Ser pessoa na hospitalização: relatos de gestantes sobre as relações estabelecidas com a equipe multiprofissional / Being a person in hospitalization: report of pregnant women on relations established with a multiprofessional team / Ser persona en la hospitalización: informe de las mujeres embarazadas sobre las relaciones establecidas con un equipo multiprofesional

Nesse estudo procuramos conhecer e analisar, na perspectiva das pacientes gestantes internadas em um hospital de ensino na cidade de Cuiabá-MT, como essas significam as relações estabelecidas com a equipe multiprofissional. Foram realizadas 11 entrevistas focalizadas, com adoção de atitudes facilitadoras de consideração positiva incondicional, congruência e compreensão empática, com pacientes que estiveram hospitalizadas durante o segundo semestre de 2015. Esse procedimento forneceu o instrumental teórico-metodológico baseado na criação de um clima facilitador, a partir dos fundamentos da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, o que permitiu explorar as significações pessoais das experiências com um acento afetivo ou emocional. O processamento ocorreu pelo software ALCESTE, análise pelo estudo das Classes apresentadas pelo software e discussões teóricas sobre as relações interpessoais de ajuda. O estudo destacou a atenção para: a comunicação dos procedimentos; a disposição para cuidados afetivos em que consideram a pessoa como centro em detrimento às técnicas; a importância para as significações pessoais, e as implicações das significações pessoais no processo de hospitalização. Exercer essa atenção pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de relacionamentos que facilitem o processo de hospitalização.

In this study we try to understand and analyze, from the perspective of pregnant patients admitted to a teaching hospital in the city of Cuiabá-MT, how these women realize the relations established with a multi professional health care team. Eleven focused interviews were conducted, with the adoption of facilitative conditions from unconditional positive regard, congruence, and empathic understanding, with patients who were hospitalized during the second half of 2015. This provided the theoretical and methodological tools based on creating a facilitative climate, with the fundamentals of the Person Centered Approach, which allowed us to explore the self understanding experiences with an affective or emotional importance. Data processing was performed by ALCESTE software, analysis used the classes presented by the software as well as theoretical discussions on interpersonal helping relations. The study highlighted the attention to: communication procedures; the willingness to emotional care where they consider the person as the center rather than the technics; the importance for personal insights and implications of these in the hospitalization process. Accomplish such care can contribute to the development of relationships that facilitate the process of hospitalization.

En este estudio tratamos de entender y analizar, desde la perspectiva de los pacientes embarazadas ingresados en un hospital universitario en la ciudad de Cuiabá-MT, ya que éstas significan las relaciones establecidas con un equipo multiprofesional. Llevamos a cabo 11 entrevistas focalizadas con la adopción de actitudes facilitadoras de consideración positiva incondicional, congruencia y la comprensión empática, con los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados durante la segunda mitad del año 2015. Este procedimiento proporciona el instrumental teórico-metodológico basadas en la creación de un clima facilitador, a partir de los fundamentos del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, que nos permitió explorar las significaciones de las experiencias personales con un esfuerzo afectivo o emocional. Procesamiento ocurrió por el software ALCESTE, análisis en el estudio de las Clases presentada por el software y discusiones teóricas sobre las relaciones interpersonales de ayuda. El estudio puso de relieve la atención: comunicación de los procedimientos; la disposición a el cuidado afectivo cuando consideren a la persona como el centro en detrimento a las técnicas; la importancia para los significados personales e la implicaciones del significados personales en el proceso de hospitalización. El ejercicio dicha atención puede contribuir al desarrollo de las relaciones que facilitan el proceso de la hospitalización.

Facilidades e limitações do enfermeiro no processo do raciocínio clínico / Facilities and limitations of the nurse in the clinical reaction process / Facilidades y limitaciones del enfermero en el proceso (nuevo) del raciocinio clínico

O objetivo desse estudo foi conhecer os facilidades e limitações dos enfermeiros para desenvolver o raciocínio clínico. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo, de corte transversal, que procurou averiguar as "facilidades e limitações dos enfermeiros no processo do raciocínio clínico" de 163 enfermeiros dos sete hospitais do Município de Dourados/MS, no primeiro semestre de 2016, sendo 79,8% são do sexo feminino, 65,4% são especialistas e 85,9% são do regime de Consolidação das Leis trabalhistas. Os participantes apontaram "educação permanente" (62%) como o principal facilitador e "pouco tempo para estudar" (45,39%) como a maior limitação para desenvolverem o raciocínio clínico. Conclui-se ser preciso criar estratégias na rede hospitalar que possibilitem aos enfermeiros se atualizarem dentro da própria instituição que trabalha e averiguar os fatores que contribuem para essa falta de tempo que o grande grupo optou como processo que limita o raciocínio clínico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to know the facilities and limitations of nurses to develop clinical reasoning. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study that sought to ascertain the "facilities and limitations of nurses in the clinical reasoning process" of 163 nurses from the seven hospitals in the City of Dourados/MS, in the first half of 2016, of which 79.8 % are female, 65.4% are specialists and 85.9% are from the Consolidation of Labor Laws. Participants pointed to "permanent education" (62%) as the main facilitator and "little time to study" (45.39%) as the greatest limitation to develop clinical reasoning. It's concluded that is necessary to create strategies in the hospital network that allow nurses to update themselves within the institution that works and to investigate the factors that contribute to this lack of time that the large group has chosen as a process that limits the clinical reasoning.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las facilidades y limitaciones de los enfermeros para desarrollar el raciocinio clínico. Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, de corte transversal, que buscó averiguar las "facilidades y limitaciones de los enfermeros en el proceso del raciocinio clínico" de 163 enfermeros de los siete hospitales del municipio de Dourados/MS, en el primer semestre de 2016, siendo 79,8 % son del sexo femenino, 65,4% son especialistas y 85,9% son del régimen de Consolidación de las Leyes laborales. Los participantes apuntaron "educación permanente" (62%) como el principal facilitador y "poco tiempo para estudiar" (45,39%) como la mayor limitación para desarrollar el raciocinio clínico. Es necesario crear estrategias en la red hospitalaria que posibilite que los enfermeros se actualicen dentro de la propia institución que trabaja y averiguar los factores que contribuyen a esa falta de tiempo que el gran grupo optó como proceso que limita el raciocinio clínico.(AU)

Varying the vegetative and morphological traits of Thymus kotschyanus L. submitted to potassium silicate nanoparticles, superabsorbent hydrogel, effective microorganisms, and animal manure / Variação das características vegetativas e morfológ icas de thymus kotschyanus l. submetida a nanopartículas de silicato de potássio, o hidrogel superabsorvente, os microorgan ismos efetivos e o esterco animal

To study the effects of some new facilitators on the vegetative and morphological traits of Thymus kotschyanus, nine treatments were tested in the experimental rangeland field at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Treatments included control, potassium silicate nanoparticles (PSN) with two levels of 500 and 1000 mg/lit, superabsorbent hydrogel (SH) with two levels of 10 and 30 g/kg, animal manure (AM) with two levels of 100, 200 g/kg, and effective microorganisms (EM) with two levels of 1 and 2%. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results of mean comparisons of treatments for Thymus kotschyanus characteristics showed that the highest amount of studied traits were observed in the treated SH 30 g/kg. These traits include plant height (19.44 cm), basal area (4.66 cm), canopy cover (99.11%), number of secondary branches (9.44) and depth of rooting (16.49 cm), aerial parts volume (26.77 cm3), root volume (17.66 cm3), aerial parts fresh weight (14.40 g), aerial parts dry weight (7.18 g), root fresh weight (3.98 g), and root dry weight (2.07 g). In general, the impact of treatments on Thymus growth traits were ranked as follows: SH 30 g/kg, PSN 1000 mg/lit, AM 200 g/kg, SH 10 g/kg, PSN 500 mg/lit, AM 100 g/kg, EM 2%, and EM 1%. In addition,the lowest plant traits were found in control. Overall, it is recommended extending the cultivation of this native medicinal plant by considering ecological conditions in each region. In addition, to promote the establishment and facilitate the growth of planted species, it is recommended using the facilitators utilized in the present work.

Para estudar os efeitos de alguns novos facilitadores sobre as características vegetativas e morfológicas de Thymus kotschyanus L., nove tratamentos foram testados no campo experimental de pastagens na Universidade de Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Irã. Os tratamentos incluíram controle, nanopartículas de silicato de potássio (PSN) com dois níveis de 500 e 1000 mg/L, hidrogel superabsorvente (SH) com dois níveis de 10 e 30 g/kg, esterco animal (AM) com dois níveis de 100 e 200 g/kg e microorganismos efetivos (EM) com dois níveis de 1 e 2%. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância unidirecional (ANOVA). Os resultados das comparações médias dos tratamentos para as características de Thymus kotschyanus L. mostraram que a maior quantidade das características estudadas foi observada no tratamento com SH 30 g/kg. Essas características incluem altura de plantas (19,44 cm), área basal (4,66 cm), cobertura de dossel (99,11%), número de ramos secundários (9,44) e profundidade de enraizamento (16,49 cm), volume de partes aéreas (26,77 cm3), volume de raiz (17,66 cm3), peso fresco de partes aéreas (14,40 g), peso seco de partes aéreas (7,18 g), peso fresco de raiz (3,98 g) e peso seco de raiz (2,07 g). Em geral, o impacto dos tratamentos nas características de crescimento de Thymus foi classificado da seguinte forma: SH 30 g/kg, PSN 1000 mg/L, AM 200 g/kg, SH 10 g/kg, PSN 500 mg/L, AM 100 g/kg, EM 2% e EM 1%. Além disso, as características mais baixas da planta foram encontradas no controle. Em geral, recomenda-se estender o cultivo desta plantamedicinal nativa considerando as condições ecológicas em cada região. Além disso, para promover o estabelecimento e facilitar o crescimento de espécies plantadas, recomenda-se utilizar os facilitadores utilizados no presente trabalho.

A teoria do amadurecimento e as novas configurações familiares / The theory of maturation and new family settings

A teoria do amadurecimento, construída por Winnicott, aponta a importância da facilitação do ambiente para o desenvolvimento das tendências herdadas do indivíduo. Ao estudarmos a família, no século XXI, vemos que a configuração familiar tradicional, embora ainda dominante, tem se apresentado ao lado de outras configurações - famílias recompostas, famílias ampliadas, famílias homoparentais, famílias monoparentais, entre outras -, em que algumas, mesmo que sempre tenham existido de forma marginal em menor número, têm o prenúncio de um aumento expressivo desse número no futuro. Este texto pretende, assim, discutir os aspectos que essas novas configurações precisam preservar em si, em meio às mudanças que as fazem novas, para viabilizarem a condição de ambiente facilitador, bem como os aspectos da teoria do amadurecimento que contribuem para que as novas famílias se sintam potencialmente facilitadoras do amadurecimento emocional dos indivíduos em seu seio.

The theory of maturation, built by Winnicott, points out the importance of the facilitating environment for the development of the inherited tendencies of the individual. As we study the family in the twenty-first century, we see that the traditional family setting, although still dominant, has performed alongside other settings - recomposed families, extended families, gay families, single parents, among others - where some even that have always existed marginally fewer have the beginnings of a significant increase in this number in the future, due to the recent social and legal recognition. This conference thus aims to discuss the aspects that these new settings need to preserve itself in the midst of changes that make them new, to permit the condition of enabling environment, as well as the aspects of the theory of maturation that contribute to the new families feel potentially enabling the emotional maturity of the individuals within it.

ESCUELAS DE CAMPO DE AGRICULTORES DE Theobroma cacao L. EN EL BAJO CAGUAN (Experiencia, Resultados y Lecciones Aprendidas) / Theobroma cacao L. FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS IN LOWER CAGUAN (Experience, Results and Lessons Learned)

Localización. La Región del Bajo Caguán se encuentra localizada en las riberas del río Cagúan, jurisdicción del municipio de Cartagena del Chaira, suroriente del Departamento del Caquetá en la región Amazónica Colombiana. Objetivo. Compartir los resultados metodológicos y de formación logrados mediante las Escuelas de Campo de Agricultores de Theobroma cacao L. desarrollados por la Universidad de la Amazonia en el marco del proyecto: "Desempeño agronómico, evaluación fitosanitaria y caracterización molecular de clones promisorios de Theobroma cacao L. provenientes de materiales vegetales élite presentes en sistemas productivos del bajo Caguán, municipio de Cartagena del Chairá" (ECAs-CAGUAN) que contó con el apoyo de Colciencias, el Comité de Cacaoteros del Bajo Caguán y Suncillas " Chocaguán" y la Parroquia San Isidro Labrador. Metodología. El trabajo se realizó a partir del aprendizaje por descubrimiento, partiendo de los conocimientos y la experiencia previa de los campesinos, la reflexión, la nueva información y la aplicación de la misma. Esta situación implicó la formación a profesionales como facilitadores de ECAs, la definición participativa del currículo, la construcción de protocolos y la aplicación flexible de estos en campo. Resultados. La ECAs - CAGUAN, en su primer ciclo de formación lograron formar a 43 cultivadores y productores de Theobroma cacao L, es decir que el 78% de los que iniciaron el proceso y se logró un Indice de Incremento del Conocimiento (IIC) del 34%. Una de las lecciones aprendidas y quizás la más importante es la necesidad que las ECAs incorporen otros elementos de trabajo que van más allá de lo técnico y está relacionado con estrategias de trabajo social, afectivo y de sensibilidad, esto contribuirá a mejorar los procesos de adopción tecnológica en campo. Conclusiones. El proceso de las ECAs- Caguan, permitió a los agricultores entre otras cosas entender que el hallazgo de los élites y/o el mejoramiento genético es solo un factor que ayudará a que su producto mejore, pero la mayor responsabilidad está precisamente en ellos mismos, en la realización de las prácticas culturales y de manejo de sus cultivos.

Location. The Bajo Caguan region is located on the banks of the Cagúan River, municipality of Cartagena del Chaira, southeast of the Department of Caquetá in the Colombian Amazon region. Objective. To share methodological and training results achieved through Theobroma cacao L. Farmer Field Schools developed by the University of the Amazon under the project: "Agronomic performance, phytosanitary evaluation and molecular characterization of promising Theobroma cacao L. clones from elite plant material present in productive systems in the Bajo Caguan municipality of Cartagena del Chairá" (RCT-Cagúan) that was supported by Colciencias, the Cocoa Committee of Bajo Caguan and Suncillas, "Chocaguán",and the San Isidro Labrador Parish. Methodology. The work was conducted from discovery learning, based on the farmers’ previous knowledge and experience, reflection, new information and its application. This involved training professionals as FFS facilitators, the participatory definition of curriculum, building of protocols and flexible application of these in the field. Results. The FFS - Cagúan, in its first training cycle managed to train 43 farmers and producers of Theobroma cacao L, which means that 78% of those who started the process achieved an increase of Knowledge Index (IIC) of 34%. One of the lessons learned and perhaps the most important one, is the need to incorporate to the FFS other work items that go beyond the technical and that are related to social work, affective and sensitivity strategies, which will help improve technological adoption processes in the field. Conclusions. The FFS-Caguan process, allowed farmers, among other things, to understand that finding the elites and/or genetic improvement is only one factor that will help improve their product, but the main responsibility lies precisely in themselves, in conducting cultural practices and crop management.

El debate acerca del efecto facilitador en problemas de probabilidad condicional: ¿ Un caso de experimentación crucial ? / The debate around the facilitation effect on conditional probability problems: Is this a case of crucial experimentation?

Se ha mostrado en la literatura de Psicología Cognitiva que las personas generalmente tienen dificultades para resolver problemas de probabilidad condicional. Sin embargo, también se ha mostrado que, bajo ciertas condiciones, las respuestas mejoran de manera significativa. Desde mitad de la década de 1990 hubo un gran debate acerca de cómo dar cuenta de dicho efecto facilitador. Se han propuesto dos hipótesis rivales, la hipótesis de frecuencias naturales que dice que el efecto facilitador se debe a presentar la información de manera frecuentista, y la hipótesis de conjuntos anidados que dice que dicho efecto se debe a la clarificación de las relaciones de conjunto del problema. En este artículo intentaremos clarificar el debate y analizar la evidencia empírica relevante. La pregunta a responder es la siguiente: ¿Se ha producido alguna experimentación crucial en favor de alguna de las dos hipótesis? Nuestra respuesta será negativa, aunque reconociendo que la hipótesis de conjuntos anidados parece hasta ahora, mejor respaldada que su rival.

In the early '70s, Tversky and Kahneman founded a research program in Cognitive Psychology called Heuristics and Biases. This program found extensive evidence that shows that people tend to commit reasoning errors when making judgments under uncertainty. A particular case is that people tend to fail when reasoning about conditional probability problems, that is, problems that ask for the probability of some event given the fact that another event has occurred (e.g. the probability of raining given that it is cloudy). But in the mid '90s, Gigerenzer and other evolutionary psychologists came along and gave an important turn to the state of the art. They showed that if the conditional probability problems used in the literature are framed in a different way, people's performance greatly improves. More specifically, if the problems present the information under a specific format called natural frequency format, around 50% of participants get the correct answer. Since the mid ´90s researchers engage in an important debate on how to account for such a facilitation effect. There are two main proposals, one by the Evolutionary Psychology Program and the other by Heuristic and Biases Program. The natural frequency hypothesis supported by the Evolutionary Program basically says that the natural frequency format is the responsible factor for the improvement in people's performance. The Heuristic and Biases Program, in turn, has proposed the nested-set hypothesis to explain the facilitation effect. The basic idea is that natural frequency versions tend to make transparent the relevant subset relations of the problem. When people see clearly the set relations involved in this kind of problems (the argument goes) they tend to use correctly base rates and thus, their performance improves. They point out that, according to this view, the success of the frequency effect does not have to do with natural frequency formats per se. They predict that any format whatsoever that make the relevant set relations clear will show the same effect. The key question is, then, as follows. Is this a case of crucial experimentation in favor of one of our rival hypotheses? In other words, is there an experiment or a series of experiments such that our rival hypotheses predict opposite results, so that we can claim one of them as victorious over the other? The empirical evidence on the matter is mixed. Some studies seem to support the natural frequency hypothesis while others seem to support the nested-set hypothesis. We will then try to clarify this debate by focusing on the diverse strategies and techniques used in the literature to settle the dispute. We will argue that the right strategy to discriminate between both hypotheses is to use genuine probability problems with a clarified set structure and see whether these conditions elicit or not a performance comparable to the natural frequency effect. Within this general strategy, we review the literature and found that there are three techniques, namely, the improved wording technique, the natural chance technique and the graphical representation technique that seem to provoke a performance as good as the one elicited by natural formats, giving, thus, a stronger support for the nested set hypothesis. However, a careful analysis shows that neither the improved wording technique nor the chance technique has provided both consistent and clear results in favor of the nested-set hypothesis. As for the graphical representation technique, the evidence still seems very slim. The improvement in performance was shown in two studies that worked with only one problem each. Furthermore, neither of these problems seems completely adequate. Thus, we do not think the last word about the matter has been said and more empirical work is needed to settle the issue.