Comparison of physical fitness and mental stress in exercising and non-exercising medical students

Background: Both physical fitness and mental fitness are essential to achieve success, especially in medical college students, where the academic pressure is high. Studies have shown that exercise helps to reduce mental stress as well as to maintain the fitness. Aims and Objectives: The present study was aimed to compare the level of physical fitness and level of mental stress in exercising and non-exercising medical students. Materials and Methods: A study was done on 60 medical students of age group of 18–20 years with 30 in the exercise group and 30 in the non-exercise group. Modified Harvard step test was used to assess physical fitness index and perceived stress scale questionnaire to assess mental stress. Descriptive analysis and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The study demonstrated higher physical fitness (P < 0.01) and lower mental stress levels (P < 0.01) in the exercising group when compared to the non-exercising group. Conclusion: There was better physical fitness and lower mental stress levels among the exercising group when compared with the non-exercising group.

Clinical observation of mild to moderate lumbodorsal fascitis treated with distal acupoints along meridian plus exercising combined with penetration needling on meridians of back / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect between distal acupoints along meridian plus exercising combined with penetration needling on meridians of back and simple penetration needling on meridians of back for mild to moderate lumbodorsal fascitis.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with mild to moderate lumbodorsal fascitis were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each one. In the control group, penetration needling on meridians of back was applied at acupoints of the Governor vessel (TL) and the first line of bladder meridian, penetration needling was performed from the top down along the governor vessel and the first line of bladder meridian of the lumbar back pain (from one acupoint down to another acupoint), until there was no pain. In the observation group, distal acupoints along meridian plus exercising were adopted on the base of treatment in the control group. The distal acupoints along meridian plus exercising was applied at Cuanzhu (BL 2) for 30 min, at the same time, lumbar back anteflexion, hypsokinesis and turning sides were used in combination for 10 min. And then penetration needling on meridians of back was performed. The treatments were given once a day, 5 consecutive treatments a week, 1 week as a course and 2 courses were required. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) before treatment, after treatment and 1month in followup were observed in the two groups, and the clinical effects were compared.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the VAS score and ODI were reduced after treatment in the two groups (<0.01). The changes of the VAS score and ODI in the observation group were larger than those in the control group (<0.01, <0.05). In follow-up, the VAS score and ODI in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 90.0% (27/30), which was superior to 83.3% (25/30) in the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Distal acupoints along meridian plus exercising combined with penetration needling on meridians of back have a better therapeutic effect than simple penetration needling on meridians of back in the treatment of mild to moderate lumbodorsal fascitis.

Tissue Culture and Exercising Seedlings in Scrophularia ningpoensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Stems,petioles,stem sections with axillary and leaves of Scrophularia ningpoensis were taken as the material in vitro to screen out the suitable plantlet regeneration system and optimal exercising seedling conditions. Method:Different explants,hormones and concentrations on the induction and proliferation of cluster bud were studied by L16(45) orthogonal test. One factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was made on the induction of adventitious buds rooted with different concentrations of hormones. At the same time,different substrates,watering cycles and transition modes were selected to optimize key technologies of exercising seedlings of S. ningpoensis. Result:Stem sections with axillary was the best explant,which was followed by stems,leaves and petioles. The suitable media for the induction of adventitious buds was MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1,with the induction rate of 100.0% and the proliferation multiple of 9.84.The suitable media for root induction was 1/2 MS+IBA 0.2 mg·L-1,with the rooting rate of 100.0% and the number of roots of 39.45.For matrix,they were transplanted with nutrient soil,vermiculite and perlite (5:2:1) as the media,to keep proper matching of fertility,permeability and water retention. The container seedlings can grow well,and the survival rate was more than 95% when they were watered every 2 days,the acclimatization of plantlets took 20 days indoor and 10 days in shaded greenhouses. Conclusion:The clonal propagation system of S. ningpoensis was established to provide an effective way for the efficient,rapid and steady plantlet regeneration,the breeding of high-quality seedlings and the suitable exercising seedling conditions of S. ningpoensis.

The role of sports medicine for athletes -protection of the athletes’ lifetime healthcare- / 体力科学

<p>Sports medicine has played a role in athlete safety, strengthening physical ability, improving sports performance, and players’ life extension. Recently, sports medicine is adding some roles to provide lifetime healthcare for athletes including children in the development stage, active players and retired players. Concussion in sport, the effects of exercising in childhood on bone and joint health, and female athlete triad are described in this review paper. Some proposals for protection of the athletes’ lifetime healthcare are also discussed.</p>

Factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares en adolescentes / Risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: los niños y adolescentes copian estilos de vida desencadenantes de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares del adulto, y han incorporado nuevos factores potencialmente dañinos. OBJETIVO: determinar la existencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares en estudiantes adolescentes. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y transversal en 259 adolescentes de una escuela secundaria básica urbana de la provincia de Mayabeque, entre los años 2011-2012, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se estudiaron: sexo, edad, valoración nutricional, tensión arterial, hábitos dietéticos, sedentarismo, hábito de fumar, y colesterol y triglicéridos a los que presentaban sobrepeso, obesidad, hipertensión arterial o antecedentes familiares de hiperlipidemias. RESULTADOS: el antecedente patológico familiar más importante fue el tabaquismo en el 43,8 % de ellos. El 2,7 % de los adolescentes mostraron la tensión arterial elevada, el 6,9 % antecedente de bajo peso al nacer, y el 13,1 % clasificó como sobrepesos u obesos, y se estableció una importante relación entre este y la hipertensión arterial. El 94,5 % de los adolescentes exhibieron patrones de alimentación inadecuados, y hubo relación entre estos y el sobrepeso y la obesidad. El 34 % de los estudiantes eran sedentarios y la cuarta parte fumadores. Al 13 % de los que se les realizó trigliceridemia mostraron cifras elevadas. CONCLUSIONES: se identificaron como factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares en estudiantes adolescentes: antecedentes patológicos familiares de tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial y obesidad, y en ellos, los patrones de alimentación de riesgo, sedentarismo, hábito de fumar, sobrepeso y obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: children and adolescents adopt lifestyles that may lead to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases when they become adults and other potentially harmful factors have also been added. OBJECTIVE: to determine the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in adolescent students. METHODS: observational, analytical and cross-sectional study of 259 adolescents from an urban junior high school located in Mayabeque province, which was conducted in the period of 2011 and 2012. The participants met the inclusion criteria. The study variables were sex, age, nutritional assessment, blood pressure, dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, smoking and also cholesterol and triglyceride levels that were only measured in those overweighed, obese, hypertensive or having a family history of hyperlipidemia. RESULTS: the most significant family pathological history was smoking found in 43.8 % of students. In the study group, 2.7 % showed high blood pressure, 6.9% had been low birthweight babies and 13.1 % rated as overweighed or obese, with significant association between overweigh and blood hypertension. The dietary habits were found inadequate in 94.5 % of them and they were also related to overweigh and obesity. The triglyceride test of 13 % of the studied adolescents showed high figures. CONCLUSIONS: the identified risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in adolescent teenagers were family history of smoking, blood hypertension and obesity, risky dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, overweigh and obesity.

Artrosis y actividad física / Arthrose et activité physique / Arthrosis and physical activity

La artrosis es una de las principales causas de dolor y discapacidad en el mundo y afecta principalmente a las articulaciones de la rodilla, cadera y mano. La influencia de la actividad física en el desarrollo y progresión de la artrosis es controversial. En general, parece no tener un efecto perjudicial sobre la rodilla y la cadera, y por el contrario, beneficia la salud articular. Factores de riesgo, como la obesidad y el trauma previo sí provocan efectos nocivos. La mayoría de los expertos recomienda las medidas no farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla y cadera, entre estas: ejercicios aeróbicos, de fuerza, acuáticos; y la fisioterapia para la mejoría del funcionamiento físico, de la discapacidad y el dolor. Falta determinar con mayor precisión la prescripción ideal del ejercicio para obtener sus efectos en estos pacientes y poder optimizar el manejo individualizado. La adherencia es fundamental para obtener los beneficios de cualquier tipo de ejercicio a corto y largo plazo y se debe evaluar mínimo las preferencias y barreras para su ejecución. Este artículo revisa fundamentalmente los efectos de la actividad física y el ejercicio en el desarrollo, progresión y tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla y cadera(AU)

Osteoarthritis is one of the main causes of pain and disability worldwide and fundamentally affects the knee, the hip and the hand joints. The influence of physical activity in the development and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial. Generally speaking, it seems that it does not have harmful effects in the knee and the hip; it rather benefits the joint health. Risk factors such as obesity and previous trauma do have harmful effects. The majority of experts recommend the non-pharmacological measures for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis such as aerobics, strengthening, aquatic exercises, and physical therapy for improved physical functioning, reduction of disability and pain relief. It is necessary to determine more accurately the ideal prescription of exercises for the patients to obtain the best effects and to optimize the personalized management. The adherence to exercising is important to achieve at short and at long term the best benefits from any type of exercises, and the preferences for performing them and the barriers to do it should be evaluated. This article reviewed the general effects of exercising and of physical activity in the development, progression and treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis(AU)

L'arthrose est l'une des principales causes de douleur et de handicap, affectant notamment les articulations du genou, de la hanche et des mains. L'influence de l'activité physique sur le développement et la progression de l'arthrose est un sujet encore polémique. Généralement, elle ne semble pas avoir un effet nocif sur le genou et la hanche, elle rapporte au contraire un bénéfice pour la santé des articulations; quelques facteurs de risque tels que l'obésité et le traumatisme préalable provoquent un effet nocif majeur. La plupart des experts recommandent des mesures non pharmacologiques pour traiter l'arthrose de genou et de hanche, telles que des exercices aérobics, de force, aquatiques, et basés sur la kinésithérapie, afin d'améliorer le fonctionnement physique et de soulager les handicaps et la douleur. Il faut définir avec beaucoup plus de précision quelle est la prescription idéale des exercices, afin d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats chez ces patients et d'optimiser la prise en charge personnalisée. C'est essentiel de suivre le traitement pour atteindre les bénéfices de chaque exercice à court et à long terme, et une évaluation minimale des préférences et des obstacles doit être réalisée pour sa mise en exécution. Cet article met en examen les effets de l'activité physique et de l'exercice sur le développement, la progression et le traitement de l'arthrose de genou et de hanche(AU)

Motivos de los ciudadanos para realizar ejercicio físico: un estudio desde la teoría de la autodeterminación / Reasons why people do exercise: A study using Self-Determination Theory

Basado en la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre los motivos para el ejercicio físico y la frecuencia informada de práctica semanal en una muestra representativa de la población adulta de una ciudad. En este estudio participaron 918 habitantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 89 años. Los participantes contestaron el autoinforme de motivos para la práctica de ejercicio físico e informaron sobre la asiduidad con la que realizaban ejercicio físico. Controlando los efectos de la edad y el sexo, los análisis multivariantes de covarianza mostraron que los participantes que realizaban ejercicio físico con mayor frecuencia semanal informaron puntuaciones más altas en los motivos autodeterminados y no autodeterminados para practicar ejercicio físico, a excepción del motivo de urgencias de salud. Los resultados apoyan los supuestos de la teoría de la autodeterminación al sugerir que los participantes van internalizando la conducta del ejercicio a medida que son más activos físicamente. Sin embargo, los resultados también indican que determinados motivos no autodeterminados se muestran pertinentes para la práctica física. Los responsables de la política deportiva municipal deberían buscar formas apropiadas de combinar motivos no autodeterminados con formas más internalizadas que garanticen una adherencia más prolongada al ejercicio.

Based on self-determination theory, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between the reasons for exercise and its reported weekly frequency in a representative sample of an adult urban population. A total of 918 inhabitants, aged between 16 and 89, participated in this study answering the Spanish version of the Exercise Motivations Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and reporting on their exercise frequency. Controlling for the influence of age and gender, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that participants who reported the highest exercise frequency had the highest score on both self-determined and controlling exercise motives, except the ill-health avoidance motive. The results support propositions of self-determination theory, and suggest that citizens may internalize exercise behaviour as they become more physically active. However, the results also suggest that some controlling motives are pertinent to exercise. Decision makers of the local sport policy should look into suitable ways of combining both controlling motives and more internalized motives in order to produce long lasting exercise adherence in citizens.

Estado nutricional de escolares según su nivel de actividad física, alimentación y escolaridad de la familia / Nutritional condition of school children according to physical exercising, feeding and schooling of the family

Introducción: la obesidad en Chile afecta al 9,9 % de los menores de 6 años y se eleva hasta el 22,4 % en los niños con sobrepeso. Objetivo: determinar el estado nutricional de niños y niñas según su nivel de actividad física, calidad de su alimentación y nivel educativo de sus padres. Métodos: se evaluaron 257 niños(as) de escuelas públicas. Los padres respondieron lo referente al nivel de actividad física, calidad de la alimentación y nivel educativo a través de cuestionarios. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística univariada y bivariada usando frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes y prueba de ji-Cuadrada. Resultados: de los 257 estudiantes el 50 % tenía exceso de peso. El estado nutricional se relacionó significativamente con la actividad física (p< 0,01), pero no con la calidad alimentaria ni con el nivel educativo de los padres. Esta última variable sí explicaría la calidad alimentaria de los niños(as) (p< 0,01). Conclusiones: los niños(as) que tenían mala actividad física alcanzan el 76 % de obesidad y sobrepeso, a diferencia del 20 % de exceso de peso que tienen los estudiantes que realizan actividad física regular. A pesar de no haber encontrado relación entre el estado nutricional y la calidad alimentaria, hay mayor proporción de obesidad en los niños(as) con alta calidad alimentaria. El alto porcentaje de exceso de peso en los estudiantes podría explicarse más bien por la falta de actividad física que por el consumo de alimentos, a pesar de que la mayoría dice tener buena calidad alimentaria.

Introduction: obesity in Chile affects 9.9 % of children under 6 years of age and increases to 22.4 % in overweight children. Objective: to determine the nutritional condition of boys and girls according to their physical exercising, the quality of their feeding and the schooling of the parents. Methods: two hundred fifty seven children of both sexes from public schools were evaluated. Their parents answered the questionnaires in terms of level of physical exercising, quality of feeding and schooling. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were applied by using absolute frequencies, percentages and the Chi-square test to evaluate data. Results: of 257 schoolchildren, 50 % were overweight. The nutritional condition was significantly related with the physical exercising (p< 0.01), but unrelated to food quality and schooling. This last variable would explain the food quality of the children (p< 0.01). Conclusions: the children of both sexes who presented with poor physical exercising reach 76 % in obesity and overweight if compared to 20 % overweight in children practicing regular exercising. Despite the lack of relationship between nutritional condition and food quality, the proportion of obese children in the group having good food quality was high. On the other hand, the high percentage of overweight in the school children may be explained by poor physical exercising rather than food consumption, although the majority stated that they kept good food quality.

Ateromatosis de la aorta abdominal y su relación con el estilo de vida / Atheromatosis of the abdominal aorta and its relationship with the lifestyle

Introducción: el estilo de vida es la manera personal de vivir. Las decisiones que se tomen al trabajar, alimentarse, afrontar las situaciones difíciles, realizar ejercicios físicos, entre otras, lo van a conformar y afectarán de forma positiva o negativa el estado de salud del individuo. Objetivo: identificar la presencia de ateromatosis de la aorta abdominal en dos grupos de pacientes con estilos de vida diferentes. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo comparativa entre dos grupos de pacientes con estilos de vida diferentes, uno saludable 115 pacientes y otro grupo con estilo de vida no saludable 254 pacientes, lo cual fue determinado mediante una encuesta. A todos los pacientes involucrados en el estudio se les realizó ultrasonido abdominal para dar salida a los objetivos del mismo junto a los resultados de la encuesta. Resultados: hubo un predominio del sexo femenino en las edades de 40 a 61 años en ambos grupos. Los pacientes que exhibían un estilo de vida no saludable, con una dieta predominantemente omnívora y con una actividad física sedentaria presentaron ateromatosis de la aorta abdominal en un 99 por ciento. En el grupo de estudio que tenía un estilo de vida saludable, solo se encontraron placas de ateroma en dos pacientes, lo que equivale a un 1,7 por ciento. Las principales enfermedades crónicas asociadas fueron la diabetes mellitus y la hipertensión arterial, y los factores de riesgo como el hábito de fumar, las hiperlipidemias, así como la esteatosis hepática y pancreática, predominaron en el grupo con un estilo de vida no saludable. Conclusión: los hábitos que determinan un estilo de vida no saludable van a determinar que se desarrollen factores de riesgo y enfermedades en el individuo...

Introduction: lifestyle is the individual way of life. The decisions that an individual makes on working, feeding, facing difficult situations, exercising, and others, will shape his health status and will affect it positively or negatively. Objective: to identify the presence of atheromatosis of the abdominal aorta in two groups of patients with different lifestyles. Methods: a comparative-type research study was conducted in two groups of patients with different lifestyles, one healthy 115 patients and the other unhealthy 254 patients. The lifestyle was identified through a survey. All the involved patients were performed an abdominal ultrasound to meet the objectives of the study along with the results of the survey. Results: females aged 40 to 61 years were predominant in both groups. The patients with unhealthy, predominantly omnivorous diet and sedentary lifestyles developed atheromatosis in the abdominal aorta in 99 percent of cases. In the study group with healthy lifestyle, atheroma plaques were found in two patients accounting for 1.7 percent. The main associated chronic diseases were diabetes mellitus, and blood hypertension. Risk factors such as smoking, hyperlipidemias, hepatic and pancreatic steatosis prevailed in the study group with unhealthy lifestyle. Conclusions: unhealthy lifestyle habits will determine the development of risk factors and diseases in an individual...

Motivos de um indivíduo para praticar atividades físico-esportivas / Reasons for an individual to practice physical sports activities / Motivos de un individuo para la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas

Este estudo objetiva investigar os motivos de um indivíduo para aderir à prática regular de atividades físico-esportivas. É um estudo de caso qualitativo que emerge do interesse pelos aspectos intrínsecos de um caso particular. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi a entrevista. Tendo em vista a análise e a interpretação dos dados coletados, concluímos que: (1) a prática de atividades físico-esportivas pode estar associada a motivos que não são representados, isto é, a impulsos que permanecem obscuros; (2) o sujeito pratica regularmente atividades físico-esportivas porque com ela se sente mais consciente dos seus limites, de sua potência e de sua estética; (3) sua prática regular está associada à identificação com atividades físico-esportivas variadas; (4) o sujeito pratica-as regularmente, porque associa essa prática a um remédio saudável, porque mexer com o corpo é brincar com o corpo; (5) o sujeito pratica regularmente atividades físico-esportivas porque as qualidades da imaginação o confortam e a ilusão o acolhe e o move...

This study aims to investigate the reasons why an individual joins regular physical sports activities. This is a qualitative case study which rises from the interest in inherent aspects of a specific situation. The instrument used for data collection was an interview. Considering the analysis and interpretation of the collected data, we have concluded that: (1) the practice of physical sports activities may be associated with reasons which are not shown, that is, with impulses which remain unclear; (2) the individual practices physical sports activities regularly, because by doing so they feel more aware of their limits, their power, their aesthetics; (3) the regular practice of such activities is associated with the identification with varied physical sports activities; (4) the subject practices such activities regularly, as this practice is associated with a healthy medication, since moving the body means playing with the body; (5) the individual practices physical sports activities regularly because the qualities of the imagination are comforting to them, the illusion shelters him and makes him move forward...

Este estudio tiene el objetivo de investigar los motivos de la adhesión de un individuo a la práctica regular de actividades físico-deportivas. Se trata de un estudio de caso cualitativo que emerge del interés por aspectos intrínsecos de un caso particular. El instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue la entrevista. Teniendo en cuenta el análisis y la interpretación de los datos recogidos, concluimos que: (1) la práctica de actividades físico-deportivas puede estar asociada a motivos que no son representados, esto es, a impulsos que permanecen oscuros; (2) el sujeto practica regularmente actividades físico-deportivas, porque, así, se siente más consciente de sus límites, de su potencia, de su estética; (3) su práctica regular está asociada a la identificación con actividades físico-deportivas variadas; (4) el sujeto las practica regularmente, porque asocia esa práctica a un remedio saludable, porque moverse con el cuerpo es jugar con el cuerpo; (5) el sujeto practica regularmente actividades físico-deportivas porque las cualidades de la imaginación lo confortan, la ilusión lo acoge y lo mueve...

Exercise habits in South Trinidad: motivating forces and barriers / Hábitos de ejercicio en Trinidad Sur: fuerzas motivacionales y barreras

OBJECTIVES: There are many benefits of regular exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the exercise habits and knowledge of the benefits of exercise in a South Trinidad population. This study also sought to determine the motivating factors for exercise and the barriers experienced by those who did not exercise. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 700 persons between the ages of 15-75-years in Princes Town, South Trinidad. The exercise habits of the population, the effect of age on exercise and the impact of knowledge of benefits of exercise on the desire to participate in exercise were determined. RESULTS: Of the 66.6% (95% CI: 62.6, 70.3) respondents who exercised, only 10.7% exercised adequately. Walking was the main form of exercise (60.6%). Health reasons were cited as the major motivating factor for exercising in the 60-75-year age group. Persons 15-59 years indicated that time constraints were the major reason for not exercising. Most participants (77.2%) felt that the healthcare provider should advise on exercise. Knowledge of at least one benefit of exercise increased the likelihood of exercising (p < 0.0001). Younger persons were more likely to exercise at least once weekly than older persons (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: A high proportion of persons do not exercise regularly or adequately and efforts are needed to encourage exercise in this population. This study suggests that encouragement should come from healthcare providers. Time management and accumulating daily exercise are two areas to consider when advising sedentary individuals about exercise.

OBJETIVOS: El ejercicio regular posee muchos beneficios. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los hábitos del ejercicio y el conocimiento de los beneficios del ejercicio en una población de Trinidad Sur. Este estudio también buscó determinar los factores motivacionales para el ejercicio, así como las barreras experimentadas por quienes no hacían ejercicios. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Se distribuyó una encuesta auto-administrada a 700 personas entre las edades de 15-75 años en Princes Town, Trinidad Sur. Se determinaron los hábitos de ejercicio de la población, el efecto de la edad en el ejercicio y el impacto del conocimiento de los beneficios de en el deseo para participar en los ejercicios. RESULTADOS: De los 66.6% (95% CI: 62.6, 70.3) encuestados que realizaban ejercicios, sólo 10.7% ejercitaban adecuadamente. Caminar era la forma principal de ejercicio (60.6%). Se citaron las razones de salud como el factor motivacional mayor para la ejercitación en el grupo de 60-75 años. Las personas de 15-59 años indicaron que las limitaciones de tiempo constituían la razón mayor para no hacer ejercicios. La mayoría de los participantes (77.2%) opinaban que el proveedor de los cuidados de salud debía aconsejar el ejercicio. El conocimiento de por lo menos un beneficio de los ejercicios aumentó la probabilidad de la ejercitación (p < 0.0001). Las personas más jóvenes mostraban una probabilidad mayor de hacer ejercicios por lo menos una vez semanalmente, que las personas de mayor edad (p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIÓN: Un número elevado de personas no hacían ejercicios regularmente o adecuadamente, y se requiere un esfuerzo para estimular los ejercicios en esta población. Este estudio sugiere que el estímulo debe venir de los proveedores de los cuidados de salud. La administración del tiempo y la acumulación de ejercicios diariamente son dos áreas a considerar a la hora de aconsejar a los individuos sedentarios sobre la necesidad de hacer ejercicios.

Etapas de cambio para el ejercicio: estudio transversal en población de 20 a 59 años de edad / Step by step for exercising: transversal study in a 20 to 59 years population

Introducción: El ejercicio físico como conducta promotora de salud contribuye a mantenerla y prevenir enfermedades crónicas, sin embargo, la práctica de ejercicio en adultos es insuficiente. Objetivo: conocer las etapas de cambio de la conducta de ejercicio y su relación con la autoeficacia en adultos sanos de 20 a 59 años de edad. Métodología: Estudio transversal; la muestra la constituyeron 200 adultos sanos; con un muestreo no probabilístico. Para la medición se utilizaron el Cuestionario de Etapas de Cambio de Ejercicio Forma Corta y la Escala Autoeficacia de Ejercicio; los datos se analizaron con el estadístico ANOVA de una vía, se determinó la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas, y se utilizó la prueba de Tuckey como prueba post hoc. Resultados: los hombres mostraron mayor autoeficacia y se ubicaron en etapas de ejercicio en comparación con las mujeres (p < 0.05); 64.5 % de los adultos sanos se ubicaron en las etapas de contemplación y preparación. Existen diferencias significativas de auto eficacia por etapas de cambio [F (3,196) = 28.850, p < 0.001]; la prueba post hoc de Tuckey mostró que a medida que las etapas de cambio avanzan el nivel de auto eficacia es mayor. Conclusiones: este estudio permitió verificar parcialmente el modelo transteórico en una muestra de adultos sanos de la ciudad de Puebla, México; ya que la creencia de poder llevar a cabo una conducta (autoeficacia) determina el cambio hacia comportamientos saludables mantenidos a largo plazo.

Background: physical exercise as an encouraging health conduct, contribute to maintain and prevent chronic diseases, however, the practice of exercising by adults ¡s insufficient. Objective: to know the steps of change of the conduct regarding exercise and is related with self-efficacy in healthy adults from 20 to 59 years. Methodology: transversal study; the sample was 200 healthy adults; with a non-probabilistic sampling. The Questionnaire of Phases of Change for exercising, short form and the Scale of Self-efficacy of exercising were utilized; the data were analyzed with ANOVA of one via; and the Tuckey's test was used as a post hoc test. Results: men showed greater self-efficacy and were placed ¡n phases of exercise compared with women (p < 0.05); 64.5 % of healthy adults were placed in the phases of contemplation and preparation. There are significant differences of self-efficacy for phases of change [F(3,196) = 28.850, p < 0.001]; the Tuckey's test showed that as long as the phases of change improve, the level of self-efficacy ¡s greater. Conclusions: this study verified the trans-theoretical model in a sample of healthy adults since the belief of carrying out a conduct (self-efficacy) determines a change throughout healthy behaviors that are maintained for a long term.

Characteristics of Dynamic Contractions on Surface Electromyography Single of Stroke Patients Induced from Low Limb Muscle When Exercising Passively, Exercising Initiatively with Assitant and Against Resistance / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the characteristics of the dynamic contractions on the surface electromyography (sEMG) single of stroke patients induced from the low limb muscle when exercising passively, exercising initiatively with assistant and against resistance.Methods 24 stroke patients with hemiplegia and 17 normal subjects were tested with sEMG under a dynamic contractions in coxa and knee flexion and extension passively, initiatively with assistant and against resistance. The myoelectric signals were collected and processed by linear time and frequency domain method.Results The values of median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) of stroke group were significantly lower, but the value of average EMG (AEMG) was higher ( P<0.001). The values of MF and MPF in activity side were lower than that in non-activity side ( P<0.001). The values of MF and MPF when exercising passively were higher than that when exercising with resistance ( P<0.05). The value of AEMG when exercising with resistance was highest. The values of MF and MPF in the synergist muscle were higher. The values of AEMG in the antagonistic muscle and synergist muscle were higher than that agonist and synergist muscle ( P<0.01). The values of MF and MPF in non-paretic exercising side were higher significantly, but in paretic exercising side and non-paretic silent side were lower. The values of MF and MPF in exercising side from vastus lateralis (VL) were the highest. The values of AEMG in exercising side and non-exercising side from biceps femoris (BF) were the highest. The values of MF and MPF in low limb of stroke group reduced, that in rectus femoris (RF) from paretic side was the lowest; that in BF from non-paretic side was the lowest ( P<0.01). The value of AEMG in low limb of stroke group was high significantly, especially in BF from the low limb of the non-paretic side in stroke patients. The values of AEMG in four group muscles gradually were higher following the higher exercising load, and that in the BF was the highest, and that in vastus medialis (VM) rose significantly.Conclusion The values of MF and MPF of stroke patients with hemiplegia reduce significantly, but the value of AEMG is higher. The values of MF and MPF in exercising side are lower than that in non-exercising side and non-paretic exercising side rising significantly, but that in paretic exercising side and non-paretic silent side reduce significantly. The values of MF and MPF in assistant exercise are higher than that in passive exercise and resistance exercise, but the value of AEMG in resistance exercise is higher than that in assistant exercise and in passive exercise. The values of MF and MPF in synergist muscle rise, but the values of AEMG in antagonist and synergist muscle are higher than that agonist and synergist muscle.

Efeitos da cinesioterapia respiratória na mobilidade da caixa torácica, capacidade de exercício e qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de DPOC / The effects of respiratory exercising in the chest wall mobility, exercising capacity and quality of life in COPD patients

O paciente portador de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) apresenta perda progressiva da função pulmonar, que desencadeia diminuição em sua atividade física global, prejudicando sua qualidade de vida. Com o objetivo de otimizar a função desses pacientes, foram desenvolvidos os programas de reabilitação pulmonar. Os principais componentes desses programas são: treinamento de membros inferiores, treinamento de membros superiores, treinamento ventilatório e intervenção psicossocial. A cinesioterapia respiratória é uma técnica muito aplicada na prática clínica, contudo pouco estudada. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verifi car a contribuição da cinesioterapia respiratória na mobilidade da caixa torácica, capacidade de exercício e qualidade de vida no paciente com DPOC. Foram selecionados 03 pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC grau moderado, que foram submetidos a um programa de cinesioterapia respiratória. Os efeitos do programa foram avaliados pelos seguintes parâmetros: espirometria, cirtometria torácica, distância percorrida em seis minutos (DP6min) e questionário de qualidade de vida. Após dez sessões de cinesioterapia respiratória os pacientes apresentaram um aumento na mobilidade da caixa torácica e na qualidade de vida, mantendo a capacidade de exercício. Portanto, a cinesioterapia respiratória pode ser uma técnica que benefi cie funcionalmente o paciente portador de DPOC.

The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients present gradual loss of the pulmonary function, which implies in the reduction of their global physical activity, harming their quality of life. With the objective of optimizing these patients' function, the rehabilitation program was developed. The main components of these programs are: training of limb members, training of upper members, ventilatory training, and psychosocial intervention. Moreover, respiratory exercising is a largely applied technique within the clinical practice; however, there are not many studies. The objective ofthe present study was to verify the contribution of the respiratory exercising in the chest wall mobility, as well as the COPD patients' capacity of exercise and quality of life. Three moderate degree COPD patients were selected and submitted to a respiratory exercising program. The effects of this program were evaluated according to the following parameters: spirometry, thoracic cirtometry, a six-minute-walk test, and a quality- of-life questionnaire. After ten sessions of respiratory exercising, the patients presented a chest wall mobility increase and better quality of life while keeping their exercising capacity. Thus, respiratory exercising is one technique that functionally benefi ts the COPD patient.

On "Shu Shu" theory from NeiJing and modern mathematics method / 中华中医药杂志

In modern information age,the Chinese medicine scientific research is developing gradually to the direction of mathematization.Mathematics will become the middle axle,key and tool of chinese medicine multi-disciplinary research.To revive the classical medicine thoughts including "Do anything abiding by the theory of yin and yang and exercising shu shu/healthy techniques"(Suwen?Shanggu Tianzhen Lun).It is a urgent and forward-looking strategy to integrate the mathematics and the traditional Chinese medicine in the 21st century.

A Case of Recurrent Valsalva Retinopathy Associated with Exercising a Barbell

PURPOSE: To report one case of recurrent Valsalva retinopathy presented as subretinal hemorrhage associated with exercising a barbell in a healthy man. METHODS: A 47-year-old healthy man visited our hospital complaining of a pericentral blind-spot in the right visual field. At first visit, visual acuity was 20/20 without correction. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable and dilated fundus examination revealed a subretinal hemorrhage in the inferior area of the macula. We followed up the visual acuity, anterior segment exam, fundus examination, and fluorescein angiography for several weeks. RESULTS: Three weeks after the first visit, the size of subretinal hemorrhage decreased, but recurrent subretinal hemorrhage presented after exercising a barbell at the existing hemorrhagic part and its inferior area. Six weeks after the recurrent hemorrhage, the hemorrhage was resolved completely and the pericentral blind-spot was recovered. CONCLUSIONS: Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy is characterised by retinal hemorrhage occurring in healthy individuals due to a rapid rise in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. In this case, there was recurrent subretinal hemorrhage after repeatedly exercising a barbell. So, it is very important to educate patients about the restriction of excessive Valsalva maneuver to prevent recurrent Valsalva retinopathy.

A Study on the Factors Influencing Food Consumption by Food Frequency Questionnaire far the Middle Aged and Elderly Living in the Chonju Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to find the differences in food consumption frequency of the middle aged(male 20, female 50) and the elderly(male 15, female 15) living in Chonju in December, 1998 according to food habits, smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising habit, health status, and the levels of nutrition knowledge and attitude store. The foods frequently consumed among the subjects were kimchi(15.4/week), mixed rice(11.5/week), rice(7.6/week), vegetables in soup, jjigae and jorim(5.0/week), mandarins and oranges(5.e/week), and seasoned laver(4.3/week). There were several factors influencing food consumption patterns. These were age, regularity of meal times, the status of smoking, alcohol drinking and exercising, and the level of nutrition attitude. The elderly ate cooked rice more frequently, while the middle aged ate fish, especially blue fishes more frequently. The middle aged who had breakfast regularly ate milk and milk products, legumes and fruits frequently. Those who smoked seemed to eat less cereals and starches and fats, while those who didn't smoke ate more sugars. The alcohol drinking group also ate less fats and the exorcising group ate almost all of food groups frequently. The status of health showed to be related with food consumption patterns. The normal group in hemoglobin ate eggs more frequently than the anemia group and the high risk group in blood pressure ate almost all of food groups more frequently. The high level group for nutrition attitude score chose vegetables, fruits, and milk and milk products more frequently than the other groups. On the other hand, low level group for nutrition attitude score was apt to eat ramyun, ham-sausage, and carbonated beverages more frequently. Therefore, nutrition education to improve the food habits find to change nutrition attitude is necessary to promote health status anti mole attention should be taken to the high risk group in blood pressure to guide proper food and nutrition intakes.

Study of human muscle circulation during bicycle exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy / 体力科学

Using near-infrared spectroscopy, we monitored changes of oxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin contents [oxy (Hb+Mb) ], deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin contents [deoxy (Hb+Mb) ], and total hemoglobin and myoglobin contents [total (Hb+Mb) ] of the thigh muscle at rest and during incremental bicycle exercise and recovery in 10 healthy male volnuteers. Gas exchange parameters were also measured in breath-by-breath mode.<BR>The following results were obtained :<BR>1) During low-intensity exercise (216 kpm/min), oxy (Hb+Mb) increased, while deoxy (Hb+Mb) and total (Hb+Mb) decreased. These changes are thought to reflect an increase in arterial blood flow to the exercising muscle and an increase in venous return.<BR>2) During high-intensity exercise (above 972 kpm/min), oxy (Hb+Mb) decreased, while deoxy (Hb+Mb) increased. These findings probably reflect increased O<SUB>2</SUB>extraction.<BR>3) Upon cessation of exercise, oxy (Hb+Mb) and total (Hb+Mb) increased, and deoxy (Hb+Mb) decreased abruptly. These changes probably reflect post-exercise hyperemia with decreased O<SUB>2</SUB>extraction.<BR>4) Oxy (Hb+Mb) level at ventilatory threshold (VT) was the same as or higher than that of resting condition, indicating that VT occurs when the level of O<SUB>2</SUB>in the vessels of the thigh muscle is relatively high.<BR>5) Spontaneous fluctuation of oxy (Hb+Mb) with frequency of 7-10 cycles/min was observed. This fluctuation was more marked during exercise than during rest or recovery.<BR>These findings suggest that the influence of increased blood flow and venous return on oxy (Hb+Mb), deoxy (Hb+Mb) and total (Hb+Mb) are greater than that of O<SUB>2</SUB>extraction during low intensity exercise, whereas the influence of O<SUB>2</SUB>extraction increases with exercise intensity.<BR>Near-infrared spectroscopy provides valuable information with regard to O<SUB>2</SUB>transport and O<SUB>2</SUB>extraction in the exercising muscle.

A COMPARISON OF GRADATIONAL STEP TEST WITH BICYCLE ERGOMETER TEST / 中国运动医学杂志

Appropriate equipments are needed in all kinds of quantitative exercise tests with fair precision, and those in common use are bicycle ergometer and treadmill. We have designed a gradational step with which the test can meet the need of quantitative measurement of exercise and is simple and inexpensive to construct. This paper demonstrates the practical value of the gradational step test through comparison of its data with those from bicycle ergometer test.The result showed that under gradational step test there was a linear correlation between HR, VO_2, HR?SBP/100 and relative exercise intensity (kgM/kg.min). and that the correlation coefficients were 0.90, 0.94, 0.72 respectively (P