Abuelas universitarias: Roles y funciones en la vida profesional y familiar / University grandmothers: Professional roles and functions in the family

Se informa un estudio cualitativo, cuyo objetivo fue valorar la función de abuela universitaria y profesionista, en la dinámica familiar, desde la propia subjetivad de mujer y explorar la transformación de su identidad, configuraciones vinculares y el legado a las siguientes generaciones. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo exploratorio, transversal y no experimental en el que participaron 10 mujeres voluntarias, de 40 años o más, por inclusión continua por conveniencia, con entrevistas a profundidad y la aplicación del Cuestionario Mi Envejecer (CME). La mayoría de la producción académica en temática relacionada sobre vida académica de las mujeres y su relación con sus funciones en la familia apunta hacia estrés laboral y a la no inclusión en las tareas domésticas del varón, así como la superposición de la mujer en funciones y roles que la sobrepasan, tratando de cumplir perfecta y exitosamente con los deberes laborales, sin faltar a las demandas de la maternidad. Pero sobre mujeres adultas mayores profesionistas y activas laboralmente, no existen referencias de investigaciones. Por ello es de importancia abordar el tema de la abuelidad desde lo femenino, familia, identidades y las configuraciones vinculares nuevas o alternas a las tradicionales. Reconocer la actividad de las abuelas puede motivar en la mejora de la imagen social de las mujeres mayores, contrarrestando la cultura del viejismo.

The following work is the result of an investigation which by its extension - to be a qualitative study - was necessary to be exposed in two parts. This first part presents the theoretical aspects that support the research as well as the methodology used. The second part will present the results and their analysis, derived from the categories that emerged from the in-depth interviews. It should be mentioned that most of the academic production related to the academic life of women and their relation to their functions in the family - although with a broad reflection and sharp analysis with a gender perspective - points to work stress and non-inclusion in the domestic tasks of the male, as well as the overlapping of the woman in roles and roles that pass her, trying to perfectly and successfully fulfill the labor duties and without missing the demands of motherhood. As well an investigation of mature women in aging processes but in relation to the body exploring from perspectives of pathological aging or with dyes towards active and satisfactory aging, being proposals in which the value of doing over the Being of the woman is emphasized. However, it should be noted that there are no references to research on specific adult work in the labor market in different contexts, but on what has happened to the family relationship of the role of the grandmother who is also inserted in the public world, there are no references. The education of women in Mexico, from the time before the arrival of Spain and until the mid-twentieth century, was marked by education for domestic tasks: maternity, home care, child care, and other activities Home care, the history of women's college education contains elements of exclusion and inclusion. Those who at that time gained access to the university developed strategies to overcome these setbacks. For women to enter the university, many struggles had to happen between opposing forces that did not conceive that there were different alternatives for women and not just being a mother and a wife. The first university students entered in careers and placed themselves in professional environments, which did not represent strong confrontations with the conceptions of gender of the time. Thus, their professional and academic achievements reflected the interplay between their desires and what they were allowed according to their sociocultural context of the historical moment in which they lived. The education of women brought the discovery of their lives, questioning, reflecting, discussing and criticizing their status as women. However, a question arises: Does university life, the professionalization of women, have changed Roles that are played within the family? Are university grandmothers assuming themselves as women conscious of being grandmothers or mothers autonomously and independently of what society expects of them? It is therefore important to address the issues related to the grandparenthood from the feminine, family, identities and the new or alternate configurations to the traditional ones. Thus, the recognition of the activity of the grandmothers can motivate in the improvement of the social image of older women, against subtracting the culture of old. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of university and professional grandmother in family dynamics, from the subjectivity of women and explore the transformation of their identity, their configurations, and their legacy to the next generations. Through a qualitative exploratory, transverse and non-experimental study in which 10 volunteer women, aged 40 years and older, were evaluated by continuous inclusion for convenience, with in-depth interviews, and the age-old questionnaire (CME) was also applied.

Tipificación del tipo de disfunción familiar de un barrio vulnerable de la ciudad de Ibagué-Tolima / Typification of the type of family dysfunction in a vulnerable neighborhood in the city of Ibagué-Tolima

Esta investigación tipifica posibles niveles de disfunción en familias vulnerables de un barrio en la ciudad del Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia, a través del APGAR familiar que evalúa la satisfacción a través de la adaptación, participación, ganancia o crecimiento, afecto y recursos. Se encontró una buena función familiar (44,4%), disfunción moderada (22,2%), disfunción familiar severa (18,5%) y disfunción familiar leve (14,8%).

This research typifies possible levels of dysfunction in vulnerable families in a neighborhood in the city of Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia, through the family APGAR that assesses satisfaction through adaptation, participation, gain or growth, affection and resources. Good family function (44.4%), moderate dysfunction (22.2%), severe family dysfunction (18.5%) and mild family dysfunction (14.8%) were found.

Niveles de disfunción familiar, en veinte mujeres victimas de violencia intrafamiliar en el municipio de Armenia / Family dysfuntion levels in twenty women, victims of intrafamily violence, in the municipality of Armenia

Esta investigación pretende encontrar posibles niveles de disfunción familiar en las familias de 20 mujeres víctimas de violencia intrafamiliar en la ciudad de Armenia - Quindío, para lo cual se aplicó el APGAR familiar, el cual evalúa la satisfacción respecto a 5 variables: adaptación, participación, ganancia o crecimiento, afecto y recursos. El estudio encontró que las familias presentan disfunción leve (35%), moderada (30%) y severa (20%), mientras un porcentaje muy bajo tiene buena función familiar (15%); lo anterior indica una correlación importante entre violencia intrafamiliar y disfunción familiar, condición que disminuye la calidad de vida del núcleo familiar, alterando los roles, los modos de expresión afectiva y la interiorización de lo normativo.

This research aims to find possible levels of family dysfunction in families of 20 women victims of domestic violence in the city of Armenia - Quindío, which applied the family Apgar. It evaluates satisfaction with respect to 5 variables: adaptation, participation, gain or growth, affection and resources. The study found that the 35% families have mild dysfunction, 30% moderate dysfunction, and 20% severe dysfunction, while a very low percentage has good family function, which represents 15%. This indicates a significant correlation between intrafamily violence and family dysfunction, a condition that reduces the family unit's quality of life, altering roles, modes of emotional expression, and the internalization of norms.

Perfil organizativo-funcional de la familia nuclear psicosomática con un hijo asmático / Organizational and functional profile of the nuclear psychosomatic family with one asthmatic son

Introduction Asthma is a current problem worldwide. By one hand the prevalence of the disease has been increasing in México during the last decades; on the other hand there is a considerable number of patients in whose the disease can not be controlled. The analysis of familiar function is a convenient weapon to approach in a more integrated manner such problem. In this systematic focus, the family becomes the protagonist in the symptoms of the indicated patient. It is within the family where the study proposes to find characteristics that instigate the development of the psychosomatic disease. The psychosomatic family basically suffers problems with boundaries. As with most family problems, the psychosomatic illness pertains to this dynamic group of families where the family roles are intermixed. The desire for a unified family creates a difficult home environment for individual spaces. This difficulty interpreted by Minuchin (1990) as the absence of psychological distance and defined it as the moment where one, or various family members begin to function as a family subsystem to which they do not pertain. According to Onnis (1990), there are four main characteristics of the psychosomatic family: Agglutination This refers to the reciprocal over-involvement of the family members. Each member is prone to intrusive actions, thoughts, feelings and communication with the other members. Reciprocal over-protection The members of the family demonstrate a high grade of diligence and reciprocal interest, encouraging and supplying answers that are of a protective type. As a result, the illness of the patient has a protective function towards the family. Rigidity This is the principal characteristic of the psychosomatic family. The family is resistant to change, and show itself as a unified and harmonious one, where the only problem is the illness of the patient. Outside relationships are scarce and the family remains stuck in the attempt to maintain it's own homeostasis. Avoidance of conflict There is a very low capacity for tolerating conflicts by the family and applies all possible methods to avoid it, which in the end the family only manages to hide the problem. In such a pattern, the patient plays a central and vital role by interfering every time the tension between the parents raises to a threat and the appearance of a symptom blocks the conflict by attracting the attention of the family members towards him/herself. The present study was done to characterize the organizational and functional profile of the nuclear family with one asthmatic child. Methods This is a descriptive semi-quantitative, non-experimental study to understand the family behavior and function of twenty nuclear families with one asthmatic child. The family function was evaluated in nine different areas with Emma Espejel Acco's the Scale of Family Function. This instrument was chosen because they could attain the desired objective and they were standardized for the Mexican population with a sensibility of 0.91 to discriminate between dysfunctional and functional families. Emma Espejel Acco's Scale of Family Function include the following areas: support, affect, disruptive conduct, communication, resources, authority, supervision, negative affect and control and final evaluation of each areas were reported in four categories: functional, fairly functional, poor functional and dysfunctional, attending Espejel Acco's recommendations. The study population was taken from a pool containing 102 psychosomatics families, whose participated in a previous study to characterize clinical patterns of asthma in children, also their relation with social and environmental factors leaded by Rodríguez-Orozco at the University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México. Those nuclear families with an asthmatic children, within the ages six and twelve years, were included. There were only twenty families that fit the nuclear typology also, requirements for the study and those twenty were the ones included in this study; 95% was considered statistically significant and Pearson's Correlation was applied to study the relations between explored areas of the Scale of Family Function. The written consent was previously received for participant families and this study was run during 2005 at the University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, México. Results The 80% of the families were poorly functional in the area of affect. The communication was poorly functional in 60% of the families, in the area of resources 50 % of the families were fairly functional. Attending authority (75%), supervision(95%) and control (50%) of the families were fairly functional. 70 % of the families were fairly functional in support, and 65% were fairly functional when disruptive conducts were analized. In the area of negative affect almost 50% of the families were fairly functional. Within the obtained results, there was a positive correlation with a significance P <0.05 between the following areas authority and disruptive conduct r= .545 between the areas of authority and communication r=.518, and between disruptive conduct and resources r=.524 Discussion The principal characteristics found in the studied nuclear psychosomatic families with one son with asthma were agglutination, overprotection, rigidity and avoidance of conflict according to the four main characteristics referred in psychosomatic families. The familiar dinamics was really complex, even when all areas of the familiar function are compromised there is a predominance of poor efficacy to demonstrate affect and to communicate their feelings; it is associated with persistence of negative feelings which can not be treat adecuately due to a limited number of resources to solve conflicts. There was a positive correlation between authority and communication; authority and disruptive conduct and disruptive conduct and resources. This means that when authority resides in a parental subsystem, feelings are good expressed within the family; the emerging situations such as addictions and innapropiate social behaviour are well-discussed, despite of the major part of this innapropiate conducts remain unsolved because the family can not recognize the instruments to solve this problems. Conclusions The nuclear psychosomatics families with an asthmatic son, are rigid ones, and all areas of familiar functioning according. Espejel's Scale are affected, in agreement to other authors rigidity, as the crucial characteristics accompanied of avoidance of conflict, reciprocal-overprotection and agglutination. All evaluated areas of family function were affected in nuclear psychosomatic families with an asthmatic son. That is the way to stop the psychosomatic system. The psychological assistance is necessary to integrate to the medical treatment.

Introducción El asma es un problema de salud mundial, su incidencia continúa aumentando en nuestro medio y para su control en muchos casos no resulta suficiente el tratamiento farmacológico; por ello una perspectiva más integradora para su atención debe incluir el manejo de las circunstancias que detonan las crisis y las apuntan hacia la cronicidad de la enfermedad en la familia, la escuela y el trabajo. Bajo este enfoque sistemático, en la familia se encuentran las características que instigan el desarrollo de la enfermedad psicosomática y deviene en protagonista de los síntomas que el paciente exhibe. La familia psicosomática sufre básicamente problemas con las fronteras y los papeles que sus miembros tienden a entremezclar en una complicada madeja; en consecuencia, los deseos de unidad familiar están ligados a las dificultades para mantener los espacios individuales. Según Onnis (1990), existen cuatro características principales que caracterizan a la familia psicosomática: la aglutinación, la hiperprotección recíproca, la rigidez y la evitación de conflicto. La aglutinación se refiere al hecho de que los miembros de la familia se sobreinvolucran recíprocamente; cada uno mantiene tendencias intrusivas en los pensamientos, acciones, sentimientos y comunicaciones de los demás; los límites generacionales e interindividuales son frágiles, y se confunden papeles y funciones. La hiperprotección recíproca se establece cuando miembros de una familia muestran entre sí un alto grado de solicitud e interés recíproco; se estimulan y aportan respuestas de protección, en especial cuando el paciente asume el comportamiento sintomático todos se movilizan para protegerlo. La rigidez es una de las características más importantes del entorno psicosomático, una familia rígida es resistente al cambio aunque con frecuencia se presente unida y armónica, con escasas relaciones externas por lo que, aparentemente, el problema único es la enfermedad del paciente. La evitación del conflicto es otro de los rasgos típicos de la familia psicosomática, se aplican varios mecanismos para evitar el conflicto y ocultar el problema. Existe en la familia un bajo umbral de tolerancia al conflicto, por lo que es frecuente encontrar un niño en quien la aparición del síntoma consigue el bloque de las tensiones entre los padres y atrae hacia él la atención de la familia. Métodos La presente investigación se realizó en la ciudad de Morelia, Michoacán, durante el año de 2005; es una investigación de tipo cuantitativo, no experimental, transversal y descriptiva; se estudiaron 20 familias nucleares con un hijo asmático con edades entre seis y 12 años; el objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el funcionamiento y la organización de la familia por su relación con la detonación y persistencia de los síntomas asmáticos en el miembro de la familia que experimenta la enfermedad. Para obtener las mediciones se aceptó un rango con 95% de confiabilidad y se usó la Correlación de Pearson para estimar la relación entre las áreas de función familiar evaluadas. Para estimar el funcionamiento de la familia se usó la Escala de Funcionamiento Familiar de Emma Espejel que permite evaluar nueve áreas: apoyo, recursos, afecto, conducta disruptiva, afecto negativo, comunicación, autoridad, supervisión y control, ésta última está validada para la población mexicana y puede discriminar familias funcionales de familias disfuncionales con una sensibilidad de 0.91. Resultados De las familias estudiadas 80% se mostraron poco funcionales en el área de afecto; 60% fueron poco funcionales en la comunicación; y 50% moderadamente funcionales en recursos. En las áreas de supervisión, autoridad y control fueron moderadamente funcionales 95%, 75% y 50% respectivamente. Fueron moderadamente funcionales en el area de apoyo, 70%. El 65% de las familias fueron moderadamente funcionales en el área que explora conductas disruptivas. En el área afecto negativo 50% de las familias fueron moderadamente funcionales. Las correlaciones positivas que más llamaron la atención entre las áreas de función familiar estudiadas fueron: entre autoridad y conducta disruptiva, r=.545, P<0.05; entre autoridad y comunicación, r=.518, P<0.05, y entre conducta disruptiva y recursos r=.524, P<0.05. Discusión El perfil organizativo-funcional encontrado en estas familias correspondió con las principales características reportadas por otros autores en las familias psicosomáticas: rigidez, sobreprotección, evitación de conflicto y aglutinación. Esta dinámica causa poca eficacia en cuanto a la demostración del afecto y para sustentar la comunicación, lo anterior se traduce en una permanencia de sentimientos negativos que repercute en la pobre utilización de recursos para salir adelante y, en ocasiones, se desconoce la existencia de éstos. La existencia de correlaciones positivas entre autoridad y comunicación, entre autoridad y conducta disruptiva y entre conducta disruptiva y recursos, significa que cuando la autoridad radica en el sistema parental los sentimientos son mejor expresados por la familia, se favorece el intercambio de puntos de vista y las situaciones emergentes como las adicciones y los comportamientos inapropiados son mejor discutidos. De igual forma los problemas en el comportamiento de la familia y las conductas inadecuadas tienden a no quedar resueltos debido a la limitación en el reconocimiento y manejo de las herramientas adecuadas para salir adelante.

Prevalencia de las prácticas religiosas, disfunción familiar, soporte social y síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores: Cali, Colombia 2001 / Prevalence of religiosity, family function, social support and deppresive symptoms in old people: Cali, Colombia, 2001

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de las prácticas religiosas, el soporte social y la disfunción familiar en adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Centro de Atención Ambulatoria La Selva del Instituto de los Seguros Sociales de Cali, Colombia en el 2001. Se aplicaron la escala de religiosidad intrínseca/extrínseca (Gorsuch-McPherson), la prueba de APGAR Familiar y la escala de depresión geriátrica (EDG-Yesavage), se evaluaron la frecuencia de la oración personal, grupal o comunitaria y la lectura de los Libros Sagrados de acuerdo con su religión. Resultados: Se estudiaron 136 adultos mayores, con una edad promedio de 69.2±6.4 años, 78 (57%) hombres, 82 (60%) eran casados y 21 (15%) viudos. De ellos 133 (97.8%) afirmaron tener algún tipo de religión, 90% eran católicos; 126 (93%) oraban por lo menos una vez al día, 60 (44.4%) tenían orientación hacia religiosidad intrínseca, 46 (33.8%) hacia religiosidad extrínseca y 16 (11.8%) hacia religiosidad mixta. En 40 (29.4%) hubo algún tipo de disfunción familiar; 69 (50.7%) carecían de un adecuado soporte social. Los síntomas depresivos se vieron en 10 (7.3%) (EDG>5/15) y sólo 5 (3.7%) presentaban síntomas severos (EDG>10/15). El género masculino, la viudez y padecer una enfermedad crónica, fueron más frecuentes en adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos (p<0.05). Se observó que en la mayoría de adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos la oración no hacía parte de su vida diaria (p=0.03). Conclusiones: El género masculino, ser viudo y las enfermedades crónicas fueron más frecuentes en adultos mayores con síntomas depresivos.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of religious practice, family dysfunction and social support in older people with deppresive symptoms. Methods: A descriptive study was performed in La Selva Health Center (Cali, Colombia) during 2001. Measures used were depression (GDS-Yesavage Scale), intrinsic/extrinsic religiosity measurement (Gorsuch-McPherson), family APGAR (Smilkstein scale) and frequency of religious practice. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Results: 136 subjects were recruited with an average age of 69.2±6.4 year old, 78 (57%) were male, 82 (60%) were married, 21 (15%) were widowers, 133 (97.8%) were believers or had religious practice; 90% were catholics, 126 (93%) of patients prayed at least once day, 60 (44.4%) had intrinsic religiosity, 46 (33.8%) extrinsic religiosity, and 16 (11.8%) mixed religiosity; 40 (29.4%) had family dysfunction, 69 (50.7%) had not an adequate social support; 10 (7.3%) had high depressive symptoms (GDS>5/15) and 5 (3.7%) had severe depressive symptoms (GDS>10/15). The presence of chronic diseases, and being a widower had more frequency in older people with deppresive symptoms (p<0.05). Most old subjects with depression had no regular religious practice (p=0.03). Conclussion: Male gender, presence of chronic diseases and being a widower had more frequency in old people with deppresive symptoms (p<0.05). Religious practice could be an important support for old patients’ health.