Transparency of subnational governments: the impact of inequality on transparency / Transparencia de los gobiernos subnacionales: el impacto de la desigualdad en la transparencia / Transparência dos governos subnacionais: o impacto da desigualdade na transparência

Abstract What are the effects of extractive informal institutions on the horizontal accountability process in a developing democracy? This paper presents evidence about the harmful effects of extractive informal institutions on horizontal accountability within subnational governments in Brazil. After three decades of free and competitive elections, the institutional design of oversight institutions for state governments has hardly changed. We explore the hypothesis that more extractive informal institutions, measured by the level of income inequality, is associated with decreasing transparency levels. Given its extensive social, political, and economic diversity embedded in an overall centralized formal institutional framework, Brazil provides an appropriate setting to test the hypothesis that extractive informal institutions responsible for increased income inequality can undermine horizontal accountability in new democracies.

Resumen ¿Cuáles son los efectos de las instituciones informales extractivas sobre el proceso de accountability horizontal en una democracia en desarrollo? Este artículo presenta evidencia sobre los efectos dañinos de las instituciones informales extractivas sobre la accountability horizontal dentro de los gobiernos subnacionales en Brasil. Después de tres décadas de elecciones libres y competitivas, el diseño institucional de las instituciones de supervisión de los gobiernos estatales apenas ha cambiado. Exploramos la hipótesis de que las instituciones informales más extractivas, medidas por el nivel de desigualdad de ingresos, están asociadas con niveles decrecientes de transparencia. Dada su amplia diversidad social, política y económica integrada en un marco institucional formal, general y centralizado, Brasil proporciona un entorno apropiado para probar la hipótesis de que las instituciones informales extractivas, responsables de una mayor desigualdad de ingresos, pueden socavar la accountability horizontal en las nuevas democracias.

Resumo Quais são os efeitos das instituições informais extrativas no processo de accountability horizontal numa democracia em desenvolvimento? Este artigo apresenta evidências sobre os efeitos nocivos das instituições informais extrativistas na accountability horizontal dos governos subnacionais no Brasil. Após três décadas de eleições livres e competitivas, o desenho institucional das instituições de fiscalização dos governos estaduais praticamente não mudou. Exploramos a hipótese de que instituições informais mais extrativas, medidas pelo nível de desigualdade de renda, estão associadas a níveis decrescentes de transparência. Dada a sua extensa diversidade social, política e econômica, inserida num quadro institucional formal centralizado, o Brasil oferece um cenário apropriado para testar a hipótese de que as instituições informais extrativas responsáveis pelo aumento da desigualdade de rendimentos podem minar a accountability horizontal nas novas democracias.

The Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon: past and present / A Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá na Amazônia Brasileira: passado e presente

Amazonian livelihoods are largely dependent on rivers, with local protein consumption mainly relying on several species of fish. The UJER (Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) is located in the state of Acre, bordering Peru and several indigenous areas. Here we summarize the data we collected in 1993/1994 on the population living along the banks of the Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João and Breu rivers on crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and use of game and fish resources. We interviewed 133 individuals (94 on the Juruá and Tejo, 16 on Bagé, 16 on Igarapé São João and 7 on Breu rivers). Our results include a comprehensive description on local livelihoods, including the most important fish species for local subsistence considering gender and seasonality, the main husbandry and game species, and the items cultivated on the local agriculture. Whenever more recent information was available in the literature, we compared changes in livelihoods over time in the same region and also with the recent patterns observed in the Lower and in the Middle Juruá River. We hope to provide useful information to understand temporal changes in local livelihoods, which can help adapt and shape the ecological management in the region.

Comunidades da Amazônia são amplamente dependentes dos rios, com o consumo local de alimentos baseado em várias espécies de peixes. A UJER (Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) está localizada no estado do Acre, na fronteira com o Peru e com várias áreas indígenas. Aqui resumimos os dados que coletamos em 1993/1994 da população que vive às margens dos rios Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João e Breu sobre cultivo, criação de animais e uso de recursos de caça e peixes. Foram entrevistados 133 indivíduos (94 nos rios Juruá e Tejo, 16 em Bagé, 16 em Igarapé São João e 7 no rio Breu). Nossos resultados incluem uma descrição abrangente dos meios de subsistência locais, incluindo as espécies de peixes mais importantes para a subsistência local, considerando gênero e sazonalidade, bem como as principais espécies de criação, de caça e os itens cultivados na agricultura local., Quando foi possível obter informações da literatura, comparamos as mudanças nos meios de subsistência ao longo do tempo na mesma região e também com os padrões recentes observados no Baixo e no Médio Rio Juruá. Esperamos fornecer informações úteis para o entendimento das mudanças temporais nos meios de subsistência locais, o que pode ser útil ao manejo ecológico da região.

The Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon: past and present

Abstract Amazonian livelihoods are largely dependent on rivers, with local protein consumption mainly relying on several species of fish. The UJER (Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) is located in the state of Acre, bordering Peru and several indigenous areas. Here we summarize the data we collected in 1993/1994 on the population living along the banks of the Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João and Breu rivers on crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and use of game and fish resources. We interviewed 133 individuals (94 on the Juruá and Tejo, 16 on Bagé, 16 on Igarapé São João and 7 on Breu rivers). Our results include a comprehensive description on local livelihoods, including the most important fish species for local subsistence considering gender and seasonality, the main husbandry and game species, and the items cultivated on the local agriculture. Whenever more recent information was available in the literature, we compared changes in livelihoods over time in the same region and also with the recent patterns observed in the Lower and in the Middle Juruá River. We hope to provide useful information to understand temporal changes in local livelihoods, which can help adapt and shape the ecological management in the region.

Resumo Comunidades da Amazônia são amplamente dependentes dos rios, com o consumo local de alimentos baseado em várias espécies de peixes. A UJER (Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) está localizada no estado do Acre, na fronteira com o Peru e com várias áreas indígenas. Aqui resumimos os dados que coletamos em 1993/1994 da população que vive às margens dos rios Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João e Breu sobre cultivo, criação de animais e uso de recursos de caça e peixes. Foram entrevistados 133 indivíduos (94 nos rios Juruá e Tejo, 16 em Bagé, 16 em Igarapé São João e 7 no rio Breu). Nossos resultados incluem uma descrição abrangente dos meios de subsistência locais, incluindo as espécies de peixes mais importantes para a subsistência local, considerando gênero e sazonalidade, bem como as principais espécies de criação, de caça e os itens cultivados na agricultura local., Quando foi possível obter informações da literatura, comparamos as mudanças nos meios de subsistência ao longo do tempo na mesma região e também com os padrões recentes observados no Baixo e no Médio Rio Juruá. Esperamos fornecer informações úteis para o entendimento das mudanças temporais nos meios de subsistência locais, o que pode ser útil ao manejo ecológico da região.

The Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon: past and present / A Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá na Amazônia Brasileira: passado e presente

Amazonian livelihoods are largely dependent on rivers, with local protein consumption mainly relying on several species of fish. The UJER (Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) is located in the state of Acre, bordering Peru and several indigenous areas. Here we summarize the data we collected in 1993/1994 on the population living along the banks of the Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João and Breu rivers on crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and use of game and fish resources. We interviewed 133 individuals (94 on the Juruá and Tejo, 16 on Bagé, 16 on Igarapé São João and 7 on Breu rivers). Our results include a comprehensive description on local livelihoods, including the most important fish species for local subsistence considering gender and seasonality, the main husbandry and game species, and the items cultivated on the local agriculture. Whenever more recent information was available in the literature, we compared changes in livelihoods over time in the same region and also with the recent patterns observed in the Lower and in the Middle Juruá River. We hope to provide useful information to understand temporal changes in local livelihoods, which can help adapt and shape the ecological management in the region.

Comunidades da Amazônia são amplamente dependentes dos rios, com o consumo local de alimentos baseado em várias espécies de peixes. A UJER (Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) está localizada no estado do Acre, na fronteira com o Peru e com várias áreas indígenas. Aqui resumimos os dados que coletamos em 1993/1994 da população que vive às margens dos rios Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João e Breu sobre cultivo, criação de animais e uso de recursos de caça e peixes. Foram entrevistados 133 indivíduos (94 nos rios Juruá e Tejo, 16 em Bagé, 16 em Igarapé São João e 7 no rio Breu). Nossos resultados incluem uma descrição abrangente dos meios de subsistência locais, incluindo as espécies de peixes mais importantes para a subsistência local, considerando gênero e sazonalidade, bem como as principais espécies de criação, de caça e os itens cultivados na agricultura local. Quando foi possível obter informações da literatura, comparamos as mudanças nos meios de subsistência ao longo do tempo na mesma região e também com os padrões recentes observados no Baixo e no Médio Rio Juruá. Esperamos fornecer informações úteis para o entendimento das mudanças temporais nos meios de subsistência locais, o que pode ser útil ao manejo ecológico da região.

A administração no crepúsculo do reino: registros de Saint-Hilaire / Administración en el crepúsculo del reino: los registros de Saint-Hilaire / Administration in the twilight of the kingdom: Saint-Hilaire's records

Resumo O objetivo deste ensaio é analisar a estrutura e a operação da gestão pública no Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves, relacionadas à indústria extrativista de diamantes por meio das obras de Saint-Hilaire, botânico e naturalista francês, que visitou e percorreu o Brasil no século XIX, em viagem realizada em 1817. O autor descreveu aspectos ligados à estrutura organizacional, aos processos da operação de extração de diamantes, aos métodos de gestão pública, de recursos humanos, financeira e contratos no distrito dos diamantes. A análise de seus relatos revelou o alto grau de controle, bem como as condições de trabalho dos escravos e a rígida estratificação social do Brasil Império, com intensa utilização de mão de obra escrava, por meio do que se chamava à época de aluguel. Conclui-se que o autor fez extenso relato da operação, com inestimável contribuição para os estudos dos primórdios do Estado brasileiro.

Resumen El objetivo de este ensayo fue analizar la estructura y la operación de la gestión pública del Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil y Algarves, relacionadas con la industria de extracción de diamantes a través de las obras de Saint-Hilaire, botánico y naturalista francés, que recorrió Brasil, en un viaje que realizado en 1817. El autor describió en detalles aspectos relacionados con la estructura organizacional, los procesos de la operación de extracción, los métodos de gestión pública, de recursos humanos, financiera y de contratos. El análisis de sus relatos reveló el alto grado de control, así como el uso intensivo del trabajo esclavo, a través de la subcontratación de recursos humanos, las condiciones de trabajo de los esclavos y la rígida estratificación social del reino. Se concluye que el autor presentó una detallada descripción de la operación lo que constituye una invaluable contribución a los estudios de los inicios del Estado brasileño.

Abstract This essay aims to analyze the structure and operation of the public management of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, related to the diamond extraction industry through the texts of Saint-Hilaire, French botanist and naturalist. Saint-Hilaire visited and toured Brazil in 1817 in a journey throughout the country's interior offering detailed information on Brazil's organizational structure, operations management structure, the public management processes, and the management of human resources, finances, and contracts. The analysis of Saint-Hilaire's reports revealed a high degree of control, the slaves' work conditions, and the rigid social stratification of Brazil in the early 19th century. The essay concludes that Saint-Hilaire presented a deep and detailed description of the diamond extraction operation, offering a valuable contribution to the studies of the beginning of Brazil as an independent nation.

Estabilidad y nivel óseo periimplantario de implantes postextractivos en pacientes de la tercera edad / Stability and peri-implant bone level of post-extractive implants in elderly patients

Introducción: Los implantes postextractivos acortan el tiempo en lograr la rehabilitación del paciente, resulta esta condicionante un factor esencial para devolver la calidad de vida en corto plazo a un adulto mayor y mejorar rápidamente su función masticatoria. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de estabilidad y la pérdida ósea periimplantaria en implantes postextractivos en pacientes de la tercera edad. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental en 99 pacientes de la tercera edad en la Facultad de Estomatología ¨Raúl González Sánchez¨, 2017-2019. Bajo su consentimiento se colocaron 173 implantes postextractivos. Se determinó tipo de hueso de soporte, estabilidad primaria y secundaria según análisis de frecuencia de resonancia con Osstel Mentor. Se midió el nivel óseo periimplantario y la pérdida ósea hasta 12 meses de colocada la rehabilitación. Resultados: Se posicionaron mayoritariamente implantes en el sitio de implantación incisivo maxilar en 43,3 por ciento de los casos. Los valores promedio de estabilidad primaria y secundaria fueron 48 ISQ y 68 ISQ respectivamente. La pérdida ósea promedio tras un año de rehabilitación fue de 1,04±0,22mm. Conclusiones: Los implantes dentales postextractivos en pacientes de la tercera edad se insertaron preferentemente en el grupo incisivo maxilar y en hueso tipo D2, registraron una estabilidad primaria promedio moderada y una estabilidad secundaria promedio substancial. La pérdida ósea vertical periimplantaria exhibió valores semejantes a los implantes en zonas curadas y dentro del valor estandarizado para pérdida ósea periimplantaria para el primer año tras su colocación(AU)

Introduction: Post-extractive implants shorten the time in achieving the rehabilitation of the patient, being this condition an essential factor to restore the quality of life to elderly patients at short term. Objective: To determine the stability values and peri-implant bone loss in post-extractive implants in elderly patients. Material and Method: A cohort study was carried out in 99 elderly patients at Raúl González Sánchez Dental School of Havana from 2017 to 2019. Under the consent of the patients, 173 post-extractive implants were placed. Bone support type, and primary and secondary stability were determined on the basis of a resonance frequency analysis with Ostell Mentor®. The peri-implant bone level and peri-implant bone loss were measured until 12 months after rehabilitation. Results: Implants were mainly positioned in the maxillary incisive site in 43,3 percent of the cases. The average values of primary and secondary stability were 48 ISQ and 68 ISQ, respectively. The average bone loss after 12 months of rehabilitation was 1,04 ± 0,22 mm. Conclusions: Post-extractive dental implants were inserted preferably in the maxillary incisive site and in D2 bone type, registering moderated average values of primary stability and substantial average values of secondary stability. The peri-implant vertical bone loss exhibited implants with similar values than those in the healed areas and within the standardized value for peri-implant bone loss within the first year after implant placement(AU)

Physiochemical Screening of Carica papaya Leaves with Specific Reference to Their Pharmacognostical Evaluation

Carica papaya is made to develop pharmacognostical characters of leaf with their morphological, microscopical, and physical characters including histochemical analysis. Morphological evaluation as color, odor, taste, size, shape, surface, and powder microscopy of plant shows the presence of endosperm cell which is polygonal in shape and contains aleurone grains and oil droplet, cell of testa, yellow coloring matter, and starch grains. Quantitative leaf microscopy to determine palisade ratio, stomata index, and vein-islet number is carried out. Peels are removed mechanically through epidermal peeling off and stomatal index (SI) is calculated. The vein-islet number, vein termination number, and palisade ratio of lamina are determined according to the standard method. We prepared the extracts of plant with different solvents for determining the different extractive values by maceration, Soxhlet extraction, successive extraction process, and determination of ash values, pH value, moisture content, and phytochemical screening to show the presence of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, saponins, and lipids in the drug extract and fluorescence analysis in different solvent. Analysis of pesticide residues, aflatoxin, and heavy metals are also performed

A reliable and rapid pharmacokinetic study of pueraria isoflavones using pueraria reference extractive substance in beagle plasma: Application to study of Yufeng Ningxin Tablets / 中草药·英文版

Objective: In order to evaluate the reliability and feasibility of pueraria reference extractive substance (RES) used in biological sample, the pharmacokinetics of 3′‑hydroxy puerarin (3′-HP), puerarin, 3′‑methoxy puerarin (3′-MP), and daidzein-8-C-apiosyl-(1-6)-glucoside (DAG) in beagle plasma following oral administration of Yufeng Ningxin Tablet were quantitated. Methods: A reliable and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method developed with chromatographic separation was operated on a Merck C18 column, and acetonitrile-5 mmol/L ammonium was used as mobile phase in gradient elution. The plasma samples were deproteinized by acetone, detected by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization interface, and quantified using selected ion monitoring mode. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Winnonlin 4.1. Results: The calibration curves of the reference extractive substance and standard substance methods were linear over the ranges 0.0417–11.3309 µg/mL and 0.0394–10.0000 µg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision of the two methods at three concentrations were less than 13.63%, and the average recoveries of 3′-HP, puerarin, 3′-MP, and DAG were more than 70.67%. The RSD of the mean plasma concentrations of the analytes calculated by the two methods was less than 5%, and cos (ϑ) = =1.000. Among the analytes, puerarin showed the highest blood concentration [(940 ± 185) ng/mL] and the longest retention time [(5 ± 1) h] in the dog's bodies. Conclusion: Pueraria reference extractive substance can be seen as an alternative to the standard substance to overcome the scarcity of standard substance for the analysis of biological samples.

Real-time toxicity prediction of stewing system using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Due to numerous obstacles such as complex matrices, real-time monitoring of complex reaction systems (, medicinal herb stewing system) has always been a challenge though great values for safe and rational use of drugs. Herein, facilitated by the potential ability on the tolerance of complex matrices of extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, a device was established to realize continuous sampling and real-time quantitative analysis of herb stewing system for the first time. A complete analytical strategy, including data acquisition, data mining, and data evaluation was proposed and implemented with overcoming the usual difficulties in real-time mass spectrometry quantification. The complex Fuzi (the lateral root of )-meat stewing systems were real-timely monitored in 150 min by qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nine key alkaloids accurately. The results showed that the strategy worked perfectly and the toxicity of the systems were evaluated and predicated accordingly. Stewing with trotters effectively accelerated the detoxification of Fuzi soup and reduced the overall toxicity to 68%, which was recommended to be used practically for treating rheumatic arthritis and enhancing immunity. The established strategy was versatile, simple, and accurate, which would have a wide application prospect in real-time analysis and evaluation of various complex reaction systems.

Mente fascista / Fascist mind / Mente fascista / L'esprit fasciste

O artigo discute o estado de mente fascista a partir da contribuição de Christopher Bollas. Dialoga também com filósofos que se interessaram pelo tema: Hannah Arendt e Giorgio Agamben. A mente fascista não é parlamentar (com vários pontos de vista em confronto, em diálogo), mas imperial: com um único ponto de vista fixo. Torna-se inumana. Para chegar a isso os fascistas desencadeiam uma guerra permanente primeiro contra si - por meio de múltiplos assassinatos contra as partes de seu self amoroso, reparador, compassivo - e depois contra os outros, eleitos para esse fim. Para eliminar toda a oposição interna, a mente fascista conta com a ideologia, crença, convicção - antídotos da dúvida, da hesitação -, convergindo para um campo de certezas. Projeções de partes do seu self serão lançadas para o outro: partes más, preconceituosas, desdenhadoras. Também se valem da introjeção extrativa, como defesa letal: roubando do outro - o inimigo eleito - partes de seu self.

The article discusses the state of the fascist mind, taking into account Christopher Bollas' contribution. It also establishes a fruitful dialogue with other philosophers who are interested in the subject: Hannah Arendt and Giorgio Agamben. The fascist mind is not parliamentary (with several conflicting points of view, in dialogue) but imperial: with a single fixed viewpoint. It becomes inhuman. In order to do that, fascists unleash an ongoing war, first against themselves - through multiple murderous actions against the parts of their loving, repairing, compassionate self - and, then, against the "others" chosen for that end. To eliminate all internal opposition, the fascist mind relies on ideology, belief, conviction - antidotes to doubt, hesitation - converging to a field of certainties. Projections of parts of her self will be thrown at the other: evil, biased, scornful parts. They also use extractive introjection, as a lethal defense: stealing from the other - the elect enemy - parts of their selves.

El artículo discute el estado de la mente fascista a partir de la contribución de Christopher Bollas. Dialoga también con otros filósofos que se interesaron por el tema: Hannah Arendt y Giorgio Agamben. La mente fascista no es parlamentaria (con varios puntos de vista en confrontación, en diálogo) pero si imperial: con un único punto de vista fijo. Se convierte en inhumana. Para llegar a eso los fascistas desencadenan una guerra permanente primero contra sí mismos - a través de múltiples asesinatos contra las partes de su propio self amoroso, reparador, compasivo - y luego contra los otros, elegidos para ese fin. Para eliminar toda la oposición interna, la mente fascista cuenta con la ideología, creencia, convicción - antídotos de la duda, de la vacilación - convergiendo hacia un campo de certezas. Las proyecciones de partes de su self serán lanzadas para el otro: partes malas, preconcebidas, despreciadoras. Se valen también de la introyección extractiva, como defensa letal: robando del otro - el enemigo elegido - partes de su self.

L'article discute l'état d'esprit fasciste à partir de la contribution de Christopher Bollas. Il dialogue également avec d'autres philosophes qui s'intéressent à cette thématique: Hannah Arendt et Giorgio Agamben. L'esprit fasciste n'est pas parlementaire (avec plusieurs points de vue en confrontation, en dialogue), mais impérial (avec un seul point de vue fixe). Il devient ainsi inhumain. Pour y arriver, les fascistes développent une guerre permanente, d'abord contre eux-mêmes - par des multiples assassinats contre de parts de leur self amoureux, réparateur, compatissant - et puis contre les autres, élus pour cette fin. Pour supprimer toute opposition interne, l'esprit fasciste compte sur l'idéologie, la croyance, la conviction - antidotes du doute, de l'hésitation - de façon à converger vers un champ de certitudes. Projections de parts de son self seront lancées vers l'autre: des parts méchantes, pleines de préjugés, méprisantes. Il s'utilise également de l'introjection extractive, en tant que défense létale: il vole de l'autre - l'ennemi élu - des parts de son self.

Produção e purificação integrada de protease fibrinolítica de Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 / Integrated production and purification of fibrinolytic protease from Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262

As enzimas fibrinolíticas podem ser obtidas de micro-organismos por meio de processos fermentativos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e extração integrada da protease fibrinolítica de Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 usando sistema de duas fases aquosas (SDFA). O processo integrado foi realizado para avaliar a produção, partição e recuperação da protease fibrinolítica, segundo planejamento experimental 23, utilizando como variáveis independentes a massa molar do polietileno glicol (PEG), a concentração do PEG e a concentração do sulfato de sódio. A maior atividade fibrinolítica (15,40U/mL) foi obtida na fase rica em sulfato de sódio no ensaio composto por 10% de sal e 18% de PEG 8000 (g/mol). Recuperações superiores a 80% foram obtidas. A protease fibrinolítica apresentou pH ótimo 7,0, estabilidade entre os pH 6,0 e 8,5, temperatura ótima 50°C, sendo estável de 10°C a 50°C. A enzima foi classificada como uma serino protease, com massa molecular de 52kDa. Como resultado, o processo é notavelmente eficaz para pré-purificar a protease fibrinolítica com baixo custo e rapidez significativa. Quando comparada a outras técnicas de produção e purificação isoladas, a fermentação extrativa é um processo digno a ser substituto das etapas iniciais de separação convencionais.(AU)

Fibrinolytic enzymes can be obtained from microorganisms through fermentative processes. The study aimed to evaluate the fibrinolytic protease production and integrated extraction from Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 by extractive fermentation using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPS). The integrated process was carried out to assess the production, partition and fibrinolytic enzyme recovery, according to a 2 3 -experimental design, using as independent variables Polyethylene glycol (PEG) molar mass, PEG and sodium sulphate concentration, concentration. The highest fibrinolytic activity (15.40U/mL) was obtained in sodium sulfate rich phase in the assay comprising of 10% of salt and 18% of PEG 8000 (g/mol). Yield greater than 80% was obtained. The fibrinolytic protease presented optimum pH 7.0 and stability between pH 6.0 and 8.5, and optimum temperature 50°C, stable between 10°C to 50°C. The enzyme was classified as a serine-protease with 52kDa of molecular weight. As a result, the process is remarkably effective to pre-purify the fibrinolytic protease with a low cost and significantly faster processing time. When compared to other isolated production and purification techniques the extractive fermentation is worthy of being a candidate to replace the initial stages of conventional separation processes.(AU)

Temporal and spatial variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extractives of Polygonatum cyrtonema / 中国中药杂志

To reveal the variation of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extractives of rhizomes Polygonatum cyrtonema from different producing areas,growing years,and harvesting seasons,25 wild samples from the main producing areas( provenances) of China and 6 artificial cultivated samples were collected and detected. The 6-year-old rhizomes of the artificial cultivation were gathered from Qingyuan,Zhejiang every 2 months during 2016 to 2017. Anthrone-sulfuric acid method and hot-dip method were used to determine the contents of polysaccharides and alcohol-soluble extractives respectively. The results showed that provenances,age sections and harvesting seasons affected the quality of Polygonati Rhizoma significantly. The content of polysaccharides from different provenances varied from 6. 96% to 20. 09%,and the content of extractives varied from 32. 08% to 78. 99%. The polysaccharides and extractives' content were the highest at 2-year-age sections,active constituents accumulation peaked in the third year,then decreased significantly with age increasing. The contents of polysaccharides and extractives accumulated were highest when aerial parts,up to 15. 39% and 78. 99% respectively. In summary,the activity and consistency fluctuated with producing areas. while such phenomenon indicated a huge potential of breeding. Additionally,the results showed that collecting Polygonati Rhizoma in February or August as herbal textual recorded were unreasonable,neither in spring or autumn according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition). Because these collecting periods didn't have the highest contents of polysaccharides and extractives. Therefore,based on phenological options,the rhizomes of P. cyrtonema should be harvested when the aboveground parts had just withered.

Physico-chemical And Microscopic Study Of Arjuna (terminalia Arjuna) Bark

In present study plant of Arjuna has been taken for physical and chemical analysis in terms of microtome of bark, powder study, loss on drying, ash values, extractive values, bulk density, Acid insoluble ash, Water-soluble Ash, Water-soluble extractive value, Alcohol-soluble extractive, pH range, TLC, Tapped density, Compressibility index, Hauser ratio, Angle of repose, Ultra violet fluorescence analysis of drug, etc. Physical and chemical analysis an important place in standardization of Ayurvedic drugs in order to make its global acceptability. The plant of Arjuna botanically named as Terminalia arjuna linn.; family Combretaceae, has traditionally been used to treat many diseases especially heart disease for centuries, that’s why it is called as “Guardian of the heartâ€. Transverse sections of Arjuna bark shows the calcium oxalate crystal, starch grains and lignified cells respectively shows that Xylem Vessels, Sclerenchymatous Fibers, Cork Cells, Tracheids, Sclereids, LOD value of the sample of Arjuna is 5.63%. According to result the Arjuna has three Rf vaule0.70, 0.42, 0.28 table1.4. Angle of repose of powder sample shows the flow of powder. The extractive value of Arjuna have different solvent like water, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, chloroform, benzene, toluene, petroleum ether, hexsene are respectively 50.80, 41.07,30.37, 8.95, 0.96, 0.67, 0.52, 0.51, 0.46.

Direct Detection of Di-2-ethylhexy Phthalate in Environmental Water Sample Based on Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

The environmental organic pollutant of di-2-ethylhexy phthalate ( DEHP ) was analyzed by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( EESI-MS ). Effect of some important experimental conditions were investigated systematically, including the electrospray voltage, temperature of ion-transport tube, sample injection rate and extractant composition. Under the optimal conditions, a method for rapid detection of DEHP in water sample was established. DEHP levels in different samples with complex matrixes were measured, including landfill leachate, urban sewage and lake water. The results showed that DEHP in water samples could be ionized by EESI source and obtained the molecule ion (m/ z 391. 28) at the positive detection mode, and then CID experiment were performed to obtain the secondary fragment ions m/ z 279. 26, 167. 12 and 149. 11. The intensity of characteristic peak m/ z 149. 11 possessed a good linearity with the concentration of DEHP in the range of 5-1000 μg / L with the correlation coefficient of R2 = 0. 9991, and the detection limit (LOD) of 0. 21 μg / L. The recoveries of DEHP at three spiked levels (8, 80, 400 μg / L) were 96. 2％ - 111. 2％ , with RSDs of 5. 6％ - 11. 8％ . With the developed EESI-MS method, the concentrations of DEHP in landfill leachate, urban sewage and Yan lake water were 556. 5, 275. 3 and 37. 8 μg / L, respectively. The EESI-MS method possessed many advantages such as no requirement of sample pretreatment, fast analysis speed ( about 3 min per sample), simple operation and high sensitivity, thus providing a new mass spectrometric method for rapid detection of phthalate esters.

Optimization of Extractive Microbial Transformation for Producing L-phenylacetylcarbinol by Response Surface Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the conditions of extractive microbial transformation for producing L-phenylacetylcarbi-nol(L-PAC). METHODS:HPLC was used to determine the concentration of L-PAC,which was extracted by saccharmyces cerevi-siae. Using L-PAC concentration as response value,Box-Behnken response surface design was adopted to investigate the 3 main fac-tors of benzaldehyde,Triton X-100 and glucose dose,and verification test was conducted. RESULTS:The interaction between benzaldehyde and Triton X-100 was the most significant. The optimized combination was as follows as benzaldehyde of 1.1%,Tri-ton X-100 of 0.14 g/mL,glucose of 0.028 g/mL. The average concentration in verification test of L-PAC was 28.04 mmol/L (RSD=1.35%,n=3),showing 0.11% relative error with the predicted value of 28.01 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS:Response sur-face method has optimized the conditions of extractive microbial transformation for producing L-PAC,obtained optimal combina-tion of each factor,and provided favorable reference for volume-producing L-PAC.

Charged Bubble Extractive Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Protein Analysis / 分析化学

Rapid mass spectrometry analysis of protein in the solution sample was carried out by using a charged bubble extraction ionization device. In this work, experimental parameters including gases ( N2 and CO2 ) , bubble path length, voltage, and gas pressure on the charged bubble extraction ionization of lysozyme were investigated. Under the optimum experimental parameters including CO2 as extraction gas, bubble path length of 32 cm, solution voltage of 2 kV and gas pressure of 0. 05 MPa, this method was successfully used for the protein detection with the limits of detection of 1 ×10-8 mol/L in water solution and 1 ×10-7 mol/L in diluted urine (200 times in ultrapure water) . In addition, the limit of detection of 1 ×10-5 mol/L in undiluted urine was obtained with a urine volume of 6 mL at 2 kV voltage and 0. 06 MPa gas pressure. By comparing the desalting effects in charged bubble extractive ionization mass spectrometry and ESI-MS, it was found that the bubble charged extraction ionization method could obtain a wider and lower charge state distribution of protein ions, and had higher tolerance ability when facing non-volatile inorganic salts. Off-line study of the collected catalase after charged bubble extraction showed that 53. 9% enzyme activity was remained, which indicated that the proposed method was a soft ionization method. The method had merits including no sample pretreatment, no chemical reagent contamination and high speed, showing potential application to mass spectrometry analysis of protein components in solution. Therefore, this study provided a new method for mass spectrometry analysis of biological protein samples.

Technology of Diosgenin from Doscorea zingiberensis by Bio-enzyme Pretreatment-alcohol Extraction and Acid Hydrolysis Method / 医药导报

Objective To explore a clean and efficient new method for extraction of Diosgenin. Methods Yield of the total saponins was evaluated to determine the optimal enzymolysis temperature,pH,solid to liquid ratio,dosage of enzyme and enzymolysis time.Using diosgenin yield as an index,solid to liquid ratio,concentration of sulfuric acid and hydrolysis time were optimized in the saponins hydrolysis process via orthogonal experiment. Results The best conditions for the enzyme pretreatment were as follows:the temperature for enzymolysis was 70℃,pH 5.5,solid to liquid ratio was 1:4,dosage of enzyme was 8 mL?kg-1,and extraction time was 24 h.The best conditions of total saponins hydrolysis were as follows:the solid to liquid ratio was 1:4,concentration of sulfuric acid was 2.0 mol?L-1 ,and hydrolysis time was 5 h. Conclusion The new method is environmental friendly and highly efficient,and expected to be applied in industrial production.

Direct Analysis of Phospholipids in Biological Tissues Using Internal Exlractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Phospholipids and their metabolites play an important role in a variety of cellular processes including cell-cell adhesion, cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, phagocytosis as well as storage of energy. In this study, the phospholipid composition of cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue from humans and animals were analyzed by internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( iEESI-MS ) . Extractive solvent at high voltage (+5. 5 kV) was injected into tissue samples using a fused silica capillary at a flow rate of 0. 5-1 μL/min, producing fine charged droplets containing analytes of tissue samples at the tip of the sample. Charged droplets were directly sampled to the atmospheric inlet of a mass spectrometer. Out of 21 different ratios of CH3 OH ∶H2 O solvent mixture, the ratio CH3 OH ∶ H2 O=30∶70 ( V/V ) showed the optimal phospholipids extraction and visibility in MS. A large number of phospholipids from different tissue samples ( such as cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue of lung cancer, esophageal cancer tissue, pork, beef, porcine heart and porcine lung) were obtained simultaneously by iEESI-MS analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that iEESI-MS was characterized by minimal sample pretreatment, low sample consumption, and rapid analysis ( the analysis time per sample was less than 1 min) , and the selectivity and sensitivity of iEESI-MS could be improved by choosing proper solvent. Importantly, the experimental results provided new information for further studies of phospholipids in biological tissues.

Effect of deproteinized calf blood extractive injection combined with hyperbaric oxygen on hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and its efficacy in severe traumatic brain injury / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of deproteinized calf blood extractive injection combined with hyperbaric oxygen in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.Methods 74 patients with severe traumatic brain injury from January 2013 to March 2015 in Wenzhou hospital of Chinese traditional medicine were randomly divided into observation group and control group, 37 cases in each group.The control group received hyperbaric oxygen on the basis of conventional therapy, the observation group received deproteinized calf blood extractive injection on the basis of control group.The Glasgow coma scale ( GCS) , Barthel, hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and prognosis were compared between two groups.Results The GCS score and Barthel index scores post-treatment in observation group were (13.67 ±1.73),(65.73 ±4.02) points, which were higher than (9.66 ±1.24), (50.69 ± 3.76) points in control group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05).The serum hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 post-treatment in observation group were (4.55 ±0.76)mg/L,(1.21 ±0.05)μg/L,(0.21 ±0.01)μg/L, which were better than those of control group (6.43 ±1.01)mg/L,(1.36 ±0.06)μg/L,(0.28 ±0.02)μg/L (P<0.05).The rate of favorable prognosis in observation group was 48.65%, which was higher than that of control group (P<0.05).Conclusion The deproteinized calf blood extractive injection combined with hyperbaric oxygen has the exact efficacy, which was better than hyperbaric oxygen alone in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.

Direct Detection of Dichlorvos in Honey by Neutral Desorption-Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

In this study, a neutral desorption-extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ( ND-EESI-MS) method was developed for the direct and rapid detection of dichlorvos ( DDVP) in honey samples without any sample pretreatment procedure. Under the positive ionization mode, the main characteristic parent ion of DDVP was m/z 223 (MW:222) and daughter ions were m/z 109 and m/z127. Under the optimized working conditions, with the signal intensity of m/z 127 as quantitative index, the quantitative information of DDVP residues in honey was acquired effectively. The results showed that the linear range of DDVP for spiked honey was 5-1000 ng/mL (R2=0. 998) with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1. 0 ng/mL (n=3) and the recoveries for the DDVP spiked honey samples at the concentration levels of 10 , 30 and 400 ng/mL were 93 . 0%-103. 0%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=6) of less than 4. 4%. Meanwhile, for detection of spiked honey with gas chromatography-flame photometric detector ( GC-FPD ) , the linear range was 5-1000 ng/mL (R2=0. 999) with the LOD of 1. 6 ng/mL(n=3), and the recoveries of DDVP at the spiked honey concentration levels of 10 , 30 and 400 ng/mL were 94 . 9%-110 . 3%, with the RSDs of less than 7. 6%.