RESUMEN
Resumen El trauma infantil puede conducir al desarrollo de una personalidad propensa a la fantasía y, luego, desarrollar creencias y experiencias paranormales como estrategia de afrontamiento a la ansiedad durante la vida adulta. Se administró la Encuesta de Experiencias Paranormales, el Cuestionario de Experiencias Negativas en la Niñez, y la Escala de Estilos Parentales a una muestra compuesta por 644 individuos Los resultados indican alta frecuencia de experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (58 %), sueños premonitorios (56 %), telepatía (41 %), experiencias místicas (40 %), apariciones (38 %) y experiencia fuera del cuerpo (25 %). Además, se plantearon dos hipótesis: (H1) en la que se encontraría una relación positiva y significativa entre las experiencias negativas en la niñez (abuso y abandono) y la frecuencia de experiencias paranormales en la vida adulta, lo cual se confirmó (rs = .27, Sig. < .001), con correlaciones fuertes para experiencias tales como sensación de presencia (rs = .23) y apariciones (rs = .19); y (H2) que muestra a individuos que reportan mayor frecuencia de experiencias paranormales y tenderían a mostrar un estilo parental más autoritario en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, permisivo y autoritativo, lo cual se confirmó para madre: χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, en comparación con un estilo parental negligente, sobreprotector, autoritario y autoritativo. Una posible interpretación es que los eventos traumáticos en la niñez son no solo la fuente para la emergencia de las experiencias paranormales, sino un estilo parental autoritario que contribuye a reforzar el modo en que se procesan cognitiva y emocionalmente tales experiencias negativas.
Abstract Child trauma can lead to the development of a personality fantasy prone and life, to develop paranormal beliefs and experiences as a strategy to cope with anxiety during adulthood. In other words, beliefs and paranormal experiences can be a system of representations that allow us to give sense and meaning to control trauma anxiety, and in general an illusion of control over future disturbing events. There are relatively few studies examining the parental style and paranormal experiences/beliefs, therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the dominant parental style of those who have experienced paranormal events and their correlate with negative events in childhood. The Survey of Paranormal Experiences, the Survey of Negative Experiences in Children, and the Scale of Parental Styles were administered to a sample of 644 individuals of both sexes 28 % males and 72 % females (Mean = 28.13 years) in a simple intentional non-probabilistic sampled technique. The results showed high frequency of experiences such as Sense of presence (58 %), Premonitory dreams (56 %), Telepathy (41 %), Mystical experiences (40 %), Apparitions (38 %), and Out-of-Body experiences (25 %). The results confirmed hypotheses which predict (H1) a positive and significant relationship will be found between negative experiences in childhood and the frequency of paranormal experiences in adult life which was confirmed (rs = .27, p < .001); and (H2) individuals who reported a higher frequency of paranormal experiences showed a more Authoritarian parenting style compared to a Negligent, Overprotective, Permissive and Authoritative parenting style, which was confirmed for Mother χ2 = 18.24, p < .001, but not for Father, who showed a more Permissive style χ2 = 8.11, p < .001 compared to a negligent, overprotective, authoritarian and authoritative parenting style. The results here support, in part, the idea that adult paranormality is an adaptive mechanism that helps individuals cope with an absence of control in childhood. For example, when the parents do not meet the physical, psychological, and/or emotional needs of the child, who ends up being explicitly insulted, ridiculed, shouted at, emotionally manipulated, or unfairly blamed by parents- One possible interpretation is that traumatic events in childhood are not only the source for the emergence of other paranormal experiences but a permissive and negligent parental style helps to reinforce the way in which these negative experiences are processed cognitive and emotionally. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life, can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of the paranormal experience. Consequently, the behavior of the parents is an easily available model that children imitate involuntarily. The parental bond in childhood and throughout life can also function as a modulator of the occurrence of paranormal experiences and, to some extent, its cognitive adaptation. In this way, internalization can be a much more active process by which parents strive to inculcate their own beliefs in their children, which may involve an explicit program of instruction and positive encouragement but sometimes a degree of coercion and punishment for their breach as well. Therefore, through the process of internalization, the parents' beliefs can be assimilated into the children's own frame of reference and their anomalous experiences. Parents showed a more permissive parenting style, characterized by greater receptivity than demand, that is, parents are more lenient and tended to give in to the demands of their children and give them support, this parenting style significantly favored such paranormal experiences as sense of presence and "seeing" ghosts.
RESUMEN
Objetivo. El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de florecimiento y afecto positivo y negativo, propuestas por Diener et al. (2010), para la evaluación del bienestar. Método. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero empleó 656 estudiantes universitarios para analizar la contabilidad y la estructura factorial de las escalas. En el segundo, con 201 estudiantes universitarios, se calculó la validez convergente y divergente de las escalas con otras medidas de bienestar y se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados. Ambos estudios mostraron adecuadas propiedades psicométricas en las escalas. Los coeficientes de confiabilidad fueron de 0.89 para la escala de florecimiento y 0.91 y 0.87 para las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo, respectivamente. La varianza explicada en el análisis factorial exploratorio para cada una de las escalas mencionadas fue, en su orden, de 52.82%, 69.49% y 61.56%. Las correlaciones de las escalas de florecimiento y afecto positivo fueron positivas y significativas con la Escala de Optimismo (LOT-R), la Escala de Afecto Positivo PANAS, la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) y la Escala de Bienestar (Bieps-A), y negativas y significativas con la Escala de Afecto Negativo. Conclusión. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de ajuste adecuados tanto para la escala de florecimiento como para la de afectividad. Estos resultados permiten confirmar la validez y utilidad de las escalas para la evaluación del bienestar en población hispana.
Objective. The present study analyzes, the psychometric properties of the Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings scales proposed by Diener et al. (2010) to evaluate wellbeing. Two Studies were carried out with this purpose. Method. The first study, of 656 university, students analyzed the reliability and factorial structure of the scales. The second, of 201 university students, calculated the convergent and divergent validity of the scales with other measures of wellbeing, and carried out a confirmatory factorial analysis. Results. The results of both studies showed adequate psychometric properties in the three scales. The reliability was 0.89 for flourishing and 0.91 and 0.87 for positive and negative experience coefficients respectively. The variance in the exploratory factorial analysis was 52.82% 69.49% and 61.56% for the three scales. The correlation between the Flourishing and Positive Affections scales was positive and significant with Optimism (LOT-R), Positive Affection of the PAPAS, Satisfaction With Life (SWLS) and Wellbeing (Bieps-A), and negative and significant with Negative Affection. Conclusion. The confirmatory factorial analyses showed adequate indexes for Flourishing and for Affectivity. These results confirm the validity and usefulness of these scales in the wellbeing assessment for a Hispanic population.
Escopo. O presente estudo analisa as propriedades psicométricas das escalas de florescimento e afeto positivo e negativo, propostas por Diener et. al. (2010), para a avaliação do bem-estar. Metodologia. Foram feitos dois estudos. O primeiro empregou 656 estudantes universitários para analisar a confiabilidade e a estrutura fatorial das escalas. No segundo, com 201 estudantes universitários, foi calculada a validez convergente e divergente das escalas com outras medidas de bem-estar e foi efetuada uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Resultados. Os dois estudos mostraram adequadas propriedades psicométricas nas escalas. Os coeficientes de confiabilidade foram de 0.89 para a escala de florescimento, e 0.91 e 0.87 para as escalas de afeto positivo e negativo, respetivamente. A variação explicada na análise fatorial exploratória para cada uma das escalas mencionadas foi, nesta ordem, de 52.82%, 69.49% e 61.56%. As escalas de florescimento e afeto positivo correlacionaram com a escala de otimismo (LOT-R), as escalas de afeto positivo PANAS, Satisfação com a Vida (SWLS) e Bem-estar (Bieps-A). As duas primeiras escalas correlacionaram negativamente com a escala de Afeto negativo. Conclusão. A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou índices de ajuste adequados tanto para a escala de florescimento como para a de afetividade. Estes resultados permitem confirmar a validez e utilidade das escalas para a avaliação do bem-estar em população hispana.