Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e sensorial de caldos compactados de resíduos de Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de caldos de peixe compactados, visando o aproveitamento de resíduos de piscicultura de Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), que são matérias-primas de baixo custo e alto valor nutricional. Quatro tratamentos (P1, P2, P3, P4) foram desenvolvidos, utilizando dois tipos de processamentos mecânicos (moedor e despolpadora) e dois tipos de secagem (estufa e liofilizador). Análises sensoriais e microbiológicas foram realizadas. Todos os caldos elaborados estavam de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos e não se diferiram quanto ao teste de aceitação da análise sensorial, que variou entre "gostei ligeiramente" e "gostei moderadamente", e na intenção de compra o resultado foi entre "talvez compraria/ talvez não compraria" e "possivelmente compraria". A produção de caldos compactados como um novo produto utilizando resíduos de peixe como matéria-prima é viável, pois agrega valor ao subproduto e colabora com a redução do impacto ambiental.

This work aimed at the development of fish bouillon cubes, targeting the use of waste fish Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), which are the raw materials of low cost and high nutritional value. Four treatments (P1, P2, P3, P4) have been developed using two types of mechanical processes (grinder and fish pulp machine) and two types of drying (freeze drying and oven). Microbiological and sensory analysis were performed. All fish broth cubes were prepared according to the microbiological standards and do not differ with respect to acceptance testing of sensory analysis, which ranged between "like slightly" and "like moderately", and purchase intent between the result was "maybe buy / maybe not buy "and" possibly buy. The fish broth cube as a new product using fish waste as raw material is feasible, therefore, adds value to byproduct and contributes to reducing the environmental impact.

Assessment of an artificial free-flow wetland system with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for treating fish farming effluents / Evaluación de un humedal artificial con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) para el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas / Avaliação de uma zona húmida artificial com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) no tratamento de efluentes piscícolas

Background: fish farming effluents are mainly composed of organic matter and are considered a source of environmental pollution. Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of an artificial free-flow wetland system using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to treat fish farming effluents under various hydraulic loadings. Methods: effluents generated from fingerling ponds of Oreochromis sp. and Piaractus brachypomus were passed through a constructed wetland system (40 m long and 7.7 m wide) to measure NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, total phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) removal efficiency. The hydraulic retention time was measured for six months in five assessment phases under real production conditions by using five hydraulic loadings (44.9, 45.3, 43.1, 41.6, 42.0 cm/day). Results: the hydraulic retention time of the constructed wetland system was 1.6 days, and its removal efficiency rates were: 67.9% for NH4+, 32.1% for BOD5, 27.1% for NO2-, 23.0% for TP, and 16.7% for NO3-. Removal rate was positively correlated with the loading rate of total inorganic nitrogen during the five phases of this study (r=0.956). Also, highest removal values and efficiency increase were reached in phase 5. Conclusions: the free-flow wetland with E. crassipes is efficient for removing nitrogen compounds, TP and BOD5.

Antecedentes: el efluente piscícola se compone principalmente de materia orgánica y es la principal fuente de impactos ambientales negativos. Objetivo: evaluar la eficiencia de un humedal artificial de flujo libre con Jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes) en el tratamiento de efluentes piscícolas bajo diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes generados por estanques de alevinaje de Oreochromis sp. y Piaractus brachypomus se pasaron por el humedal artificial (40 m de largo y 7,7 m de ancho) y se determinó la eficiencia de eliminación de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (TP) y BOD5 (Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigeno). Durante seis meses se determinó el tiempo de retención hidráulica en cinco fases de evaluación en condiciones reales de producción con cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9, 45,3, 43,1, 41,6, 42,0 cm/día). Resultados: el tiempo de retención hidráulica del humedal artificial fue 1,6 días y registró eficiencias de eliminación de: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), TP (23,0%) y NO3- (16,7%). La velocidad de eliminación se correlacionó positivamente con la velocidad de carga del nitrógeno inorgánico total en las cinco fases de estudio (r=0,956); los mayores valores de eliminación y el incremento de su eficiencia se alcanzaron durante la fase 5. Conclusiones: el humedal artificial a flujo libre con E. crassipes es eficiente en la eliminación de compuestos nitrogenados, TP y BOD5.

Antecedentes: o efluente piscícola se compõe principalmente de matéria orgânica e essa é a principal fonte de impactos ambientais negativos. Objetivo: avaliar a eficiência de uma zona húmida artificial de fluxo livre com Jacinto de água (Eichhornia crassipes) para o tratamento de efluentes piscícolas sob diferentes cargas hidráulicas. Métodos: efluentes gerados por viveiros de alevinagem de Oreochromis sp e Piaractus brachypomus se passaram pela zona húmida (40 m de comprimento e 7,7 m de largura) e foi determinada a eficiência da eliminação de NO2-, NO3-, NH4+, fósforo total (FT) e BOD5. Durante seis meses determinou-se o tempo de retenção hidráulica em cinco estágios de avaliação em condições reais de produção com cinco cargas hidráulicas (44,9; 45,3; 43,1; 41,6 e 42,0 cm/dia). Resultados: o tempo de retenção hidráulica da zona húmida artificial foi de 1,6 dias e registrou eficiências de eliminação: NH4+ (67,9%), BOD5 (32,1%), NO2- (27,1%), FT (23,0%) e NO3- (16,7%). A velocidade de eliminação correlacionou-se positivamente com a velocidade de carga do nitrogênio inorgânico total durante os cinco estágios de estudo (r=0,956); os valores de eliminação maiores e o incremento da sua eficiência se alcançaram durante o estágio 5. Conclusões: a zona húmida artificial a fluxo livre com E. crassipes é eficiente na eliminação de compostos nitrogenados, FT e BOD5.

Hydrolysis of insoluble fish protein residue from whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) by fungi

A significant amount of insoluble fibrous protein, in the form of feather, hair, scales, skin and others are available as co-products of agro industrial processing. These wastes are rich in keratin and collagen. This study evaluated different fungi for the hydrolysis of insoluble fish protein residues. Proteins resulting from Micropogonias furnieri wastes through pH-shifting process were dried and milled for fermentation for 96 h. This resulted the production of keratinolytic enzymes in the medium. Trichoderma sp. on alkaline substrate (28.99 U mL-1) and Penicillium sp. on acidic substrate (31.20 U mL-1) showed the highest proteolytic activities. Penicillium sp. showed the largest free amino acid solubilization (0.146 mg mL-1) and Fusarium sp. the highest protein solubilization (6.17 mg mL-1).

Isolation and characterization of potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from freshwater fish processing wastes for application in fermentative utilisation of fish processing waste

Proteolytic and/or lipolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from visceral wastes of different fresh water fishes. LAB count was found to be highest in case of visceral wastes of Mrigal (5.88 log cfu/g) and lowest in that of tilapia (4.22 log cfu/g). Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the selected LAB isolates were carried out. Two isolates FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM5368) showed both proteolytic and lipolytic properties. All the six native isolates selected for characterization showed antagonistic properties against several human pathogens. All the native isolates were sensitive to antibiotics cephalothin and clindamycin; and, resistant to cotrimoxazole and vancomycin. Considering individually, P. acidilactici FM37, P. acidilactici MW2 and E. faecalis FD3 were sensitive to erythromycin. The two strains FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM 5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM 5368) that had both proteolytic and lipolytic properties have the potential for application in fermentative recovery of lipids and proteins from fish processing wastes.

Isolation and characterization of potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from freshwater fish processing wastes for application in fermentative utilisation of fish processing waste

Proteolytic and/or lipolytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from visceral wastes of different fresh water fishes. LAB count was found to be highest in case of visceral wastes of Mrigal (5.88 log cfu/g) and lowest in that of tilapia (4.22 log cfu/g). Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of the selected LAB isolates were carried out. Two isolates FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM5368) showed both proteolytic and lipolytic properties. All the six native isolates selected for characterization showed antagonistic properties against several human pathogens. All the native isolates were sensitive to antibiotics cephalothin and clindamycin; and, resistant to cotrimoxazole and vancomycin. Considering individually, P. acidilactici FM37, P. acidilactici MW2 and E. faecalis FD3 were sensitive to erythromycin. The two strains FJ1 (E. faecalis NCIM 5367) and LP3 (P. acidilactici NCIM 5368) that had both proteolytic and lipolytic properties have the potential for application in fermentative recovery of lipids and proteins from fish processing wastes.

Extração de gelatina a partir das peles de cabeças de carpa comum / Gelatin extraction from skins of common carp heads

Neste estudo, foi avaliada a extração de gelatina a partir de cabeças de carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio) provenientes da industrialização. Para tanto, foram estudados os efeitos da concentração alcalina, o tempo de tratamento e troca de solução alcalina na etapa de tratamento das cabeças de carpa. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental em estrutura fatorial completa com três fatores em dois níveis de variação. Os fatores de estudo foram concentração de solução de NaOH (3-4mol L-1), tempo de tratamento (45-105min) e troca de solução alcalina no tratamento, tendo como respostas rendimento em gelatina e força do gel. A condição mais adequada para se obter gelatina com bom rendimento (1,98 por cento) e força do gel (240,3g) foi utilizando solução alcalina 3mol L-1, tratamento de 105min e com troca de solução de NaOH.

The aim of the present research was to study the gelatin extraction from skin of common carp heads (Cyprinus carpio). The effects of alkaline concentration, pre-treatment time and change of alkaline solution in pre-treatment step of carp heads were evaluated. It was used a complete experimental design with three factors and two variation levels. Pre-treatment time (45-105min), concentration of alkaline solution (3-4mol L-1) and pre-treatment with change of alkaline solution were chosen as independent variable and gelatin yield and gel strength were the response variable. The best condition to obtain gelatin with good yield (1.98 percent) and gel strength (240.3g) was using alkaline solution 3mol L-1, pre-treatment time of 105min and with one change of NaOH solution.

Use of fish waste as silage: a review

The use of fish silage as a substitute for protein ingredients in rations for aquatic organisms is an alternative to solve sanitary and environmental problems caused by the lack of adequate disposition for the waste from the fish industry. Besides, it is also a way of decreasing feeding costs, and, consequently, fish production costs, since feeding corresponds to about 60 percent of the overall expenses with production. The objective of this review was to discuss the use of fish waste, the elaboration of chemical silage and the use of this ingredient in feed for aquaculture.

A utilização da silagem de pescado como substituto de ingredientes protéicos em rações para organismos aquáticos surge como alternativa para solucionar os problemas de ordem sanitária e ambiental causados pela falta de destino adequado dos resíduos gerados pela indústria do pescado, além de diminuir os custos com alimentação e conseqüentemente os custos de produção do pescado, já que os gastos com a alimentação correspondem a aproximadamente 60 por cento do custo total. Esta revisão teve por objetivo discutir a respeito do aproveitamento do resíduo de pescado, elaboração de silagem química e a utilização desta como ingrediente para ração destinada à aqüicultura.