intensidade de parasitismo por Eurytrema sp em bovinos da mesorregião do Sudoeste Paulista

By macroscopic examination, 485 pancreas of cattle from Southwestern localities of São Paulo State were checked in order to count the Eurytrema sp specimens. It was concluded that the average parasite load is low in the region under study and the occurence ranged between 7. 2% and 9.8%.

Após exames macroscópicos de 485 pâncreas de bovinos procedentes da mesorregião do Sudoeste Paulista, obtiveram-se 41 casos de parasitismo por Eurytrema sp e, a seguir, foram contados os espécimes albergados. Verificou-se que a intensidade de parasitismo é baixa e que a proporção de animais infectados, independentemente da carga parasitária, situa-se entre 7,2% e 9,8%.