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Tobacco consumption has an influence on the oral mucosa and causes oral malignancy in the due time. On assessing nicotine dependence, appropriate counselling can be given to prevent further progression of the habit. Aim of this study was to assess the nicotine dependence levels among patients with potentially malignant disorders such as leukoplakia and Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) using fagerstrom test. This study included 140 patients from October 2019 to January 2020 in a dental hospital. Variables such as age, gender, tobacco form and lesion were assessed. Descriptive and chi square statistics were performed. Out of 140 patients, higher prevalence with tobacco usage were among 41-50 years (40%), 94.29% were males and 5.71% were females, 16.43% had low dependency, 52.86% had medium dependency and 30.71% had high dependency. Association between age; nicotine dependency in patients with and without lesion p=0.000(p<0.05), statistically significant. Association between gender and patients with and without lesions p=0.151(p>0.05), statistically not significant. Within the limitations of the present study, males had higher prevalence of tobacco use among 41-50 years. Patients with potentially malignant disorders and smokers without lesion had medium dependence while smokeless tobacco users without lesion had a high dependence
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OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding and bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets in the treatment of tobacco dependence.@*METHODS@#A total of 100 patients with tobacco dependence who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into an acupoint catgut embedding group and a drug group, 50 cases in each group. In the acupoint catgut embedding group, acupoint catgut embedding was applied at Xinshu (BL 15), Shenmen (HT 7), Tianmei (Extra), Taichong (LR 3), the treatment was given once every 2 weeks for 4 times; The bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets was orally administered in the drug group for 7 weeks, 150 mg each time, once a day for the first 3 days, twice daily from day 4 to day 7, and once a day after day 8. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) score before and after treatment, the 4th and 8th week smoking cessation rate, the continuous smoking cessation rate and efficacy, compliance rate and adverse reaction rate were compared in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#A total of 100 patients were enrolled, and 97 patients completed the study (loss rate was 3%), including 49 cases in the acupoint catgut embedding group and 48 cases in the drug group. The FTND scores in the two groups were lower than those before treatment (both 0.05). At the 4th and the 8th week, the smoking cessation rate in the acupoint catgut embedding group was 40.8% (20/49) and 79.6% (39/49) respectively, the smoking cessation rate in the drug group was 41.7% (20/48) and 83.3% (40/48) respectively, the two groups were equally effective (both >0.05). The continuous smoking cessation rate in the acupoint embedding group was 40.8% (20/49), which was equivalent to 41.7% (20/48) in the drug group (>0.05). The rate of complete compliance in the acupoint embedding group was 61.2% (30/49), which was significantly better than 37.5% (18/48) in the drug group (<0.05). The adverse reaction rate in the acupoint catgut embedding group was 12.2% (6/49), which was significantly lower than 29.2% (16/48) in the drug group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Acupoint catgut embedding can effectively improve the symptoms of tobacco dependence after smoking cessation. Its curative effect is close to that of bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets, and it has good clinical compliance and less adverse reactions.
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Humanos , Puntos de Acupuntura , Bupropión , Usos Terapéuticos , Catgut , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Comprimidos , Tabaquismo , TerapéuticaRESUMEN
Objective:To determine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FrND) scale among smoking male inpatients with schizophrenia.Methods:Two hundred and twenty smoking male inpatients,who met criteria for schizophrenia of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ),were consecutively included.FTND scale and Russell's Reasons for Smoking Questionnaire (RRSQ) were used to assess subjects'severity of nicotine dependence and addiction score of the dimension of reason for smoking,respectively.According to the principle of voluntariness,37 subjects were selected and re-assessed with FTND scale after two-week interval.Reliability,correlation and factor analyses were used to examine the reliability and validity.Results:The Cronbach α (internal consistency) and two-week re-test reliability coefficients of FTND scale were 0.68 and 0.72 (P ＜0.01),respectively.The criterion related validity coefficient with addiction score of RRSQ was 0.53 (P ＜0.01).Two common factors were abstracted from the scale factor analysis,accounting for 52.4％ of the total variance.There were statistically significant differences between patients with different duration of illness,number of hospitalizations and age of smoking initiation (P ＜0.05).Conclusion:The Chinese version of FTND scale for smoking male inpatients with schizophrenia has a relatively low internal consistency and good re-test reliability,criterion related validity,construct validity and empirical validity.
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Introduction: One of the known factors that hindered smoking cessation is nicotine dependence. Measurement of the nicotine dependence is important to better understand cigarette smoking addiction dependence and ways to overcome it. Among methods of nicotine dependence measurement are self-reported Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and biochemical assessment such as saliva cotinine. Biochemical assessment can be used to measure the accuracy of the self-reported measurement of nicotine dependence. Objective: To explore the correlation between the FTND and the saliva cotinine of the smokers in three different timeline. Methods: A total of 61 male smokers who currently smoke cigarette on daily basis were recruited. The study used the one-group pretest-posttest study design and the data were collected three times. The self-reported measurement were measured by using FTND and the biochemical assessment measured by using saliva cotinine from Saliva Bio oral swab (SOS) with the sensitivity of 0.15ng/ml. Data analysis was conducted by using Pearson correlation. Results: There was a significant association between the FTND score and saliva cotinine level of the smokers at baseline, second and third data collection (p=0.014, p=0.003, p<0.001). Conclusion: Both the self-reported measurement of nicotine dependence and biochemical assessment of the smokers are correlated and it could provide reliable information of the nicotine dependence.
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Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture plus auricular point sticking in improving tobacco withdrawal symptoms after smoke cessation. Method Forty-eight patients with tobacco withdrawal symptoms were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 24 in each group. The treatment group was intervened by acupuncture plus auricular point sticking, while the control group was by auricular point sticking. The daily consumption of tobacco, Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Self-rating Scale of Tobacco Dependence (SSTD) were observed before and after intervention, and the smoke cessation rate was also compared. Result The smoke cessation rate was 83.3%in the treatment group versus 54.2%in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After intervention, the daily consumption of tobacco and SSTD score in the treatment group were significantly changed and markedly different from that in the control group (P<0.05). The FTND scores were significantly changed after intervention in both groups (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in comparing the FTND score between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05). Conclusion Acupuncture plus auricular point sticking can improve the tobacco withdrawal symptoms.
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Background & objectives: Information on predictors of quitting behaviour in adult tobacco users is scarce in Indian context. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the intention of tobacco-users towards quitting and its predictors with reference to nicotine dependence. Methods: A community-based observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 128 adult tobacco-users (89.8% male) with mean age of 41.1 ± 15.7 yr selected by complete enumeration method. Data were collected by interview using pre-designed, pre-tested schedule. Nicotine dependence was assessed by Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) questionnaire. Result: Of the 128 users, 63.3 per cent had intention to quit. Majority of the tobacco users who did not intend to quit belonged to the age group of >40 yr (66.0%), were illiterate (55.3%), started tobacco use at 11 – 15 yr of age (57.4%), had been using tobacco for 20 yr or more (70.2%), were daily tobacco users (91.5%), and highly dependent on nicotine (80.9%). Tobacco users having high FTND score and who started tobacco use early in life were 1.83 and 3.30 times more unintended to quit, respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: Suitable plan for quitting should be developed depending on the FTND score of an individual, the most important determinant of quitting that would be beneficial for categorization of the treatment leading to successful quitting.
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BACKGROUND: Although the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ) and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), which are the tools to measure Nicotine Dependence, have a high internal reliability and a high test-retest reliability, they have not been tested domestically. A Korean-Version Questionnaire for Nicotine Dependence was assessed to find out the internal reliability, test-retest reliability and validity. METHODS: The research subjects were adult smokers of ages between 19 and 77 among hospital visitors, hospital staffs, inpatients and outpatients. The smokers had their carbon monoxide measured after responding to the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND), the history of smoking, the variables related to Nicotine Dependence, and factors that influence carbon monoxide(CO) measurement. Micro II smokerlyzer (Bedfont Instruments Ltd, England) was used to analyze CO concentration in expired air. The method used for measuring CO concentration was to deeply inhale and hold one's breath for 15 seconds and measure CO concentration while exhaling. RESULTS: The total number of subjects was 205 (199 males, 6 females) consisting of 124 hospital visitors, 67 hospital staff, 8 inpatients, and 6 inpatients. The average FTQ was 4.68 and the average FTND was 3.95. Cronbach's alpha, which indicates the internal reliability, was 0.6679 for FTQ and 0.6913 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates test-retest reliability was 0.783 for FTQ and 0.880 for FTND. The correlation coefficient which indicates the relationship between the level of Nicotine Dependence and expired air CO concentration was 0.484 for FTQ and 0.563 for FTND. The correlation coefficient of the smoking period was 0.247 for FTQ and 0.252 for FTND. CONCLUSION: This Korean-Version Questionnaires for Nicotine Dependence (FTQ & FTND) were both satisfactory from the aspects of reliability and validity. It was concluded that the Korean-Version of FTND was a reliable method to reflect the level of nicotine dependence of smokers from the fact that the reliability and validity of FTND was higher than that of FTQ.