Microbiological water quality monitoring of four ponds from Lagoa do Sino Farm located in São Paulo State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water of four ponds used for irrigation on the Lagoa do Sino Farm, as well as to perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates. Sampling was conducted for 11 months, between 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophs. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates, followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction. Agricultural activities and pesticides used in the sampling period were documented in order to assess possible relationships between agricultural activities and microbiological water quality. The absence of suitable riparian vegetation around all the ponds was observed, benefiting the entry of organic matter and contaminants in the water body. A high index of thermotolerant coliforms in some months indicated the possibility of the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in these ponds. The values found in some months were above the regulatory limits for water potability and water intended for irrigation. The agrochemicals used in the period seem to influence the results obtained. All 17 E. coli isolates showed at least one of the virulence genes estA, stx1, stx2, and aatA, indicating enterotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic or enteroaggregative nature. The presence of E. coli in the waters may be associated with the presence of animals. The water samples analyzed are not suitable for irrigation of vegetables that are consumed raw and/or low lying fruits ingested without skin removal. It is essential to broaden the control of the use of chemicals, as well as the preservation of riparian vegetation to improve the quality of water used in the farm's agricultural activities.

Qualidade microbiológica da água tratada e não tratada da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP / Microbiological quality of treated and untreated water from the region of Ribeirao Preto, SP

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de diferentes amostras de água tratada e não tratada provenientes da região de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Foram determinados coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes e contagem de micro-organismos heterotróficos aeróbios ou facultativos mesófilos viáveis presentes, verificando se as amostras analisadas atendem às normas da legislação vigente. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as nove amostras de água tratada, atenderam à legislação quanto à potabilidade da água. Das 18 amostras de água não tratada, duas amostras (11,1 %) apresentaram valores superiores a 500 UFC/mL em relação à contagem de micro-organismos heterotróficos aeróbios ou facultativos mesófilos, além de apresentarem coliformes termotolerantes, sendo consideradas impróprias para o consumo humano, representando um risco na disseminação de doenças de veiculação hídrica.

Calidad sanitaria del agua del Parque Natural Chicaque / Sanitary water quality from Chicaque Natural Park

La eutrofización es un proceso natural en los ecosistemas acuáticos, se produce por el enriquecimiento del cuerpo de agua con nutrientes. Durante los últimos años el ser humano ha acelerado estos procesos de eutrofización modificando tanto la calidad de las aguas como la estructura de las comunidades biológicas, debido al aumento en la carga orgánica e inorgánica de los cuerpos de agua. La eutrofización reduce los usos potenciales de los recursos hídricos ya que induce a la mortalidad de especies animales, a la descomposición del agua y al crecimiento de microorganismos. Además, en muchas ocasiones los microorganismos se convierten en un riesgo para la salud humana, como es el caso de los agentes patógenos transmitidos por el agua, que constituyen un problema mundial. Para establecer la calidad microbiológica del agua, se evaluaron once puntos del Parque Natural Chicaque en época de lluvias (noviembre del 2010) y época seca (agosto del 2011). Se emplearon los indicadores coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Enterococcus, la técnica utilizada fue la filtración por membrana, y la identificación de algunos microorganismos aislados se realizó con pruebas bioquímicas rápidas BD BBL Crystal. El aislamiento de coliformes totales, Escherichia coli y Enterococcus en el agua del Parque, indica la contaminación fecal de las aguas. La presencia de estos grupos de bacterias está relacionada con el impacto de las actividades del hombre y animales sobre los cuerpos de agua y el manejo de las aguas residuales.

Eutrophication is a natural process in aquatic ecosystems; it is produced by the enrichment of the water body with nutrients. In recent years, humans have accelerated the eutrophication process by changing both the water quality and the structure of biological communities due to increased load of organic and inorganic water bodies. Eutrophication reduces the potential uses of water resources and inducing mortality of animal species, the decomposition of water and the growth of microorganisms. In addition, microorganisms often become a risk to human health, such as pathogens transmitted by water, which is a worldwide problem. To establish the microbiological quality of water, eleven points of the Natural Park Chicaque were evaluated during the rainy season (November 2010) and the dry season (August 2011). The indicators used were total coliforms and Escherichia coli and Enterococcus, the technique used was the membrane filtration, and the identification of some isolated microorganisms was carried out with rapid biochemical tests BBL BD Crystal. The isolation of total coliforms and Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in the water of the Park indicates the fecal contamination of the waters. The presence of these groups of bacteria is related to the impact of the activities of man and animals on the bodies of water and wastewater management.

Detección de protozoos parásitos entéricos, bacteriófagos de E. coli y organismos indicadores de contaminación en camarones comercializados en el estado Zulia / Detection of enteric protozoa parasites, E. coli bacteriophages and fecal pollution Indicator organisms in shrimp sold in the state of Zulia

Se determinó la presencia de Giardia intestinalis y Cryptospodidium parvum, bacteriófagos de Escherichia coli y organismos indicadores de contaminación (OIC), en muestras de camarones para el consumo humano comercializados en el estado Zulia. Los parásitos se concentraron a partir de sistemas digestivos de pools de camarones por la técnica de formol-éter y se cuantificaron por inmunofluorescencia directa. La concentración de los bacteriófagos de E. coli F+ y los OIC se evaluó por técnicas estándar. En este trabajo se detectó la presencia de G. intestinalis, C. parvum, bacteriófagos y E. coli en camarones comercializados en el estado Zulia que cumplían los criterios de la normativa venezolana de calidad sanitaria e inocuidad. Del total de muestras analizadas el 91,5% fueron positivas para G. intestinalis (promedio: 36,6 quistes/100g), 95,3% para C. parvum (promedio: 32,8 ooquistes/100g), 100% para los bacteriófagos de E coli F+ (promedio de 2,8 x 103 UFP/100 g) y 71,5% para E. coli (promedio de 4,3 x 104 NMP/g). Los resultados obtenidos indican que los camarones pueden convertirse en un vehículo para la transmisión de patógenos al hombre y dejan en evidencia la necesidad de la inclusión de un parámetro parasitológico y viral en el control de la calidad microbiológica de estos productos alimenticios.

The presence of G. intestinalis and C. parvum, E. coli F+ bacteriophages and fecal pollution indicator organisms was determined in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia. Parasites were concentrated from the digestive systems of shrimp pools, detected by formalin-ether and quantified by direct immunofluorescence. E. coli F + bacteriophage and pollution indicator organism concentrations were determined by standard techniques. In this work, G. intestinalis, C. parvum, E. coli F + bacteriophages and E. coli were detected in shrimp for human consumption marketed in the State of Zulia that met the quality criteria of Venezuelan health and safety regulations. 91.5% of the samples analyzed were positive for G. intestinalis (average: 36.6 cyst/100g), 95.3% for C parvum (average: 32.8 oocyst/100g), 100% for E coli F + bacteriophages (average: 2.8 x 103 FPFU/100g) and 71.5% for E. coli (average: 4.3 x 104 MPN/g). Results of this research indicate that shrimp can become a vehicle for transmitting pathogens to humans and demonstrate the need for including a parasitic and viral parameter in microbiological quality control for seafood.

Avaliação sanitária das águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista, São Paulo / Sanitary assessment of waters and sand of beaches at Baixada Santista, São Paulo

O Brasil possui em sua área costeira grandes metrópoles onde diversas atividades humanas são desenvolvidas, podendo trazer prejuízos à qualidade das águas costeiras. O litoral de São Paulo, constituído por 16 municípios incluindo-se Cubatão, apresenta peculiaridades diferenciadas. O tipo de poluição mais encontrado na costa paulista é a poluição fecal causada por despejo de esgotos domésticos, os quais transportam organismos patogênicos cuja presença pode levar a agravos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo é o de avaliar a qualidade sanitária de águas e areias de praias da Baixada Santista. Assim amostras de água e areia (úmida e seca) de três praias, como Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) e Pitangueiras (Guarujá) foram coletadas com frequência mensal pelo período de um ano nas quais foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, enterococos, e ainda Staphylococcus coagulase (+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans e dermatófitos. Para a realização das análises em amostras de água utilizou-se da Técnica da Membrana Filtrante e para as amostras de areia a Técnica de Tubos Múltiplos, de acordo com Normas Técnicas CETESB e Standard Methods. Para a determinação de dermatófitos, as amostras de água foram concentradas pela Técnica de Membrana Filtrante e as amostras de areia (seca e úmida) foram analisadas pela Técnica de inoculação em superfície e, concomitantemente, pela Técnica da Isca de Cabelo. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que 95 por cento das amostras analisadas foram positivas para a presença dos indicadores de contaminação fecal, seguidos por P. aeruginosa, presente em 75 por cento das amostras. C. albicans foi o microrganismo menos frequente (6,7 por cento) e foi detectada somente nas amostras de água. O dermatófito Microsporum sp foi detectado somente nas amostras de areia e esteve presente nas três praias...

Brazilian seashore comprises many big cities and the diverse activities which are performed in these areas can bring damages to seashore water quality. São Paulo State seashore comprises 16 cities including Cubatão, where each one shows their own particularities. In the São Paulo State seashore is mostly observed fecal pollution due to launching sewage into these waters which transport pathogens with potential to cause diseases. The objective of this study is to assess the sanitary quality of recreational waters and wet and dry sand from three beaches located at Baixada Santista such as Gonzaguinha (São Vicente), Boqueirão (Santos) and Pitangueiras (Guarujá). The samples (water, wet and dry sand) were collected with monthly frequency throughout a year and the following parameters were analyzed: thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococos, Staphylococcus coagulase +, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and dermatophytes. The bacteriological and C. albicans analyzes were performed according to CETESB and Standard Methods 21st edition. Dermatophyte analysis from water samples were carried out by membrane filtering technique and by spread plate technique and hair-baiting technique for sand samples. The results revealed that 95 per cent of the water samples were positive for fecal indicators following by P. aeruginosa (75 per cent). C. albicans was detected only in water samples showing 6.7 per cent of the observed frequency. Microsporum sp specie was detected only in sand samples in all beaches studied...