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Objective To investigate the role of pcgf5a gene during zebrafish embryonic development. Methods pcgf5a morpholine antisense morpholino oligomers(MO) was microinjected to delete the expression of pcgf5a gene, and possible phenotypes were examined in pcgf5a-deficient embryos. The whole mount in situ hybridization and Real-time PCR were used to detect alterations of key genes related to the development of nervous system and eye. Results After pcgf5a gene knockdown, the development of ectoderm and mesoderm of zebrafish embryos were affected. The brain size became smaller, and the eyes developed retarded, and the tail was curled and the body axis was shortened(548/891). In addition, the expressions of sox2(82/98), sox3(73/84), foxg1(70/88), pax6a(36/45), pax2a, vsx2 and rx1(n = 5) were significantly reduced. Conclusion pcgf5a affects the morphogenesis of nervous system and eye, possibly due to regulating the expression of the transcription factors related to their development via the processes of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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·Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a kind of non-coding RNA which is longer than 200 nucleotides, with the characteristic of its numerous, diversity of types and modes of action. The biological functions of lncRNA involved in genomic imprinting, chromatin remodeling, translational control of mRNA, cell cycle and cell differentiation control, immune surveillance, constituting the skeleton of nuclear sub structure, etc. LncRNA plays an important role in individual development and human diseases. This paper mainly reviewed those lncRNAs that have been published, and closely related to eye development and diseases.
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Background Paired box gene 6 (Pax6) is a master regulator for eye and brain development.Pax6 mutations or changes in its expression cause a series of ocular diseases including absence of iris,corneal opacity,cataract,glaucoma,abnormal fovea,retinoblastoma,and Wilm's tumor-aniridia-qenital ahormalies-retardation (WAGR).As a transcription factor,it is expressed in the region of anterior surface ectoderm corresponding to the future adenohypophyseal,olfactory and lens placodes,optic vesicle and other parts of the future brain and thus control the development of eye,brain,pituitary grand,nose and pancreas.Pax6 exists in 4 different isoforms,whose functions are subjected to regulation by different post-translation modifications.A complete understanding of the structure and functions of Pax6 and its associations with relevant diseases is helpful for ophthalmologists to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of implicated ocular diseases caused by Pax6 gene mutation or changing in its expression.
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Studying formation and development of fetal organ system, it has reliable information in medical theory as well as practical importance for the medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention in certain country. Introducing the modern advanced methods of fetal study in our country, it willbe possible to get the necessary information of prenatal organ development, formation and differentiation. Currently, the research works of eyeball development, topography, structures have not been accomplished yet in the Mongolian human fetuses. Therefore, the aim of thiswork was to make an evaluation of the development of the human eye during the fetal life. In our study, the 66 eyeballs of 33 human fetuses were examined.It was observed that the axial length, corneal diameter and equatorial diameter of the eye were increased simultaneously in the early fetal period. In the late period the axial length was increased slightly and equatorial diameter was increased rapidly. In the histological observation, the thickness of the eyeball layers were increased regularly from the early fetal period until the late fetal period. Thickness of the choroid and retina were increasing irregularly. Anti VEGFantibody was high distinguished detected in the choroid and retina in the early fetal period but it was middle distinguished detected in the late fetal period by immunohistochemistry.
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PAX6 gene plays an important role in embryological development, and the mutation of this gene may result incongenital aniridia, retinoblastoma, macula hypoplasia, Peters' anomaly and so on. A brief introduction of the background PAX6 gene, and the association between PAX6 and retinal diseases were summarized in this review.