Una versión reducida y modificada del Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5 (PID-5) en la Argentina / A reduced and modified version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) in Argentina

Resumen El modelo dimensional alternativo para los trastornos de personalidad incluye 25 facetas (rasgos patológicos) organizadas en cinco dominios de orden superior (Desapego, Afectividad Negativa, Psicoticismo, Antagonismo y Desinhibición). Para evaluar este modelo, se desarrolló el Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), que posee dos versiones: una extensa (220 ítems) que evalúa dominios y facetas, y una breve (25 ítems) que evalúa solo los dominios. En un trabajo anterior, se brindó evidencia favorable para una versión breve (31 ítems) adaptada para ser utilizada en población argentina. En el presente trabajo se estudian las propiedades psicométricas de una versión reducida y modificada del PID-5 que permite evaluar ambos componentes por medio de una cantidad de ítems (108). La validez convergente se evaluó a través de la relación con una medida de rasgos de personalidad normal del Modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores. Se trabajó con una muestra de tipo no probabilística de n = 525 sujetos de población general, que respondieron la versión adaptada del PID-5 y el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar la Personalidad. Los resultados brindaron evidencia de validez y confiabilidad para el instrumento. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio sugirió un buen ajuste de la estructura pentafactorial. La consistencia interna resultó adecuada y los ítems presentaron buenos índices de discriminación. Se observaron diferencias de género y edad, y correlaciones con los factores correspondientes de los cinco grandes. Esta versión puede ser utilizada para evaluar el modelo, con fines tanto clínicos como de investigación, y con ventajas respecto al tiempo de administración respecto a la versión extensa original.

Abstract The official classification of personality disorders in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) remains categorical. However, a dimensional alternative for personality disorders is presented as an emerging model. The model is organized in five higher order domains (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism), with relationships with the Big Five Model of Personality, strongly established within the Personality Psychology. The proposal also includes 25 facets or second-order traits, included within the main domains. Domains and facets represent psychopathological traits with clinical relevance. To assess this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed. PID-5 has two forms: extensive (220 items) that assesses domains and facets, and brief (25 items) that assesses only the domains. In a previous study, evidence for a short version (31 items) adapted to the Argentine population was provided, that overcomes some of the limitations of the original one. In this work, the psychometric properties of a reduced and modified version of the PID-5 are studied, which allows evaluating five domains and 25 facets, through a reduced number of items (108). We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of n = 525 subjects from the general population, who answered the adapted version of the PID-5 and the Adjectives Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors (AEP), a Big Five Model measure. The following data analyses were performed: (1) Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to evaluate the internal structure of PID-5; (2) reliability analysis to assess the internal consistency of the PID-5 scales; (3) item analysis to assess discriminating power; (4) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine significant differences due to gender and age; and (5) bivariate correlation analysis to analyze PID-5 convergent validity. The results provided evidence of validity and reliability. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested a five-factor structure. The facets presented factor loadings in the domain theoretically expected, with some exceptions: Suspiciousness (loaded in Psychoticism), Hostility (loaded in Disinhibition), Depressivity (loaded in Detachment) and Insensitivity (loaded in Detachment). CFA also suggested a good model fit (CFI = .98; RMSEA = .04; SRMR = 0.083). Psychoticism, Detachment, and Disinhibition facets had their higher factor loadings in the expected domain. Negative affectivity showed higher correlations with the rest of the scales. Internal consistency was satisfactory, especially at the domain level, and the items had good discrimination indices. Correlations with the corresponding of the Big Five factors were observed, similar to previous studies. The five PID-5 domains were also found positively correlated. Additionally, gender and age differences were found. In line with previous literature, results suggest that some facets scales are "pure" markers of these domains (e. g., Psychoticism and Antagonism facets), whereas others (e. g., Negative Affectivity facets such as Depressiveness, Suspicion, Hostility), are located "in between" domains since they share features of more than one domain. Psychoticism facets presented higher loadings in their domains and lower in the rest. This is not surprising; although most of psychopathology cannot be understood as categories, schizophyte and Schizotypal Personality Disorder are exceptions, and Psychoticism would be the representation of these categories in the APA model. Findings also provide evidence of convergent validity for the instrument, as well as theorical evidence regarding the relationship between normal and pathological personality traits. This version can be used to evaluate the model, both in research and clinical practice. It has advantages over the original longer version, in terms of administration time and participants' fatigue, while maintaining its psychometric properties. The results are also expected to contribute to the recent literature on the dimensional approach to personality psychopathology. However, complementary studies, particularly with a clinical population, are needed.

Factores de personalidad y variables mediadoras en su relación con la participación política de estudiantes universitarios/as / Personality traits and mediating variables in their relationship with the political participation of colleges students

Resumen El trabajo busca validar un modelo teórico predictivo que analiza los efectos directos e indirectos de los factores de personalidad (según el modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores) sobre la participación política (PP), incorporando variables de la hipótesis de la mediación: valores políticos, auto posicionamiento ideológico, eficacia política interna e interés por la política. Se aplicó un cuestionario a N=555 estudiantes universitarios de Córdoba, Argentina, y se realizaron correlaciones bivariadas y un análisis de caminos con las variables en estudio. El trabajo confirma la relación directa de Extraversión y el auto posicionamiento ideológico con la PP, aunque evidencia que los factores de personalidad presentan sobre todo efectos indirectos en la PP, mediados en primer lugar por valores políticos, luego interés por la política, y finalmente la eficacia política interna.

Abstract The paper's main goal is to validate a predictive theoretical model that analyzes the direct and indirect effects of personality factors (according to the Big Five Factors model) on political participation (PP), incorporating variables from the mediation hypothesis: political values, ideological self-placement, internal political efficacy and interest in politics. A questionnaire was applied to N=555 college students from Córdoba, Argentina, and bivariate correlations and path analysis were performed with the variables under study. The study confirms the direct relationship of Extraversion and ideological self-positioning with PP, although it shows that personality factors have mostly indirect effects on PP, mediated first by political values, then interest in politics, and finally the internal political efficacy.

Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5: propiedades psicométricas en población argentina. Estudio preliminar / Personality Inventory for the DSM-5: Psychometric Properties in Argentine Population. Preliminary Study

Resumen El DSM-5 presenta un modelo dimensional alternativo para los trastornos de personalidad, que incluye rasgos patológicos organizados en cinco grandes áreas: Desapego, Afectividad Negativa, Psicoticismo, Antagonismo y Desinhibición. Para evaluar dicho modelo, se desarrolló el Personality Inventory for DSM-5. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de una versión adaptada del instrumento a población argentina. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 393 sujetos de población general. Se administró la versión adaptada del Personality Inventory for DSM-5 junto con el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad, una medida de los cinco rasgos del modelo de los Grandes Factores de Personalidad (Amabilidad, Responsabilidad, Extraversión, Neuroticismo y Apertura a la experiencia), equivalentes normales de los rasgos patológicos del modelo alternativo. Los resultados mostraron propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias. La versión argentina del Inventario mostró una estructura de cinco factores similar a la original, con niveles adecuados de consistencia interna e ítems con buenos índices de discriminación. Se observaron diferencias por género y edad. Los hombres puntuaron más alto en Antagonismo, Psicoticismo y Desapego, y las mujeres en Afectividad Negativa. Los jóvenes puntuaron más alto en todas las escalas salvo en Desapego. Por último, se encontraron correlaciones significativas con los cinco factores correspondientes del modelo de los "cinco grandes" (ej., entre Afectividad Negativa y Neuroticismo). Los resultados brindan evidencia preliminar de validez y confiabilidad para la versión local del instrumento, y se espera que sirvan como base para su posterior perfeccionamiento, para ser implementado en tareas clínicas como de investigación.

Abstract The DSM-5 presents an alternative dimensional model for personality disorders, which includes pathological traits organized in five major areas: Detachment, Negative affectivity, Psychoticism, Antagonism and Disinhibition. To evaluate this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed. However, it is unknown how the PID-5 would work adapted to our context. On the other hand, the PID-5 suffers from various limitations (e.g., not all facets are represented in the brief version, affecting the construct validity). The objective of this paper was to study the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the PID-5 to the Argentine population. We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of 393 subjects from the general population. The adapted version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 was administered together with the Adjectives Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors (AEP), a measure of the five traits of Big Five Model, normal equivalents of the pathological traits of the alternative model. The following data analyzes were performed: a) Exploratory Factor Analysis to evaluate the internal structure of PID-5; b) reliability analysis to assess the internal consistency of the different scales of the PID-5; c) item analysis to assess discriminating power; d) bivariate correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between PID-5 scores and the AEP; e) multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to analyze significant differences due to gender, age, and possible interaction effects. Results indicated satisfactory psychometric properties. The Argentinean version of the PID-5 showed a five-factor structure similar to the original, with adequate levels of internal consistency and good discrimination indices. Regarding gender, men scored higher in Antagonism, Psychoticism and Detachment, and the effect size was significant although weak. On the other hand, women scored higher in negative affectivity, but the differences were not significant. Regarding age, young people presented higher scores than adults at all scales except in Detachment, and the effect size was significant although weak. Finally, significant relationships were found with the five factors of the big five model (e.g., strong and positive correlation between Negative Affectivity and Neuroticism; moderate and negative correlations between Detachment and Extraversion, and between Disinhibition and Conscientiousness). Additionally, other high correlations were found (e.g., between Agreeableness and Detachment; Conscientiousness and Psychoticism; Neuroticism and Disinhibition). These results are in line with those found in previous studies. Finally, moderate correlations were found between PID-5 scales (e.g., Disinhibition and Antagonism; Negative Affectivity and Disinhibition; Psychoticism and Disinhibition; and Detachment and Negative Affectivity). These correlations would imply the existence of some higher order factor that would cover the dimensions of the model. Although the results found are acceptable, this study has some limitations. First, we worked with general population, and in future work it would be important to administer the instrument in clinical samples. Second, the Antagonism scale was left with only 4 items, which may affect the construct validity of the instrument. In this regard, it would be convenient to add new items, not only on this scale, to obtain a final version with an intermediate length between 25 and 220 items of the two versions of the original scale. A version of approximately 60 items may be a good solution, that includes both the different facets of the model as well as time constraints if the instrument is pretended to be used within a diagnostic battery. Beyond these limitations, the present study provides preliminary evidence of validity and reliability for the adapted version of the PID 5, and could be a start point for its deepening and improvement to be implemented in clinical and research tasks.

Effect of personality on compound reasoning / Efecto de la personalidad en el razonamiento compuesto

Abstract Objective :This study aims to describe the relationship between personality and propositional reasoning regarding compound negations by using, in particular, De Morgan's laws. Method :To evaluate personality traits, we used the Adjective Checklist for Personality Assessment, an instrument based on the Big Five theory and developed for the Argentine context. To assess reasoning, we used a task implemented in previous studies, according to which subjects had to find the logical equivalent of a compound negation. Four response options were offered: one was correct and the other three were linked to specific biases. Both the research study and the paradigm were developed on the basis of the Mental Models Theory of Negation. The study had a correlational design and included 150 university students. Results :We found that factors such as neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness were linked to specific response patterns. Difficulty and context were considered mediators of the process. Discussion :The evidence was compatible with the Mental Models Theory but inconsistent with theories based on formal rules.

Resumen Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es describir la relación entre personalidad y razonamiento proposicional sobre negaciones compuestas, de forma particular aplicado a las leyes De Morgan. Método :para evaluar los rasgos de personalidad se utilizó el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar Personalidad, un instrumento basado en la Teoría de los Cinco Factores desarrollado para el medio Argentino. En el caso del razonamiento, se aplicó una tarea utilizada en estudios previos, en la cual el sujeto debía encontrar el equivalente lógico de una negación compuesta. Se ofrecieron cuatro opciones de respuesta, una correcta y tres ligadas a sesgos específicos. Tanto la investigación como el paradigma, fueron diseñados desde la Teoría de Modelos Mentales propuesta para la negación. El estudio fue de tipo correlacional, y participaron del mismo 150 estudiantes universitarios. Resultados :se encontró que los factores de Neuroticismo, Extraversión y Amabilidad estaban ligados a patrones de respuestas específicos. La dificultad y el contexto fueron considerados mediadores del proceso. Discusión :la evidencia resultó compatible con la Teoría de Modelos Mentales pero inconsistente respecto de las teorías basadas en reglas formales.

16 factores de personalidad en estudiantes universitarios de la carrera de psicología en una Universidad del occidente de México, y su relación con el sexo y cohorte generacional / 16 personality factors in university students of the psychology career at a University in western Mexico, and their relationship with sex and generational cohort

La personalidad ha sido objeto de estudio y el abordaje más socorrido a través del uso de pruebas psicológicas debido a sus importantes aportaciones a la comprensión de las diferencias individuales. En estudios previos, se ha reportado la presencia de factores psicológicos característicos en alumnos de psicología, mismos que tienen un valor predictivo en su comportamiento. Objetivos: El primer objetivo del estudio fue explorar la existencia de factores diferenciados en estudiantes de psicología y el segundo objetivo fue explorar si existen diferencias por edad y cohorte semestral. Método: Participaron en el estudio un total de 141 estudiantes (82 mujeres) de los 8 semestres de la carrera de psicología en una universidad pública del occidente de México. Se utilizó la prueba de 16 factores de personalidad (16FP) y se compararon los perfiles promedio resultantes contra los valores poblacionales de referencia, por género, además, se realizó un análisis entre los primeros semestres y los últimos. Resultados: Se identificó la presencia de factores de personalidad distintivos de los alumnos de psicología, además, pudieron observarse diferencias significativas por sexo pero no por cohorte generacional. Conclusiones: La presencia de factores de la personalidad relacionados a las normas sociales y la inestabilidad afectiva son comunes en estudiantes de psicología

Personality has been object of study and the most assisted approach through the use of psychological tests due to its important contributions to the understanding of individual differences. In previous studies, the presence of characteristic psychological factors has been reported in psychology students, which have a predictive value in their behavior. Objectives: The first objective of the study was to explore the existence of differentiated factors in psychology students and the second objective was to explore whether there are differences by age and semester cohort. Method: A total of 141 students (82 women) from the 8 semesters of the psychology degree at a public university in western Mexico participated in the study. The 16 personality factors test (16FP) was considered and the resulting average profiles were compared against the reference population values, by gender, in addition, an analysis was performed between the first semesters and the last. Results: The presence of distinctive personality factors of the psychology students was identified, in addition, there was observed differences determined by sex but not by generational cohort. Conclusions: The presence of personality factors related to social norms and affective instability are common in psychology students.

Rasgos y dimensiones de la personalidad en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo / Personality traits and dimensions in students of the National University of Chimborazo

La investigación tuvo como objetivo, determinar los rasgos y dimensiones de personalidad dominantes en estudiantes de diferentes carreras pertenecientes a la Universidad Nacional Chimborazo (UNACH). Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa descriptiva, el análisis de datos fue con el paquete de datos estadísticos SPSS versión 23IBM. El instrumento empleado para medir las variables fue el Cuestionario 16PF-5 de Cattell (1993), con el cual se obtuvieron los rasgos y dimensiones globales de personalidad. Para el análisis se prefirió la teoría de los rasgos de la personalidad, incorporando las dimensiones globales: neuroticismo, apertura, afabilidad, extroversión y rectitud. Dentro de los resultados del estudio, se desprende que existen ciertos rasgos dominantes en la muestra como son la inestabilidad emocional y el rasgo de despreocu-pado. En cuanto a las dimensiones, el principal hallazgo fue la ansiedad alta. Estos tres aspectos de la individualidad que se destacan en el estudio por sus características pueden influir en el desempeño integral de los estudiantes.

This research aimed to determine the dominant personality traits and dimensions in students of different schools belonging to the National University Chimborazo (UNACH). A descriptive quantitative methodology was used. The data analysis was carried out using the statistical program SPSS version 23IBM. The Questionnaire 16PF-5 of Cattell (1993) was the instrument applied to measure the variables in order to get the global personality traits and dimensions. The theory of personality traits was preferred for analysis, incorporating the global dimensions: neuroticism, openness, affability, extroversion and rectitude. The results showed that there were certain dominant features in the sample such as: emotional instability and carefree trait. The main finding was high anxiety talking about the dimensions. These three aspects of individuality that are highlighted in the study by their characteristics may influence the overall performance of students.

Personality factors in adults and the elderly: a comparative study / Fatores de personalidade em adultos e idosos: um estudo comparativo / Factores de personalidad en adultos y ancianos: estudio comparativo

Throughout the life cycle, there is a tendency for individuals to increase and/or decrease some personality traits. The present study aimed to compare the magnitude of the Big Five personality traits among adults and the elderly, and to identify the role of sociodemographic variables (age, schooling, sex and marital status) in their personality traits. This cross-sectional study analyzed 151 participants divided into two groups by age. The elderly group was composed of 78 participants between the ages of 60 and 85 years, and the adult group included 73 participants between 30 and 59 years of age. Participants completed a socio-demographic data sheet and the Five-Factor Inventory-short form (NEO-FFI-R). Results revealed significant differences between the groups associated with the factors Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness. The adult group showed a significantly greater tendency for higher scores in Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness. In the elderly group, in turn, there was a greater tendency for individuals to score higher on Conscientiousness. In conclusion, adults tended to present elevated levels of factors such as Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness, while the elderly presented higher Conscientiousness. These results suggest that personality factors are adjusted according to age group and life events. (AU)

Ao longo do ciclo de vida, há uma tendência para os indivíduos a aumentar e/ou diminuir alguns traços de personalidade. O presente estudo objetivou comparar a magnitude dos Cinco Grandes Traços de Personalidade entre idosos e adultos e identificar o papel das variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, escolaridade, sexo e estado civil) em seus traços de personalidade. Este estudo transversal analisou 151 participantes divididos em dois grupos por critérios de idade. Setenta e oito idosos (60 a 85 anos) compuseram o primeiro grupo, e 73 adultos (30-59 anos) formaram o segundo grupo. Os participantes preencheram uma ficha de dados sociodemográficas e o Inventário de Cinco Fatores NEO-FFI-R (NEO-FFI-R), forma curta. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos associados aos fatores Neuroticismo, Abertura à experiência e Consciência. No grupo de adultos, houve uma tendência significativamente maior para maiores pontuações no Neuroticismo, Extroversão e Abertura à experiência. No grupo de idosos, por sua vez, houve uma maior tendência para os indivíduos a pontuação mais elevada em Conscienciosidade. Os adultos tendem a apresentar níveis mais elevados de fatores como Neuroticismo, Abertura à experiência e Consciência, enquanto os idosos apresentaram maior Consciência. Esses resultados sugerem que os fatores de personalidade são ajustados de acordo com a faixa etária e os eventos da vida. (AU)

Durante el transcurso de la vida, existe una tendencia de los individuos a aumentar y / o diminuir algunos rasgos de personalidad. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la magnitud de los Cinco Grandes Rasgos de Personalidad entre ancianos y adultos e identificar el rol de variables socio-demográficos (edad, escolaridad, sexo y estado civil) en los rasgos de personalidad. Método: En este estudio transversal participaron 151 participantes divididos en dos grupos por criterios de edad, 78 ancianos (60 a 85 años) componían el primer grupo, y 73 adultos (30-59 años) el segundo. Los participantes completaron una ficha de datos socio-demográficos y el Inventario de Cinco Factores (NEO-FFI-R), forma abreviada. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos asociados a los factores Inestabilidad Emocional, Extraversión, Apertura a Experiencia y Conciencia. En el grupo de adultos, hubo una tendencia significativa de puntajes más altos en Inestabilidad Emocional, Extraversión y Apertura a experiencia. En el grupo de ancianos, a su vez, hubo mayor tendencia de los individuos a puntajes más altos en Escrupulosidad. Conclusiones: Los adultos tienden a presentar niveles más elevados de factores como Inestabilidad Emocional, Apertura a Experiencia y Conciencia, mientras que los ancianos mostraron mayor Conciencia. Estos resultados sugieren que los factores de personalidad se ajusten de acuerdo con el grupo de edad y los acontecimientos de la vida. (AU)

Preferência por estilos de filmes e suas diferenças nos cinco fatores de personalidade / Preference for movie styles and their differences in the five factors of personality / Preferencia por géneros cinematográficos y sus diferencias en los cinco factores de personalidad

Podemos conceber que a preferência por mídias está em consonância com nossos traços de personalidade, mas muitos estudos são necessários para se avançar nesta área. Objetivou-se verificar se existem diferenças nos cinco fatores de personalidade em grupos de preferência por filmes, bem como testar uma breve medida de personalidade. Foram realizados dois estudos com estudantes do ensino médio e universitário com o Inventário de Personalidade de Dez Itens (TIPI). Os resultados mostraram mais Agradabilidade nos estudantes que relataram preferência por filmes de terror em comparação àqueles que preferiram suspense. Os que preferiram filmes de suspense mostraram menor Conscienciosidade em comparação aos que preferiam terror, ação, romance e drama. Os que preferiram filme romântico, em comparação àqueles que preferiram comédia, apresentaram mais Conscienciosidade. Tais resultados se mantêm, controlando-se o sexo e a idade. Conclui-se que o TIPI é uma medida que pode ser usada em pesquisas para entender diferenças de grupos nos cinco fatores de personalidade.

Theoretically, our media preference is in line with our personality traits, but many studies are needed to advance in this area. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the five personality factors in groups with a movie preference as well as to test a brief personality inventory. Two studies were conducted with high school and university students, using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). The results showed more Agreeableness for those students who reported a preference for horror movies than for those who prefer suspense. Those who prefer suspense showed less Conscientiousness than those who prefer horror, action, romance and drama. Those who preferred romantic movies, when compared to those who prefer comedies, presented more Conscientiousness. These results are maintained by controlling the sex and the age. We conclude that the TIPI is a measure that can be used in research to understand group differences in the five personality factors.

Teoricamente, elegimos los medios de comunicación en línea con los rasgos de personalidad, pero estudios son necesarios para avanzar en este ámbito. El objetivo fue determinar sí existen diferencias en los cinco factores de personalidad en grupos de preferencia para las películas, com un breve test para medir la personalidad. Dos estudios se llevaron a cabo con estudiantes de secundaria y universitarios con el Inventario de Personalidad de Diez Ítems (TIPI). Los resultados mostraron que los con altos puntajes en Amabilidad informarón preferencia por las películas de terror en comparación a los estudiantes que prefieren el suspense. Los que prefieren suspense mostraron medias más altas en Responsabilidad en relación a los que prefieren horror, acción, romance y drama. Los que preferían película romántica, en comparación con aquellos que prefieren comedia, presentarón más Responsabilidad. Estos resultados se mantienen al controlar el sexo y la edad. Se concluye que el TIPI es una medida que puede ser utilizado en la investigación para entender las diferencias de grupo en los cinco factores de personalidad.

Percepción de riesgo y compras por internet: su relación con la personalidad y el tipo de Producto / Risk perception and on-line shopping: their relationship with personality and product type

Teniendo en cuenta que el comportamiento del consumidor implica la toma de riesgo y que hay escasez de estudios específicos al contexto de compras por Internet que traten de incorporar los dos principales enfoques con los que se ha estudiado la toma de riesgo, el presente trabajo buscó determinar la relación existente entre los factores de personalidad, el tipo de producto (factor situacional), la percepción de riesgo y la intención y realización de compras por Internet. Para esto se diseñó una encuesta online que contenía situaciones hipotéticas a propósito del comercio electrónico y escalas de medición de factores de personalidad y de percepción de riesgo. Los participantes fueron personas de un rango de edad amplio, parte de una muestra por conveniencia. Se realizó un análisis correlacional de las variables de interés y se encontró que el género, la familiaridad, el factor de personalidad de escrupulosidad y los productos intangibles se relacionan significativamente con la percepción de riesgo general. Los factores de personalidad no parecen ser significativos a la hora de determinar la intención y realización de compras por Internet, brindando así apoyo al enfoque situacional.

Consumer behavior involves risk taking but there are few studies related to electronic commerce that integrate the two main approaches to study risk taking. The present study sought to determine the relationship between personality factors, product type (situational factor), risk perception and the intention and execution of internet shopping. An online survey containing hypothetical scenarios and scales measuring personality factors and risk perception was developed. Participants were individuals of a wide age range, from a convenience sample. A correlational analysis of the variables of interest was performed and it was found that gender, familiarity, conscientiousness personality factor and intangible products are significantly related to the perception of overall risk. Personality factors do not appear to be significant in determining the intention and execution of internet shopping, thus providing support for the situational approach.

Personality Factors, Affect, and Autonomy Support as Predictors of Life Satisfaction / Factores de personalidad, afecto y soporte como predictores de satisfacción de vida

This research examined the predictors of subjective well-being. Two studies were conducted. Our first study involved the administration of life satisfaction, personality, affection, need satisfaction, and self-construal questionnaires to 369 college students from Mexico. The results showed that extroversion and neuroticism had a significant direct effect on positive and negative affect, respectively, and indirect effects on life satisfaction. Results also revealed that autonomy support, defined as the ability to perceive oneself as the source of one's behavior, was a significant and positive predictor of life satisfaction. To address some of the limitations from study I, study II used the World Values Survey to examine the effects of autonomy support on life satisfaction and domain satisfaction among representative samples from Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. The findings showed that the autonomy support was a significant predictor of life satisfaction and domain satisfaction in all three countries. The implications of the results are discussed.

Esta investigación examinó los predictores de bienestar subjetivo. Dos estudios fueron llevados a cabo. El primer estudio se administraron cuestionarios de satisfacción de vida, personalidad, afecto, necesidad de satisfacción y auto-constructo a 369 estudiantes de secundaria de México. Los resultados mostraron que la extroversión y el neuroticismo tienen un efecto directo sobre el afecto positivo y negativo, respectivamente, y efectos indirectos sobre la satisfacción de vida. Los resultados también revelan que el soporte, definido como la habilidad para percibirse a uno mismo como una fuente del propio comportamiento, se mostró como un predictor significativo y positivo de la satisfacción de vida. Para abordar algunas limitaciones del estudio I, el estudio II utilizó la Encuesta Mundial de Valores para examinar los efectos del soporte sobre la satisfacción de vida y la satisfacción de dominio entre muestras representativas de México, Argentina y Brazil. Los hallazgos mostraron que el soporte fue un predictor significativo de la satisfacción de vida y satisfacción de dominio en los tres países. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.

Interesses profissionais e personalidade: um aporte para a integração dos construtos / Professional interests and personality: an attempt to integrating constructs / Intereses profesionales y personalidad: un aporte para la integración de los constructos

Este artigo objetivou estudar as relações entre interesses profissionais, medidos pela Escala de Aconselhamento Profissional (EAP) e os traços de personalidade, medidos pela Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade. Participaram 298 estudantes das três séries do ensino médio, sendo 56,7 por cento mulheres, com idade média de 16,16 anos. Verificou-se, de modo geral, que as associações entre interesses e personalidade foram baixas e, em muitos casos, não significativas. Neuroticismo foi o fator menos relacionado às áreas de interesse. Os fatores Extroversão e Abertura permitiram interpretações mais amplas, uma vez que se correlacionaram significativamente com muitas dimensões da EAP. Por fim, os fatores Socialização e Realização relacionaram-se significativamente com áreas de interesse mais específicas. Os dados são discutidos quanto às possíveis interpretações geradas pela análise conjunta desses construtos, especialmente considerando as aplicações para psicólogos que atuam em Orientação Profissional com jovens.

This paper aimed at analyzing relationships between interests, measured by “Escala de Aconselhamento Profissional” and personality traits, assessed by “Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade”. 298 students from the three grades of high school took part on this study, 56,7 percent were women and mean age was 16,6. In general, there were correlations of small magnitude, and many of them were non-significant. Neuroticism was the factor that was least related to interests. Extroversion and Openness allowed wider interpretations, once they were significantly related to many interest areas. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness related to more specific interest areas. Data are discusses in terms of possible interpretations guided by the conjoint analysis of these constructs, especially considering psychologists who work with adolescents in Vocational Guidance.

Este artículo tiene por objeto estudiar las relaciones entre intereses vocacionales, medidos por la “Escala de Aconselhamento Profissional” (EAP) y rasgos de personalidad según lo medido por la “Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade” (BFP). Participaron 298 estudiantes de tres grados de escuelas secundarias. Mujeres compusieron 56,7 por ciento de la muestra, la edad media fue de 16,16 años. Fue encontrado, en general, que las asociaciones entre los intereses y la personalidad fueron bajas y, en muchos casos, no significativas. El factor Neuroticismo fue el menos relacionado con las áreas de interés. Los factores Extraversión y Apertura permitieron interpretaciones más amplias, ya que se correlacionaron significativamente con varias dimensiones de la EAP. El factor Socialización se relacionó significativamente con más áreas específicas de interés. Los datos son analizados en relación a las posibles interpretaciones generadas por el análisis conjunto de esas construcciones, especialmente para psicólogos que trabajan con los jóvenes en la orientación profesional.

Características de personalidad infantil asociadas al riesgo ambiental por situación de pobreza / Child personality and environmental risk due to poverty

Los factores disposicionales y socioambientales de la personalidad no son elementos separados, deben ser vistos holísticamente como un sistema persona-medio que funciona como una totalidad. Por lo cual un ambiente desfavorecido por la pobreza es una variable socioambiental que interactuaría con las disposiciones del niño pequeño, pudiendo incidir en ciertas características de personalidad. En base a lo mencionado, el objetivo específico de este trabajo fue comparar el perfil de personalidad de niños en riesgo ambiental por situación de pobreza con el de niños sin estas características. Se administró el Cuestionario Argentino de Personalidad Infantil (CAPI) en su versión para niños de 6 a 8 años (Lemos, 2005). Se compararon los perfiles de personalidad de ambas muestras mediante MANOVAs, comparaciones de medias y gráficos de perfiles. A partir de estos análisis, se pudieron observar diferencias significativas tanto a nivel de los factores como de las facetas de personalidad, entre los niños en riesgo por pobreza y los niños no expuestos a esta condición. Las diferencias significativas se presentaron específicamente en el factor Escrupulosidad y en las facetas: competencia, vulnerabilidad, sentimiento gregario y emociones positivas, orden y acción. En relación a los factores y facetas de personalidad en los que no se encontraron diferencias significativas desde el punto de vista estadístico es posible observar, a partir de la comparación de los perfiles de medias de ambos grupos, que la dirección de los resultados encontrados concuerda en general con los patrones vinculados a los aspectos temperamentales de los niños en riesgo que la literatura menciona recurrentemente, como por ejemplo: (a) valores levemente más elevados en el factor de Neuroticismo y (b) valores levemente más descendidos en los factores de Extraversión, Mesura, Escrupulosidad y Apertura.

An individual's context affects the way in which their biological and psychological subsystems function and interacts with each other. While individuals are normally able to manipulate their environment, personality factors increase or diminish their context characteristics, which at the same time influence personality. Heredity and socio-environmental personality factors should not be considered separate elements, but rather a holistic approach as an individual-environment system that functions as a whole. Therefore, an unfavorable environment is a socio-environmental variable that interacts with children's heredity, thus influencing the development of certain personality traits. Based on the above, the specific goal of our research was to compare personality characteristics of children at risk due to poverty and children without risk due to poverty. We applied the Child Personality Questionnaire for Argentina (Cuestionario Argentino de Personalidad Infantil - CAPI) for children aged 6 to 8 (Lemos, 2005). We compared personality profiles from both groups through MANOVA, as well as comparisons of means and graphic profiles. Based on this analysis, we observed significant differences regarding personality factors [F de Hotelling (5, 168) = 2.47; p = .035], as well as facets [F de Hotelling (14, 159) = 2.607; p = .002], among children at risk due to poverty and those who were not. There were significant differences particularly in Conscientiousness [F(1) = 4.35; p = .038] and the following facets: competence [F(1) = 4.652; p = .032], vulnerability [F(1) = 9.732; p = .002], gregariousness and positive affect [F(1) = 8.338; p = .004], order [F(1) = 6.798; p = .010] and action [F(1) = 4.233; p = .041]. The tendencies of the results are as follows: the group at risk scored lower in Conscientiousness, and regarding facets: competence, gregariousness, positive affect, order, action and vulnerability. With regards to Conscientiousness, which includes order, organization and responsibility as facets, Vanistendael (1995) states that children at risk usually have lower levels of achievement motivation. A child's impulsivity and lack of ability to postpone gratification, particularly of children at risk, generally affects them negatively in this aspect. Regarding lower levels in the competence facet, this could be related to other results found in the same group of children at risk, which showed lower levels of self-esteem, as well as of self-sufficiency, and lower levels of self-efficacy (Ghiglione, 2007). In relation to the vulnerability facet, defined for our purposes as lack of independence, we could suppose that depending on someone naturally implies that there be someone who can be depended upon and in whom to seek shelter. These children have little trust in their parents' love and perceive them as unavailable, together with diminished efforts at seeking a social support group and lack of a social network (Richaud de Minzi, 2006). Low scores in relation to the positve affect facet is probably due to the fact that children who are exposed to poverty usually have a more negative view of the world and more feelings of hopelessness (Kotliarenco, 1997). Last but not least, regarding low scores in the action facet, which is part of the Openness factor, in a previous study on coping strategies, this group of children at risk showed more paralization at both cognitive and emotional levels (Richaud de Minzi and Lemos, 2008). In spite of the results which show that children at risk due to poverty have a more vulnerable personality profile, we hope to strengthen their resources through therapeutic interventions. The stories of resilient children show that faith and trust can be developed and sustained, even amidst adverse circumstances. However, this happens only when these children find people who give meaning to their lives, as well as reasons for them to trust life. This is our great challenge.