Testing a coping scale in Mexican families in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the psychometric properties / Escala de afrontamiento en familias mexicanas ante la pandemia por COVID-19: Propiedadespsicométricas

Abstract Introduction The rapid spread of the pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, more commonly known as COVID-19, required sanitary measures, such as social distancing and quarantining, which represented non-normative stressors for Mexican families. Objective Obtaining evidence of the validity and reliability of a family coping scale in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method A questionnaire was developed containing 48 items, and responses were collected using Google forms with a total of 558 participants. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to obtain the reliability and validity of the scale. Results The instrument is made up of six factors that explain 67.27% of the variance. The scale had a McDonald's omega coefficient of .82, and the model had a good fit with most values equal to or higher than .90. Discussion and conclusions The final items showed proper theoretical congruence and good indicators of fit. These results allow for the assertion that factors 1, 2, 5, and 6 allude to a good family adaptation in the face of the pandemic. Meanwhile, factors 3 and 4 indicate a poor family adaptation. Among the main contributions of this study is that this is one of the first scales to address the subject in Mexico, followed by statistical data that suggests the scale possesses appropriate psychometric properties to be used in the Mexican population.

Resumen Introducción La rápida propagación de la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2, más conocido como COVID-19, requirió medidas sanitarias, como el distanciamiento social y la cuarentena, que representan estresores no normativos para las familias mexicanas. Objetivo Obtención de evidencia de la validez y confiabilidad de una escala de afrontamiento familiar ante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método Se desarrolló un cuestionario que contenía 48 ítems y las respuestas se recopilaron mediante un formulario de Google con un total de 558 participantes. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para obtener la confiabilidad y validez de la escala. Resultados El instrumento está compuesto por seis factores que explican el 67.27% de la varianza. La escala tuvo un coeficiente Omega de McDonald's de .82, y el modelo tuvo un buen ajuste con la mayoría de los valores iguales o superiores a .90. Discusión y conclusiones Los ítems finales mostraron adecuada congruencia teórica y buenos indicadores de ajuste. Estos resultados permiten afirmar que los factores 1, 2, 5 y 6 aluden a una buena adaptación familiar ante la pandemia. Por su parte, los factores 3 y 4 indican mala adaptación familiar. Entre los principales aportes de este estudio se encuentra que esta es una de las primeras escalas que aborda el tema en México, seguido de datos estadísticos que sugieren que la escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser utilizada en población mexicana.

Estrategias de afrontamiento en adultos de la zona centro-sur de Chile durante la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19 / Coping Strategies in Adults in the Central-South Zone of Chile, During the Health Contingency due to COVID-19

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar las estrategias de afrontamiento personales y familiares en el desarrollo de la experiencia de confinamiento, por causa de la contingencia sanitaria por COVID-19, en población adulta de la zona centro-sur de Chile. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, con un diseño de tipo transversal, asociativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 251 personas, 139 (55.4%) mujeres y 112 (44.6%) hombres, con un rango etario de 18 a 40 años. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI) y la Escala de Evaluación Personal del Funcionamiento Familiar en Situaciones de Crisis (F-COPE). El análisis de los datos se realizó al emplear SPSS 22 y considerar un intervalo de confianza del 95% para el desarrollo de estadística descriptiva, pruebas de diferencias de medias t de Student, pruebas de correlación r de Pearson y ANOVA de una vía. Los resultados muestran que el afrontamiento individual se relaciona positivamente con el familiar, encontrando diferencias significativas según género y edad. Se discuten los hallazgos de acuerdo a los antecedentes teóricos y empíricos revisados.

Abstract: The aim of the research was to determine the personal and family coping strategies as the confinement experience developed, due to the COVID-19 health contingency, in an adult population of the south-central zone of Chile. The study was quantitative, with a cross-sectional, associative design. The sample consisted of 251 young adults, 139 (55.4%) women, and 112 (44.6%) men, with an age range of 18 to 40 years. The instruments applied were the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Personal Evaluation Scale of Family Functioning in Crisis Situations (F-COPE). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's r correlation tests, Student's t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results show that an individual's coping is positively related to his/her family one, with significant differences according to gender and age. The findings are discussed according to the reviewed theoretical and empirical background.

Factores asociados al afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente grave / Factors associated to family coping with the healthcare process of the critically-ill patient

Introducción: Hoy el estudio del afrontamiento familiar a la atención del paciente grave es una exigencia social. Objetivo: Validar la viabilidad de un sistema de talleres de socialización familiar dirigido a mejorar el afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente ingresado en esta unidad en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" de Guantánamo. Método: Se realizó un estudio experimental donde el universo fue el total de familiares de los pacientes egresados durante enero-febrero de 2019 (N=95), facilitadores de la interacción paciente-familia-profesional. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria (n=25), que se encuestó sobre el significado de su participación en la atención médica al paciente grave y su preparación para el afrontamiento de esta atención. Se validó mediante un pre-experimento la contribución de un sistema de talleres dirigido con esta finalidad. Resultados: El 100 % de las familias manifestó la necesidad de preparación para su participación en la atención al paciente grave. El 60 % mejoró su actitud para el afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente grave luego de aplicar el sistema de talleres. Conclusiones: El sistema de talleres de socialización familiar genera cambios favorables en la preparación de las familias para el afrontamiento en la atención al paciente grave.

Introduction: The study of family members coping with the healthcare process of critically ill patients is a social demand that needs to be addressed today. Objective: To validate the viability of a system of family interactive workshops in order to improve family coping of the healthcare process of the patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" in Guantanamo. Method: An experimental study was carried out, in which the population was made out of the family members (the facilitators of the patient-family-doctor interaction) of intensive-care-unit-discharged patients, in the period from January to February, 2019 (N=95). A random sample was selected (n=25) and interviewed to find out how effective the interactive workshops were in the learning process of how to cope with the situation of having a critically ill family member, and how important the participation on this process was for the family. The contribution of a workshop system was validated using a pre-experimental study. Results: 100% of the families expressed the need for preparation in workshops aimed to improve coping skills to face the treatment and healthcare of an ill family member. 60 % of families involved in the workshops system improved their coping abilities to carry on with the difficulties of the treatment of their ill family member. Conclusion: The family interactive workshops system creates favorable changes in the preparation of the families to cope with the treatment process of one of their members dealing with a critical illness.

Factores asociados al afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente grave / Factors associated to family coping with the healthcare process of the critically-ill patient

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy el estudio del afrontamiento familiar a la atención del paciente grave es una exigencia social. Objetivo: Validar la viabilidad de un sistema de talleres de socialización familiar dirigido a mejorar el afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente ingresado en esta unidad en el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" de Guantánamo. Método: Se realizó un estudio experimental donde el universo fue el total de familiares de los pacientes egresados durante enero-febrero de 2019 (N=95), facilitadores de la interacción paciente-familia-profesional. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria (n=25), que se encuestó sobre el significado de su participación en la atención médica al paciente grave y su preparación para el afrontamiento de esta atención. Se validó mediante un pre-experimento la contribución de un sistema de talleres dirigido con esta finalidad. Resultados: El 100 por ciento de las familias manifestó la necesidad de preparación para su participación en la atención al paciente grave. El 60 por ciento mejoró su actitud para el afrontamiento familiar en la atención al paciente grave luego de aplicar el sistema de talleres. Conclusiones: El sistema de talleres de socialización familiar genera cambios favorables en la preparación de las familias para el afrontamiento en la atención al paciente grave.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The study of family members coping with the healthcare process of critically ill patients is a social demand that needs to be addressed today. Objective: To validate the viability of a system of family interactive workshops in order to improve family coping of the healthcare process of the patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto" in Guantanamo. Method: An experimental study was carried out, in which the population was made out of the family members (the facilitators of the patient-family-doctor interaction) of intensive-care-unit-discharged patients, in the period from January to February, 2019 (N=95). A random sample was selected (n=25) and interviewed to find out how effective the interactive workshops were in the learning process of how to cope with the situation of having a critically ill family member, and how important the participation on this process was for the family. The contribution of a workshop system was validated using a pre-experimental study. Results: 100 per cent of the families expressed the need for preparation in workshops aimed to improve coping skills to face the treatment and healthcare of an ill family member. 60 per cent of families involved in the workshops system improved their coping abilities to carry on with the difficulties of the treatment of their ill family member. Conclusion: The family interactive workshops system creates favorable changes in the preparation of the families to cope with the treatment process of one of their members dealing with a critical illness.

Particularidades del afrontamiento familiar al niño con diagnóstico y rehabilitación por parálisis cerebral / Particularities of the family coping with a child diagnosed as cerebral palsy patient and under rehabilitation

Introducción: la parálisis cerebral es considerada la primera causa de invalidez en la infancia, afecta la organización familiar y la inserción social. Requiere rehabilitación prolongada y una intensa labor de cuidados para mejorar la calidad de vida del menor. Objetivo: describir las particularidades del afrontamiento familiar ante el diagnóstico y rehabilitación de niños con parálisis cerebral. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal de tipo cualitativo. La unidad de análisis fue la familia. Se realizaron entrevista en profundidad a familiares de los pacientes, niños 0 a 4 años de edad ingresados en el Hospital de Rehabilitación Julio Díaz González en el 2013. Se indagó el comportamiento familiar ante el diagnóstico de la enfermedad y el proceso de rehabilitación. Para el procesamiento de datos se empleó el enfoque de análisis en progreso de Taylor-Bogdan. Resultados: las regularidades establecidas a partir de las configuraciones emergentes especificaron el afrontamiento a la enfermedad de las familias estudiadas: duda, búsqueda de información, esfuerzo familiar, contradicciones en la reorganización de la vida en el hogar, demanda de apoyo y agotamiento familiar. Conclusiones: el afrontamiento familiar está transversalizado por un eje motivacional. El balance familiar, entre las expectativas de mejora de la situación de salud del niño, su lenta evolución en el proceso de rehabilitación y el sobreesfuerzo que representa enfrentar la discapacidad del menor en el contexto de la vida cotidiana, provoca el tránsito gradual desde un afrontamiento familiar motivado a uno desmotivado. Tal comportamiento potencializa una acción destructiva en la salud del grupo familiar(AU)

Introduction: cerebral palsy is considered as the first cause of disability in childhood, but it also affects family organization and social insertion. It requires rehabilitation for long time and intensive care to improve the quality of life of a child. Objective: to describe the particularities of the family coping with the child diagnosed as cerebral palsy patient under rehabilitation. Methods: qualitative-type descriptive and cross-sectional study in which the unit of analysis was the family. In-depth interviews were made to families of patients aged 0 to 4 years, who were admitted to "Julio Diaz Gonzales" rehabilitation hospital in 2013. The family behaviors in facing the diagnosis of the disease and the process of rehabilitation were ascertained. For the data processing, the Taylor-Bogdam's in-progress analysis approach was used. Results: the set regularities from the emerging configurations characterize the family coping with the disease: doubts, search for information, family efforts, contradictions in family life reorganization at home, demand for support, family worn-out. Conclusions: the family coping is being crossed by a motivational axis. The family balance, the expectations for improvement of the child's health situation, the slow progress of the rehabilitation process and the extreme efforts that are needed to face the disability of a child in everyday life brings about the gradual transition from motivated to demotivated family coping. This behavior potentiates harmful actions affecting the health of the family group(AU)

Estrategias de afrontamiento individual y familiar frente a situaciones de estrés psicológico / Individual and family copying strategies when facing psychological stress situations

El artículo presenta el recorrido teórico que sustentan las estrategias de afrontamiento individual y las estrategias de afrontamiento familiar, a partir de una investigación bibliográfica analítica sobre los mismos. Los resultados de esta investigación dan cuenta de la génesis social del afrontamiento, concebido desde un enfoque cognitivo fenomenológico que en coherencia con el interaccionismo simbólico nos explica, a partir de la estrecha relación interactiva entre el individuo y las instituciones a las que pertenece, el uso de dichas estrategias a nivel individual y familiar. Igualmente se destaca en los hallazgos la relación positiva del afrontamiento con la salud y la funcionalidad del sistema familiar.

This paper presents a theoretical summary of individual coping strategies and family coping strategies based on a review of the literature. The results of this study show the social genesis of coping, designed from a cognitive phenomenological approach consistent with the symbolic interactionist which explains, from the close interactive relationship between individuals and institutions to which it belongs, how to use these strategies to individual and family level. Also we highlighted the positive relationship of coping with health and functionality of the family system.

Family coping of family who has a hospitalized child / 아동간호학회지

Nurses working with families who has a hospitalized child are aware of the complexity of the tasks and stresses they deal with new setting of environment. The challenge is to assess the family coping activity that require the most immediate intervention for the effective nursing care for child and family. This study describe the family coping inventory for the clinical guidance to identify a family coping with stressors. The purpose of this study was to look at the factors related to the family's coping activity when the child was hospitalized. The data were collected with a questionnaire between July and August, 1999, in a sample of 106 families who have hospitalized child. Family coping was assessed using Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale(F-COPES). Data was analyzed using correlation coefficent and analysis of variance. Positive correlation was found between social support, reframe with mobilizing the family to acquire and accept help in sub-domain of family coping. Strongest correlation existed between the family's spiritual support and total family coping. The type of diagnosis, the level of family income, religion, and child's age were significantly different in family coping. The result show that the family coping is affected by the characteristics of child and family, as well as the factors of coping activity. Therefore, early assessment of family coping skill and activity is important to the prevention of problem with function toward wholeness as a unit and child's well being. It can be used with a broad range of child's hospitalization process. It also serve as a nursing record and planning tool for documenting issues that may become priorities for future interventions.