Effect of temperature and algal food on egg production and hatching of copepod, Paracalanus parvus.

There are relatively few reports on the influence of environmental factors on the development and reproduction of calanoid copepods. In this study, we establish over the 12 days culture experiment at different temperature (18, 20, 25, 30 0C) and different algal cell densities 1000, 5000, 10,000, 20,000 cells ml-1. The results revealed that the high egg production (42.33 eggs female-1 day-1) and hatching rate (92.65%) was reported in the temperature of 25 0C. It is understood that the egg production of P.parvus clearly affected by temperature was supported by ANOVA value (F= 4.792909) while the egg production and hatching rate was found to be high as 53.5±4.94 eggs female-1 day-1, 96.26% respectively with 20,000 cells ml-1, The temperature of 25 0C and algal concentration was positively supported by ANOVA . The present study concluded that the temperature of 25 0C and food concentration of 20,000 cells ml-1 was found to be favorable water temperature and algal food concentration to obtain high fecundity and hatching success in copepod, P. parvus.

Tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) en un quimiostato de dos cámaras

Population growth rate of the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera: Brachionidae) in two-stage chemostat. The population growth rates of Brachionus rotundiformis were estimated in two-stage chemostat cultures. Chlorella sorokiniana was supplied continuously from a steady state culture growing with constant illumination on limiting nitrate. Rotifer growth in the second stage was limited by the rate of algal supply. The algal supply rate and rotifer population growth rate were determined by the second-stage dilution rate. The maximum population growth rate in the transient state of B. rotundiformis (1.96 day-1) was observed at 2.5 x 106 cel/ml of the algae whereas in the steady state the maximum population growth rate (1.09 day-1) was similar to the point Hopf’s bifurcation predicted by Fussmann and was observed at 1 x 106 cel/ml of the algae. In the transient state, the rotifer’s growth rate increased and the duplication time decreased at higher algal concentrations, until reaching a peak where the population growth rate begins to decrease. In the steady state, the opposite was true. The growth rates observed in this work are among the highest recorded for this rotifer in continuous cultures. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1149-1157. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se estimaron las tasas de crecimiento poblacionales de Brachionus rotundiformis en un quimiostato de dos cámaras. Suministramos Chlorella sorokiniana continuamente a partir de un cultivo en estado estacionario con iluminación constante y nitrato como nutriente limitante. El crecimiento del rotífero en la segunda cámara estuvo limitado por la tasa de suministro del alga. La tasa de suministro del alga y la tasa de crecimiento poblacional del rotífero fueron determinadas a partir de la tasa de dilución en la segunda cámara. La tasa máxima poblacional de crecimiento en estado de transición de B. rotundiformis (1.96 día-1) se obtuvo a 2.5 x106 cel/ml del alga, mientras que en estado estacionario la tasa máxima (1.09 día-1) fue similar al punto de bifurcación de Hopf predicho en Fussmann et al., (2000) y se obtuvo a 1 x106 cel/ml del alga. En la fase de transición se observó que a mayor concentración del alga, mayor era la tasa de crecimiento del rotífero y menor su tiempo de duplicación, hasta alcanzar un pico donde comienza a decrecer. En la fase estacionaria se observó lo contrario. Los valores obtenidos se encuentran entre los más altos reportados hasta ahora para este rotífero en cultivos continuos.

FOOD CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON LIFE CYCLE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CLADOCERA (Daphnia gessneri Herbst, Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard, Moina reticulata (Daday)): I. DEVELOPMENT TIME

The effects of food concentration and temperature on embryonic and postem-bryonic duration of three tropical species, Daphnia gessneri(1.5mm), Diaphanosoma sarsi(1.2mm) and Moina reticulata(0.8mm), were investigated as part of life cycle studies which included growth, body size and reproduction. These are the very first experimental studies undertaken on these species. The long-term growth experiments were performed under controlled laboratory conditions at all combinations of temperature (22"C, 27"C and 32"C) and constant food concentration (0.03, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mgC/L) of the unicellular green alga Scenedesmus acutus.Animals were examined twice daily throughout their life cycle from the neonate to third adult instar. In all three species, temperature exerted the most powerful influence on embryonic duration but there was also a smaller food effect. In D. gessneri,postembry-onic durations remained more or less the same at food levels 0.25 mgC/L but were influenced by temperature. At food concentrations of 0.1 mgC/L or lower, postembryonic durations became increasingly prolonged, particularly at high temperatures. This threshold concentration is affected by temperature: in D. gessneri,it was 0.1 mgC/L at 22oC and 27oC but higher at 32oC (between 0.25 and 0.50 mgC/L). At the same temperature of 27oC, the food threshold level varied between species: it was higher (0.25 mgC/L) for D. sarsiand lower (0.05 mgC/L) for M. reticulatacompared with D. gessneri(0.1 mgC/L). In both embryonic and postembryonic durations there is a body size effect as the absolute durations were longest in the largest species and shortest in the smallest species In all three species, prolongation of postembryonic duration at combinations of high temperature and lowered food levels was accompanied by increased number of juvenile instars.

Os efeitos de temperatura e concentração de alimento na duração do desenvolvimento embrionário e postembrionário de três espécies tropicais, Daphnia gessneri(1.5mm), Diaphanosoma sarsi(1.2mm) and Moina reticulata(0.8mm), foram investigados como parte dos estudos de ciclo de vida incluindo crescimento, tamanho do corpo e reprodução. Estes são os primeiros estudos experimentais realizados com estas espécies. Os experimentos de crescimento de longa duração foram feitos em condições controladas de laboratório em todas as combinações de temperature (22°C, 27°C e 32°C) e concentração constante de alimento (0.03, 0.05,0.10,0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mgC/L) de alga verde unicelular Scenedesmus acutus.Os animais foram analisados duas vezes por dia durante o ciclo de vida desde neonata ao terceiro estádio adulto. Nas três espécies, a temperatura exerceu um maior efeito no tempo do desenvolvimento embrionário mas ocorreu também um pequeno efeito de concentração de alimento. Em Daphnia gessneri, a duração postembriônica permaneceu mais ou menos a mesma na concentração de alimento de 0.25 mgC/L mas foi influenciada pela temperature. Na concentração de 0.1 mgC/L ou mais baixa, a duração postembrionária tornou-se mais prolongada, particularmente em alta temperatura. O valor absoluto do nivel crítico de concentração de alimento foi afetado pela temperatura: em D. gessneri, foi 0.1 mgC/L em 22°C e 27°C mas aumentou em 32°C (entre 0.25 e 0.50 mgC/L). Na mesma temperatura de 27°C, o nivel crítico de alimento variou entre as espécies: foi mais alta (0.25 mgC/L) para D. sarsi e mais baixa (0.05 mgC/L) para M. reticulata comparada com D. gessneri (0.1 mgC/L). Em ambos, no desenvolvimento embrionário e postembrionário ocorreu o efeito do tamanho do corpo visto que as durações absolutas foram mais longas nas espécies maiores e mais curtas.na espécie menor. Nas três espécies, o prolongamento do desenvolvimento postembrionário nas combinações de alta temperatura e menores concentrações de alimento foi acompanhado por aumento no número de estádios juvenis.