Hereditary angioedema. Diagnosis in an asymptomatic elderly woman / Angioedema hereditario. Diagnóstico en una mujer mayor asintomática

Abstract Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease with an autosomal dominant heredity pattern, due to mutations in the gene encoding the C1 esterase inhibitor. The onset of symptoms usually occurs during childhood. Clinically, it is characterized by repeated episodes of angioedema that may affect the skin, abdomen and larynx/pharynx. The occurrence of attacks and their severity are unpredictable and can be fatal without the appropriate treatment. We present the case of an asymptomatic 65-year-old woman, with a history of three adult children diagnosed with HAE. Despite the high probabilities of being a carrier of the mutation, she had not been previously studied. Diagnosis of HAE in a family member would require screening of all at-risk relatives. Early diagnosis is essential to establish a correct and timely therapeutic strategy in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.

Resumen El angioedema hereditario (HAE) es una enfermedad rara, con un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante, debida a mutaciones en el gen que codifica el inhibidor de la C1 esterasa. El inicio de los síntomas suele ocurrir durante la infancia. Clínicamente se caracteriza por episodios recurrentes de angioedema que pueden afectar la piel, el abdomen y la laringe/faringe. La ocurrencia de los ataques y su gravedad son imprevisibles, y puede resultar fatal sin el tratamiento apropiado. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad, asintomática, con antecedente de tres hijos adultos con diagnóstico de HAE, quién pese a la alta probabilidad de ser portadora de la mutación, no había sido estudiada previamente. El diagnóstico de HAE en un integrante de la familia obligaría a realizar estudios de cribado en todos los familiares en riesgo. El diagnóstico temprano resulta fundamental para establecer una estrategia terapéutica correcta y oportuna, disminuyendo así la morbimortalidad asociada a la enfermedad.

The spectrum of neurological manifestations of Fabry disease in alarge Turkish family with c.[680G>A] p.[R227Q]mutation

Background& Objectives: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare lysosomal storage disease with X-linked recessive inheritance caused by a mutation in the α-galactosidase A gene (GLA) (X14448.1) on chromosome X, leading to α-galactosidase (α-Gal A) (EC: 3.2.1.22) enzyme deficiency. In this report, we present the genetic mutations, clinical features and the neurological involvement of a large Turkish family with FD diagnosed in our clinic during the etiological investigation of a young index patient with recurrent ischemic stroke episodes. Methods: We evaluated 20 members (9 male, 11 female) of a large Turkish family including the index patient. All of them were investigated with a detailed medical history, systemic and neurological examination. Enzyme activity of α-Gal A and GLA gene mutation were tested using dried blood spot (DBS) method. The normative value of α-Gal A enzyme activity was above the cut-off value of 1.2 μmol/l/h. Results: The α-Gal A activity was low in 13 cases (5 male, 27.7%). A total of 13 patients (4 male patients out of 5 males with low enzyme activity and 9 female patients) were found to have a c.[680G>A] p.[R227Q] missense mutation in the GLA gene. Ischemic stroke, renal disorder, cardiomyopathy, neuropathic pain, acroparesthesia, hearing loss, ocular involvement, angiokeratoma, hypohydrosis and hyperhydrosis were the clinical manifestations of FD in the affected family members. Conclusion: The clinical and genetic features of this large Turkish family with FD support an association between the neurological phenotype and the c.[680G>A] p.[R227Q] mutation. Since FD is treatable, it is recommended to perform enzymatic and genetic studies among family members.

Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota: Revisión de las estrategias para su identificación y detección sistemática / Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: Review strategies for identification and screening / Hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozigótica: Revisão das estratégias para sua identificação e detecção sistemática

La hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota (HFHe) es una enfermedad genética, común, autosómica dominante, causante de enfermedad cardíaca coronaria precoz. Si la HFHe es detectada y tratada en forma temprana, aquellos individuos afectados llegan a tener una expectativa de vida equivalente a las personas no afectadas. Diferentes estrategias existen para realizar una correcta identificación de los casos con HFHe; criterios fenotípicos, basados en niveles elevados de colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL), estigmas clínicos (arco corneal, xantomas), sumados a antecedentes familiares de elevación del C-LDL y eventos cardiovasculares precoces son clásicamente utilizados en la práctica diaria. Por otro lado, existe la posibilidad de hacer diagnóstico genético de la HFHe y complementarlo con los aspectos y criterios fenotípicos. El desafío, una vez identificado el caso de HFHe, es implementar una estrategia de detección familiar, ya que por las características de heredabilidad mencionadas de la enfermedad, existe un cincuenta por ciento de probabilidad que un familiar directo padezca la enfermedad. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es presentar y discutir las diferentes estrategias de identificación y detección de pacientes con HFHe.

Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disease, which causes premature coronary heart disease. If HeFH detected and treated early, those affected individuals have a life expectation equivalent to unaffected individuals. Different strategies exist to make a correct identification of cases with HeFH; phenotypic criteria, based on elevated levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), clinical stigmata (corneal arcus, xanthomas), together with a family history of elevated LDL-C and early cardiovascular events are conventionally used in daily practice. On the other hand there is the possibility of genetic diagnosis of HeFH and this is complemented with aspects and phenotypic criteria. Once identified HeFH case, the challenge is to implement a strategy of family screening, since the characteristics mentioned heritability of the disease, there is a fifty percent chance that a direct family member has the disease. The primary objective of this review is to present and discuss different strategies for the identification and detection of patients with HeFH.

A hipercolesterolemia familiar heterozigótica (HFHe) é uma doença genética comum, autossômica dominante, que causa a doença arterial coronariana precoce. Se HFHe é detectada e tratada precocemente, aqueles indivíduos afetados têm uma expectativa de vida equivalente a indivíduos não afetados. Existem diferentes estratégias para a identificação correta de casos com HFHe; critérios fenotípicos, baseados em níveis elevados de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (C-LDL), estigmas clínicos (arco corneal, xantomas), juntamente com uma história familiar de elevados níveis de C-LDL e os eventos cardiovasculares precoces são convencionalmente utilizados na prática diária. Por outro lado, existe a possibilidade de realizar um diagnóstico genético da HFHe e esta é complementado com aspectos e critérios fenotípicos. Uma vez identificado o caso de HFHe, o desafio é implementar uma estratégia de triagem familiar, de acordo com as características mencionadas da hereditariedade da doença, existe uma chance de cinquenta por cento que um membro direto da família tem a doença. O principal objetivo desta revisão é apresentar e discutir estratégias diferentes para a identificação e detecção dos pacientes com HFHe.

Importância dos programas de triagem para o gene da hemoglobina S / Importance of screening programs of the hemoglobin S gene

A anemia falciforme caracteriza-se como quadro hemolítico hereditário que evolui cronicamente causando danos físicos e emocionais às pessoas acometidas. Até o presente momento não se dispõe de tratamento curativo, a não ser o transplante de medula óssea, que ainda tem sido realizado de maneira experimental. A triagem neonatal de hemoglobinopatias, principalmente da anemia falciforme, tem sido essencial ao diagnóstico precoce e à instituição de medidas preventivas e promotoras de saúde. No entanto, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil recomenda o exame dos pais a partir da identificação de heterozigotos, mas não faz alusão quanto à ampliação da triagem para outros familiares. Uma família que possua uma criança afetada com estas síndromes passa a ter um marcador para um grupo genético de risco. Neste caso, a triagem ampliada para os familiares mais próximos (avós, pais, irmãos, tios e primos) poderá identificar muitos portadores ou casais em risco, antes do casamento e procriação, além de servir de base a programas de assessoramento genético e de controle epidemiológico das hemoglobinopatias, uma herança genética bastante freqüente em nossa população.

Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary condition that evolves to a chronic illness, causing physical and emotional disorders to those involved. As yet there is no cure except for bone marrow transplantation which is still in the experimental stage. Neonatal screening for hemoglobin disorders, particularly sickle cell anemia, has been crucial for ensuring early diagnosis and the application of preventive and health-promoting measures. The Brazilian Health Ministry recommends testing parents thereby identifying heterozygotes, but does not propose extending this screening to other family members. A family that has a child affected by one of these syndromes is a marker for an at-risk group. In this case extending screning to close relatives (grandparents, siblings, aunts and uncles, and cousins) may identify individuals affected by the disease or couples at risk before marriage and reproduction and serve as the basis for programs providing genetic evaluation and epidemiological control of hemoglobin diseases that are relatively common in the Brazilian population.