Flowers vs. Devils: plants used against witchcraft in the urbanized Sonora Market, Mexico City / Flores vs Demonios: plantas usadas contra la brujería en el urbanizado Mercado de Sonora, Ciudad de México

Mexican markets embody cultural diversity and offer a wide range of products, serving as hubs for local exchange.In our study at Mexico City's Sonora Market, the country's prominent medicinal market, we explored the use of plant remedies against witchcraft in an urban environment. Through interviews with plant vendors and extensive data collection, we identified 21 plant species from 16 botanical families renowned for their effectiveness in combating sorcery, attracting good luck, and promoting success. Additionally, we documented 14 ailments associated with envy and negative emotions. These remedies involved practices and applications such as cleansings, decoctions, baths, and incense burning, aimed at alleviating afflictions and fostering positive outcomes. Notably, the Sonora Market continues to uphold the tradition of using plant remedies against witchcraft, even in the bustling setting of one of the world's largest cities. This highlights the enduring significance of these practices within Mexican society

Los mercados mexicanos encarnan diversidad cultural y ofrecen numerosos productos, sirviendo como centros de intercambio local. En nuestro estudio en el Mercado de Sonora en la Ciudad de México, el sitio de plantas medicinales más relevante del país, exploramos el uso de plantas contra la brujería en un entorno urbano. A través de entrevistas con locatarios, identificamos 21 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 16 familias botánicas usadas en la lucha contra la brujería, atrayendo buena suerte y promoviendo el éxito. Además, documentamos 14 enfermedades asociadas con la envidia y emociones negativas. Los remedios involucraban prácticas y aplicaciones como limpias, decocciones, baños, incienso, con el objetivo de aliviar dolencias y fomentar resultados positivos. En el Mercado deSonora persiste la tradición de utilizar plantas contra la brujería, incluso en el marco de una de las mayores ciudades del mundo, resaltando la importancia de estas prácticas dentro de la sociedad mexicana.

Explore the Diagnosis and Treatment of Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis Based on Insidious Pathogen Warm Disease Theory / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To explore the etiology,pathogenesis and clinical treatment of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis(HNL)based on the insidious pathogen warm disease theory.[Methods]To analyze the etiology,pathogenesis,characteristics of symptoms and transmission of the disease in Chinese medicine,and summarize the treatment principles based on the descriptions about insidious pathogen warm disease in ancient literature and modern researches on HNL,and cite a clinical case for verification.[Results]The pathogenesis of the HNL is mainly characterized by deficient healthy Qi leading to latent evil.The specific manifestation is that exogenous evils are latent in the Moyuan,which causes Yang Qi to be blocked and depressed and turns into heat.Evil heat spreads from the Moyuan to the Shaoyang tri-Jiao,leading to the generation of phlegm,static blood,turbid evil and toxin in the body,which in turn leads to disease.In terms of treatment,supporting healthy Qi and eliminating the evil is regarded as the law of treatment,and the emphasis is eliminating the evil.Aiming at the three pathogenetic links of latent evil,depressed heat and internal production of pathological products,the following treatment principles are formulated:expelling evils from Moyuan,dredging tri-Jiao and promoting the flow of Qi to make the evil heat go out,clearing away endogenous pathological products,removing toxin and dispersing knots.The focus of supporting healthy Qi is the protection of Qi and Yin as well as recuperation after recovery,which prevents evil Qi from remaining and causing the disease to reoccur.The medical case cited was a patient with HNL treated by applying the theory of insidious pathogen warm disease.Damp-heat and toxin brewing,phlegm combined with static blood was the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)pattern of this case.The the prescriptions were based on Shengjiang Powder combined with Sanren Decoction,and Ganlu Xiaodu Pill successively,added and subtracted according to the syndrome,and the case achieved a significant effect.[Conclusion]The effect of treating HNL based on the insidious pathogen warm disease theory is quite good,which can provide new ideas and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of HNL.

Construcción y validez de la Escala de Maldad en estudiantes universitarios limeños / Construction and validity of the Malice Scale in university students from Lima

RESUMEN La maldad, rasgo presente en la conducta humana, es un indispensable tópico de estudio para la psicología, cuyo objetivo fundamental, con relación a este rasgo, es evaluar y comprender el daño que puede causar a los individuos. Objetivo: Construir un instrumento con el propósito de medir la maldad y que posea indispensables propiedades psicométricas, como validez y confiabilidad. Material y métodos: El estudio fue de tipo instrumental en una muestra no probabilística, mediante la aplicación online de la Escala de Maldad (ESMA-31), que consta de 31 ítems con 4 dimensiones: egoísmo, idealismo, sadismo y omisión de ayuda. La muestra estuvo conformada por 403 estudiantes de Psicología de una universidad pública de Lima, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 18 y 31 años. Para la construcción de la escala se consideraron las 6 dimensiones y los 36 ítems de la primera versión. Resultados: El coeficiente omega tuvo un valor entre 0,70 y 0,74; y el alfa ordinal, entre 0,82 y 0,93. Respecto a la validez de contenido, los valores V de Aiken estuvieron entre 0,89 y 1,00 (p = 0,001). El análisis factorial confirmatorio evidenció cuatro dimensiones con adecuados índices de ajuste [χ2/gl = 2; SRMR = 0,064; CFI = 0,955; TLI = 0,951; RMSEA = 0,054]. Conclusiones: El instrumento presenta evidencias de validez de contenido y de estructura interna, además de una adecuada consistencia interna de las puntuaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Evil is present in people's behavior, therefore, it constitutes an indispensable subject of study for psychology to study it in order to evaluate and understand the damage it can cause to many individuals. Objective: To construct an instrument to measure malice, malevolence or meanness identifying its main psychometric properties such as validity and reliability. Material and Methods: The study was instrumental in a non-probabilistic sample, through the online application of the Meanness Scale (ESMA-31) consisting of 31 items with 4 dimensions: selfishness, idealism, sadism, and omission of help. The sample consisted of 403 psychology students from a public university in Lima, aged between 18 and 31 years. For the construction of the scale, the 6 dimensions and 36 items of the first version were used. Results: The scale presented an omega coefficient between 0.70 and 0.74, and an ordinal alpha between 0.82 and 0.93. Regarding content validity, Aiken V values were between 0.89 and 1.00, p = 0.001. Confirmatory factor analysis evidenced four dimensions with adequate fit indices [χ2/gl = 2, SRMR = 0.064, CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.951 and RMSEA = 0.054]. Conclusions: The instrument presents evidence of content and internal structure validity, in addition to adequate internal consistency of scores.

A banalidade do mal nas relações de trabalho: impactos dos Modelos de Gestão Gerencialistas / The banality of evil in labour relations: impacts of the Managerialism Models / La banalidad del mal en las relaciones laborales: implicaciones de las Prácticas de Gestión Managerial

O presente artigo teórico tem como objetivo analisar a degradação das relações de trabalho nos modelos de gestão gerencialistas descritos por Vincent de Gaulejac a partir da compreensão de banalidade do mal desenvolvida por Hannah Arendt e, posteriormente, relacionada ao contexto de trabalho por Christophe Dejours. Por meio da análise da ideologia gerencialista identificada por Gaulejac ­ que é acompanhada por elementos como os métodos de avaliação individualizados e a instrumentalização dos trabalhadores ­, são tecidas considerações a respeito de práticas de violência psicológica no ambiente laboral. Considerando que a banalização do mal se caracteriza pela supressão da faculdade de pensar e é facilitada pelo medo e por distorções comunicacionais, identifica-se que não é necessário desejar o mal de forma deliberada para ser conivente com a sua execução. Por conseguinte, pretende-se, com a construção do presente estudo teórico, contribuir à compreensão da exploração subjetiva de trabalhadores e da manutenção de práticas violentas e desagregadoras nas relações de trabalho.(AU)

This theoretical article aims to analyze the degradation of labor relation in the managerialism models described by Vincent de Gaulejac from the understanding of the banality of evil developed by Hannah Arendt and, posteriorly, related to work context by Christophe Dejours. We seek to make considerations about the practices of psychological violence in the workplace through the analysis of the managerialist ideology identified by Gaulejac, which has elements such as individualized assessment methods and the worker instrumentalization. Having in mind that the banalization of evil is characterized by the suppression of the faculty of thinking and that it is facilitated by communicational distortions and by the fear, it is identified that it is not necessary to wish evil deliberately to be conniving with its execution. Therefore, we intend, through this theoretical study, contribute to the comprehension of the subjective exploitation of workers and the maintenance of violent practices that fragment the collective in the workplace.(AU)

El presente estudio teórico tiene como objetivo analizar la degradación de las relaciones laborales en los modelos de gestión managerial, descritos por Vincent de Gaulejac, desde la comprensión de la banalidad del mal desarrollada por Hannah Arendt y, más tarde, relacionada con el contexto de trabajo por Christophe Dejours. A través del análisis de la ideología gestionaria, caracterizada por métodos de evaluación individualizados y la instrumentalización del trabajador, tiene como objetivo desarrolhar consideraciones sobre las prácticas de violencia psicológica en el entorno laboral. Teniendo en cuenta que la trivialización del mal se caracteriza por la supresión de la facultad de pensar y es facilitada por distorsiones comunicacionales y por el miedo, se identifica que no hay necesidad de desear el mal para convertirse em cómplice. Se pretende con la construcción de este estudio teórico, contribuir a la comprensión de la explotación subjetiva de los trabajadores y del mantenimiento de prácticas violentas que fragmentan al colectivo en el trabajo.(AU)

Value of the Brock model and the Lung Reporting and Data System in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the value of Brock model and the Lung Reporting and Data System (LU-RADS) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules.Methods:A total of 84 patients with pulmonary nodules who received treatment at Zhejiang Jinhua Guangfu Tumor Hospital from March 2021 to March 2022 were retrospectively included in this study. The patients were divided into a benign group ( n = 26) and a malignant group ( n = 58) based on their pathological examination results. The Brock model parameters and LU-RADS classification were compared between the two groups. The value of the Brock model and the LU-RADS in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules was analyzed. Results:In the malignant group, the the Brock model parameters including age, nodule diameter, the presence of spicule signs surrounding the nodule, the composition of mixed ground glass nodules, the proportion of multiple nodules, and the probability of malignancy were (56.25 ± 4.15) years, (14.65 ± 2.35) mm, 44.8%, 77.6% , 51.7%, and (0.26 ± 0.11), respectively. These parameters were (47.35 ± 3.56) years, (8.92 ± 1.65) mm, 15.4%, 53.8%, 26.9%, and (0.05 ± 0.02) in the benign group. There were significant differences in these parameters between the two groups ( t = 9.48, 11.18, χ2 = 6.78, 4.84, 4.48, t = 9.63, all P < 0.05). The proportion of malignant nodules under LU-RADS classification in the malignant group was 79.3%, which was significantly higher than 42.3% in the benign group ( χ2 = 11.27, P < 0.05). According to the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the Brock model outperformed LU-RADS in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. Conclusion:Compared with LU-RADS classification, the Brock model demonstrates higher value in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules, and this evaluation method can be prioritized in clinical practice.

Treatment of leukaemia hemorrhage from the perspective of "Excessive Qi is Fire" / 国际中医中药杂志

Leukemia is a type of common hematopoietic system tumor with fever, leukocytosis, anemia and hemorrhage as the main clinical symptoms. Leukemia can be divided into acute leukemia and chronic leukemia. TCM believes that leukaemia is closely related to latent pathogen and fire toxin. Based on the theory of "excessive qi is fire", this article believed that the pathogenesis of leukemia hemorrhage is the transformation of bone marrow pathological qi into fire, clarified the relationship between leukemia cells and "fire", and proposed that the basic principle of treatment should be strengthening the body and reduce fire, supplementing with methods such as clearing heat and detoxifying, tonifying qi and nourishing yin, so as to provide references for clinical treatment.

Public health and Christian theism in Africa: An approach to evil and religious belief in the afterlife

Religious beliefs may significantly impact the effectiveness of health policies. In this article, I analyse how Christian theistic beliefs about evil and suffering, in connection with belief in the afterlife, have unreasonable ethical implications in the context of African epistemologies. Further, I contend that such Christian theistic beliefs have a negative impact on health policies, especially during the current pandemic. They prescribe one-size-fits-all approaches, which neglect contextual issues in addressing the pandemic. They also encourage passivity and neglect in the face of suffering. I then offer an alternative inspired by Afro-communitarianism, which I argue is convincing. Given that the theistic view is morally indefensible, I contend that it cannot be a good explanation of the problem of evil.

Discussion on Treatment of Recurrent Genital Herpes with Zhulingtang： Based on Thought of "Lower Energizer Resembling Drainage" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Recurrent genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease induced by herpes simplex virus（HSV）， mainly manifested as erythema， papules， vesicles， erosion， and exudation on the skin and mucosal membranes of the genital and anal area， accompanied by burning pain， or tingling. Factors leading to its recurrence are overworking， fever， alcohol consumption， infection， sexual activity， etc. At least 1 in 10 of the 15-49-year-old population are infected with herpes simplex virus-2. There is currently no available method to completely remove the herpes simplex virus and prevent its recurrence， and recurrence seriously affects the quality of life and psychological health of patients. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the recurrence of genital herpes is mostly related to wind， dampness， heat， yin deficiency of liver and kidney， internal injuries due to emotional disorder， and dietary preference. TCM has advantages in reducing its recurrence rate. The lower energizer is closely related to skin diseases， and "lower energizer resembles drainage". Thus， the lower energizer is closely related to water and damp metabolism. Recurrent genital herpes occurs in the lower energizer and belongs to lower energizer diseases， and the fluid metabolism and qi movement in lower energizer are closely related to the occurrence of the disease. Based on thought of "lower energizer resembling drainage" and the clinical characteristics of recurrent genital herpes， this paper considered malfunction of lower energizer as its pathogenesis. Thus， smoothing the lower energizer according to the prevailing circumstances is particularly important and the treatment principle should be dispersing the pathogen from lower energizer without damaging yin. Zhulingtang （Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases） cures the difficulty in urination and thirst with desire to drink by smoothing the lower energizer. Thus， Zhulingtang was selected to treat recurrent genital herpes. This study is expected to provide a new idea for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Clinical Efficacy on Erchentang Combined with Sanzi Yangqintang in Treatment of Cough Variant Asthma in Children with Phlegm Evil Accumulation Lung Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Erchentang combined with Sanzi Yangqintang in the treatment of cough variant asthma （CVA） in children with phlegm-evil accumulation lung syndrome and its influence on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness （AHR）. Method:A total of one hundred and sixteen children were randomly divided into observation group and control group 58 cases in each group. Patients in both groups took montelukast sodium chewable tablets orally， 5 mg/time， once daily， at night before bedtime. In observation group， patients took Erchentang and Sanzi Yangqintang modified granules orally. While patients in control group took Erchentang and Sanzi Yangqintang placebo granules orally. Treatment course continued six weeks for two groups. Before and after treatment， the cough symptom scores and phlegm evil accumulating lung syndrome scores were recorded every week. The cough remission time and cough disappearance time were recorded， followed up for 24 weeks to record cough recurrence. Leicester Cough quality of life questionnaire （LCQ） was scored before and after treatment. The ratio of induced sputum eosinophils （EOS） and the levels of interleukin-4 （IL-4）， IL-5， IL-12， IL-13 were measured before and after treatment. The cumulative doses of exhaled nitric oxide （FeNO） and methacholine （PD20） were measued before and after therapy. Safety evaluation was conducted. Result:The scores of cough symptom and phlegm-evil accumulation lung syndrome at different time points were decreased gradually in two groups of children after treatment （<italic>F</italic>_{control group}=5.277， <italic>F</italic>_{observation group}=7.636，<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The scores of cough symptom and phlegm-evil accumulation in the lung syndrome of observation group were lower than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01） at the same period. The durations of cough relief and cough disappearance in observation group were shorter than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Within 24 weeks of follow-up， the recurrence rate of children in observation group was 68.97% （40/58）， lower than 84.48% （49/58） in control group （<italic>χ</italic>²=3.917，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Children in observation group had fewer relapses than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The total LCQ scores and scores of all dimensions in observation group were higher than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The EOS， IL-4， IL-5 and IL-13 levels in observation group were lower than the data in control group， and IL-12 level was higher than that in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. FeNO of children in observation group was lower than that in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， while PD20 was more than that of control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The total effective rate of clinical curative effect of children in observation group was 96.55% （56/58）， which was higher than 82.76% （48/58） in control group （<italic>χ</italic>²=5.948，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Erchentang combined with Sanzi Yangqintang for children with CVA phlegm evil accumulation lung syndrome can further control the symptoms of cough， shorten the course of cough， improve the quality of life， and reduce airway inflammation and AHR， reduce the recurrence rate. The clinical efficacy is better than using montelukast only， and it is safe and has good clinical value.

Analysis on Composition Mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction from Pathogenesis of Cold Pestilence of COVID-19 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Qingfei Paidu decoction has a remarkable clinical effect, which has been recommended by the Diagnosis and Treatment Plan of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Sixth Edition) of the National Health Commission and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine. In this paper, the authors intend to explore the pathogenesis of cold pestilence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and composition mechanism of Qingfei Paidu decoction, and believe that this formula can be used to relieve internal and external pressure and regulate triple energizer with the functions of promoting lung Qi, dispelling evil and detoxification, moistening and dampening, and purging heat by removing water. This formula is suitable for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, including cold, dryness and dampness, and can effectively treat symptoms. Therefore, it should be widely used throughout the country to contain the spread of the epidemic.

Multi-center clinical trial of Biyuan Pills in treating acute sinusitis syndrome with wind-evil invading lung / 中草药

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of Biyuan Pills in treating acute sinusitis with syndrome of wind pathogen invading lung. Methods A method with randomized, positive-drug, parallel-controlled, doubled-blind, double-dummy, and multi-center trial was designed in the clinical study. The 330 cases were served as treatment group, taking Biyuan Pills for 10 d, 110 cases as control group, receiving Xiangju Capsule for 10 d. The curative effectiveness clinical diseases were the main observing parameter. Results Markedly effective rate and total effective rate of test group was 59.87% (58.93%) and 92.04% (90.60%), and that of control group was 51.40% (50.93%) and 84.11% (83.33%). Two groups total effective comparative differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), the experimental group was better than the control group. The healing rate of TCM syndromes was 64.65% (63.64%) in the experimental group and 51.40% (50.93%) in the control group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the experimental group was superior to the control group. After treatment, the symptoms of TCM in the two groups were significantly improved, and the improvement of nasal congestion and headache in the experimental group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In the experiment, there were nine adverse events in the experimental group and one adverse event in the control group. No abnormal changes in clinical laboratory indicators related to the study drugs were found in either group. Conclusion Biyuan Pills is safe and effective in treating acute sinusitis with syndrome of wind pathogen and invading lung.

Effect of single-herb traditional Chinese medicine for eliminating dampness on metabolism of uric acid / 中国中药杂志

Through literature review, it was found that there were many literature reports on the effect of single-herb traditional Chinese medicine for lowering uric acid in comparison with other single-herb traditional Chinese medicines. Then what is the relationship between single-herb traditional Chinese medicines for eliminating dampness and uric acid? How do they play a role in lowering uric acid? In this study, traditional Chinese medicines for eliminating dampness in the 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the innovative textbook of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy for Chinese medicine colleges and universities in the new century were selected as the research objects, and articles about the effect of single-herb traditional Chinese medicines for eliminating dampness in the treatment of hyperuricemia were searched through CNKI, WanFang and VIP. Afterwards, Excel(2016) was used to establish a database, and Excel screening tool was used to extract the classification statistics of its uric acid lowering effect, pharmacodynamic sites, uric acid lowering pathway and mechanism, so as to clarify the relationship between single-herb traditional Chinese medicines for eliminating dampness and uric acid as well as their mechanism on lowering uric acid. The results showed that there were 16 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines with uric acid lowering effect, accounting for 23.88% of the 67 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines for eliminating dampness. Other medicines with the uric acid lowering effect included traditional Chinese medicine extracts and chemical components. The main ways of reducing uric acid included: inhibiting uric acid synthesis and promoting uric acid excretion; mechanism of action was mainly regulating the two key enzymes generated by uric acid and the ion transporters excreted by uric acid. Therefore, it can be seen that this kind of traditional Chinese medicines have a clear effect in reducing uric acid, providing new ideas for drug screening, prescription compatibility and target determination for the treatment of hyperuricemia as well as a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment and research of hyperuricemia.

A Sombra e o Mal: O paradoxo do Arquétipo Central. Um estudo da ética pela Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana / The Shadow and the Evil: The paradox of the Central Archetype. A study of ethics by Jungian Symbolic Psychology / La Sombra y el Mal: La paradoja del Arquetipo Central. Un estudio de la Ética por la Psicología Simbólica Junguiana

A Sombra, concebida pela Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana como a sede do Mal, é imprescindível para o processo de individuação e de humanização pelo fato de conter, fixados no seu interior, símbolos e funções fundamentais para a vida. Nesse sentido, como na parábola do filho pródigo, os símbolos e funções da Sombra merecem ser buscados mais do que os símbolos normais, pois, enquanto estes já estão sendo elaborados no caminho da plenitude e do Bem, aqueles estão fixados e alienados no caminho do Mal. Pelo fato de os símbolos da Sombra estarem dissociados devido à fixação e oferecerem resistência à elaboração, o reconhecimento da importância da Sombra e o seu confronto merecem todo o apreço dos que buscam o desenvolvimento da Consciência e da ética. Prosseguindo, o autor discorre sobre a dificuldade que Jung teve para inserir o Bem e o Mal lado a lado dentro da divindade e do Self, por desconhecer, até a década de 1950, que o Ego da Consciência e o Ego da Sombra são o produto da elaboração simbólica coordenada pelo Arquétipo Central. O paradoxo ético do Arquétipo Central é que ele busca a totalidade através da atuação normal e também da patológica. A explicação do paradoxo é que o Arquétipo Central almeja acima de tudo impulsionar a vida, seja através do Bem ou do Mal e, ao mesmo tempo em que expressa o Mal, propicia o resgate dos símbolos e funções nele contidos através da função estruturante da ética.

Based on the concepts of fixation and defense from psychoanalysis, which he considers always pathological, the author conceives the shadow as bigender and as the expression of defenses and fixated symbols, as well as the source of pathology and of evil in the individual and cultural Self. In this sense, just as in the parable of the Prodigal Son, the shadow must be carefully considered because, while the symbols normally elaborated and cherished in consciousness pave the way towards good and self-realization, those fixated in the shadow are the path of alienation and of evil. Because they are despised and offer resistance to elaboration, the recognition of the importance of the shadow and its confrontation deserve the respect of those who search the development of consciousness.

La Sombra, concebida por la Psicología Simbólica Junguiana como la sede del Mal, es imprescindible para el proceso de individuación y de humanización por el hecho de contener, fijados en su interior, símbolos y funciones fundamentales para la vida. En este sentido, como en la parábola del hijo pródigo, los símbolos y funciones de la Sombra merecen ser buscados más que los símbolos normales, pues mientras que éstos ya están siendo elaborados en el camino de la plenitud y del Bien, aquéllos están fijados y alienados en el camino del Mal. Por el hecho de que los símbolos de la Sombra estén disociados debido a la fijación y ofrecer resistencia a la elaboración, el reconocimiento de la importancia de la Sombra y su confrontación merecen todo el aprecio de los que buscan el desarrollo de la Consciencia y de la ética. Prosiguiendo, el autor discurre sobre la dificultad que Jung tuvo para insertar el Bien y el Mal lado a lado dentro de la divinidad y del Self, por desconocer, hasta la década de 1950, que el Ego de la Conciencia y el Ego de la Sombra son el producto de la elaboración simbólica coordinada por el Arquetipo Central. La paradoja ética del Arquetipo Central es que ella busca la totalidad a través de la actuación normal y también de la patológica. La explicación de la paradoja es que el Arquetipo Central anhela sobre todo impulsar la vida, sea a través del Bien o del Mal y, al mismo tiempo que expresa el Mal, propicia el rescate de los símbolos y funciones en él contenidos a través de la función estructurante de la ética.

A morte e a ressurreição do Messias: A Sombra, o Mal e o Anticristo. Um estudo da função ética, pela Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana / The death and resurrection of the Messiah: The Shadow, the Evil and the Antichrist. A study of the ethical function, by Jungian Symbolic Psychology / La muerte y la resurrección del Mesías: La Sombra, el Mal y el Anticristo. Un estudio de la función ética, por la Psicología Simbólica Junguiana

O artigo conceitua o Arquétipo da Sombra como o Arquétipo do Mal na Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana e busca integrá-lo como expressão do Arquétipo Central, ao lado do Arquétipo do Bem. A interpretação de Jung da limitação da imagem de Jeovah na relação com Job é aqui continuada com o reconhecimento do sadismo do Deus patriarcal, que necessita do filicídio sacrificial para transformar-se no Deus da compaixão e do entendimento, pois só assim se tornará a Trindade e expressará o Arquétipo da Alteridade. Em conclusão, o autor segue Jung na interpretação do Apoccomo a Sombra do Novo Testamento e chama a atenção para o texto ser escrito em nome de Jesus, o que sugere a integração do símbolo do Anticristo no mito, como a Sombra de Jesus. ■

The article conceives the archetype of shadow as the archetype of evil in Jungian Symbolic Psychology and tries to interpret it as an expression of the central archetype (Self) side by side with the archetype of good. Jung's interpretation of Jehovah's limitation in the relationship with Job is followed by the recognition of the patriarchal sadism within the Godhead which needs the sacrifice of the Son to be transformed in the God of compassion and understanding because only so will it become the Trinity capable of expressing the archetype of alterity. In conclusion, the author follows Jung in the interpretation of the Apocalypse as the shadow of the New Testament and calls attention for Jesus' shadow expressed in His name as symbol of the integration of the Anti-Christ in the myth. ■

El artículo conceptualiza el Arquetipo de la Sombra como el Arquetipo del Mal en la Psicología Simbólica Junguiana y busca integrarlo como expresión del Arquetipo Central, al lado del Arquetipo del Bien. La interpretación de Jung de la limitación de la imagen de Jeovah en la relación con Job es aquí continuada con el reconocimiento del sadismo del Dios patriarcal, que necesita del filicidio sacrificial para transformarse en el Dios de la compasión y del entendimiento, pues sólo así se convertirá en la Trinidad y expresará el Arquetipo de la Alteridad. En conclusión, el autor sigue a Jung en la interpretación del Apocalipsis como la Sombra del Nuevo Testamento y llama la atención sobre el texto ser escrito en el nombre de Jesús, lo que sugiere la integración del símbolo del Anticristo en el mito, como la Sombra de Jesús. ■

Aporías frente al mal radical: de la perplejidad a la intangibilidad de la dignidad humana / Aporias against the Radical Evil: From Perplexity to Intangibility of Human Dignity

Resumen A partir de la identificación de las aporías del mal radical, se reconstruyen los presupuestos de la teórica ética kantiana, para demostrar que éstos son imprescindibles en la fundamentación de las acciones que se requieren para enfrentar las violaciones sistemáticas a los derechos humanos que consisten en los crímenes de lesa humanidad y genocidio. Precisamente estas tecnologías de poder atentan contra los pilares de la modernidad filosófica, razón por la cual a pesar de la perplejidad teórica y jurídica que ocasionó su aparición, sus remedios sin duda deben fundamentarse en el afianzamiento y supremacía del principio de dignidad humana.

Abstract From the identification of the aporias of the radical evil, the assumptions of the theoretical Kantian ethics are reconstructed, to demonstrate that these are essential in the foundation of the actions, which are required to confront the systematic violations to human rights consisting of crimes against humanity and genocide. Precisely these technologies of power undermine the pillars of the philosophical modernity, it is the reason why in spite of the theoretical and juridical perplexity that caused its appearance, and their remedies must certainly be based on the reinforcement and supremacy of the principle of human dignity.

Cooperation with evil, the theory of action and the contraception mandate / Cooperación con el mal, la teoría de la acción y el mandato de anticoncepción / Cooperação com o mal, a teoria de ação e o mandato de contracepção

Abstract The debate concerning the so-called U.S.Health and Human Services (HHS) Contraception Mandatehas been adequately framed, in the academic field, within the traditional ethical doctrine oncooperation with evil. This principle will allow us to conclude whether employers may ethically comply with the onerous existing law or not. The discussion has been quite heated, because the practical conclusions authors have reached vary widely, depending on which interpretation of the theory they rely on. In this paper, some of these explanations are addressed and analyzed from the standpoint of the Thomistic theory of action, which is now the most common point of view. This work concludes that, although theContraception Mandatewill most likely be repealed by the current U.S. administration, as things once stood, compliance with it may have been ethically licit in some cases.

Resumen El debate académico sobre el llamadoU.S. Health and Human Services (HHS) Contraception Mandatese ha enmarcado, adecuadamente, en el contexto de la doctrina clásica acerca de lacooperación al mal. Este principio ayuda a discernir si las empresas y los empleadores estadounidenses deberían o no, éticamente, obedecer a tal ley injustamente impuesta. La discusión ha sido muy acalorada, porque las conclusiones a las que han llegado los distintos autores son muy variadas, en función de cuál ha sido la interpretación de esta doctrina en cada caso. En el presente artículo hemos tratado de examinar y analizar alguno de estos intentos de explicación, desde la perspectiva de la teoría tomista de la acción -que hoy en día es el punto de vista más común-. El trabajo concluye que, aunque elMandateprobablemente vaya a ser derogado por el actual gobierno de los Estados Unidos, tal como estaban las cosas, la obediencia de esta ley podría haber sido éticamente lícita en algunos casos.

Resumo O debate acadêmico sobre o chamado Mandato de Contracepção, do U.S. Health and Human Services (HHS), foi enquadrado, adequadamente, no contexto da doutrina clássica sobre a cooperação com o mal. Esse princípio ajuda a discernir se as empresas e os empregadores norte-americanos deveriam ou não, eticamente, obedecer a tal lei imposta injustamente. A discussão tem sido muito acalorada porque as conclusões a que diferentes autores chegaram são muito variadas, em função da interpretação dessa doutrina em cada caso. No presente artigo, buscamos examinar e analisar algumas dessas tentativas de explicação, a partir da perspectiva da Teoria Tomista da Ação - que, atualmente, é o ponto de vista mais comum. O trabalho conclui que, ainda que o mandato seja provavelmente revogado pelo atual governo dos Estados Unidos, assim como estavam as coisas, a obediência a essa lei poderia ter sido eticamente lícita em alguns casos.

Os intervalos do diabo / Devil's intervals / Los intervalos del diablo / Les intervalles du diable

Este trabalho busca circunscrever alguns aspectos do pacto demoníaco por meio de formas que assume na literatura e na música. Empreende uma aproximação com os estados melancólicos, produzindo ressonâncias no campo psicanalítico. Nesse percurso, as funções disjuntivas e conjuntivas são exploradas enquanto elementos diabólicos indispensáveis aos sentimentos de vitalidade e ao trabalho analítico com certos pacientes. Apresentam-se duas breves situações clínicas associadas ao tema.

The purpose of this paper is to examine some aspects of "the chord of evil", by connecting it to its ways of expression in literature and music. As the author approaches melancholic states, his article invades the psychoanalytic field. In this path, he explores disjunctive and conjunctive functions as diabolic, evil elements that are essential to feelings of vitality and to the analytic work with certain patients. The author presents two brief clinical cases about this theme.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo circunscribir algunos aspectos del "pacto diabólico", relacionándolo con las formas que asume en la literatura y la música. Se emprende una aproximación con los estados melancólicos, trayendo resonancias al campo psicoanalítico. Durante este recorrido, las funciones disyuntivas y conjuntivas se exploran como elementos diabólicos indispensables en los sentimientos de vitalidad y en el trabajo analítico de determinados pacientes. Se presentan dos casos clínicos relacionados con el tema.

Le présent travail cherche à circonscrire certains aspects du "pacte diabolique" en rapport avec les formes qu'il prend chez la littérature et la musique. On entreprend un rapprochement avec les états mélancoliques, en apportant des résonances au champ psychanalytique. Pendant ce parcours, on explore les fonctions disjonctives et conjonctives en tant qu'éléments diaboliques indispensables aux sentiments de vitalité et au travail analytique avec certains patients. On présente deux brèves situations cliniques concernant le thème.

Professor SUN Yiqiu's Clinical Experience in Treating Allergic Cough / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To discuss the academic point of view and clinical experience of Professor SUN Yiqiu in diagnosing and treating allergic cough in children. [Methods]The data were collected by method with sommelier diagnosis,from the pathogenesis and treatment aspects of academic ideas of Professor SUN Yiqiu in treatment of children allergic cough and clinical experience, the prescription and Chinese medicine conditioning characteristics are summarized,with case for evidence.[Results]Professor SUN Yiqiu believes that wind invading the lung is the forerunner of this disease,the key pathogenesis of lung deficiency and pathogen retention,to remove evil is the basic treatment principle;clinical value of cure from the"wind",advocate"Yufeng"Quxie law to improve their body resistance,thus reducing the incidence,alleviate symptoms,play the role of qufengzhike;clinical use of modified Yuping Feng Pulvis in treatment of this disease, on the basis of addition and subtraction, using both specimens, prevention concept, emphasizing the combination of syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation,syndrome differentiation and symptomatic symptoms a combination gets significant effect. [Conclusion]Professor SUN Yiqiu's experience in the treatment of allergic cough in children is clinically effective and can be used for clinical reference.

Inflexões fenomenológicas sobre a natureza humana / Phenomenological inflections about human nature

Trata-se de abordar os conceitos de natureza humana e mundo com base na filosofia de Hannah Arendt, evidenciando a articulação entre os conceitos de mal banal, pensamento e aparência. Isso exige uma reflexão sobre a maneira fenomenológica com que Arendt organiza a dinâmica de seu pensamento; levamos em conta ao usar o conceito de natureza humana, e não condição humana, a concepção antropológica de Winnicott, que de muitas maneiras pode ser trazida para pensar as questões que nos propusemos tratar neste texto.

Our purpose in this paper is to present the concepts of human nature and world based on the Hannah Arendt's philosophy, evidencing the articulation between the concepts of banality of evil, thought and appearance. This task demands some reflections about the phenomenological way than Arendt organizes her dynamic of her thinking. Our choice is to use the concept of human nature, instead the concept of human condition, because the Winnicott's anthropological conception, that can be setting in order to think about the issues presented in this paper.

Inclusão e diversidade na imagem feminina de Sofia / Inclusion and Diversity in the feminine image of Sophia / Inclusión y diversidad en la imagen femenina de Sofía

O presente artigo faz uma interpretação da imagem arquetípica de Sofia como um símbolo de inclusão e tolerância. Para o desenvolvimento dessa ideia, baseia-se na reflexão de C. G. Jung em relação ao escrito bíblico Livro de Jó. Sofia é apresentada como uma força arquetípica que se contrapõe à dinâmica de Narciso, tão presente nos dias atuais. O autor reflete sobre as definições do Bem e do Mal, ideias que inevitavelmente emergem quando o tema é inclusão.

This paper proposes an interpretation of the archetypal image of Sophia as a symbol of inclusion and tolerance. It is based on the understanding of C. G. Jung regarding the Book of Job. Sophia is developed as an archetypal power that is just the opposite of the Narcissus dynamic, so usual in our present days. The author reflects about the definition of good and evil, ideas that inevitably emerge when the topic is related to "the inclusion".

El presente artículo interpreta la imagen arquetípica de Sofía como un símbolo de inclusión y tolerancia. El desarrollo de la idea se basa en la reflexión de C.G. Jung en relación al escrito bíblico El Libro de Job. Sofía es presentada como una fuerza arquetípica que se contrapone a la dinámica de Narciso, tan presente en los días actuales. El autor reflexiona sobre las definiciones del Bien y del Mal, ideas que inevitablemente emergen cuando el tema es la inclusión.