Habilidades ejecutivas: actualización, cambio entre conjuntos mentales e inhibición en niños no mapuche urbanos, mapuche urbanos y mapuche rurales de La Araucanía, Chile

Las habilidades cognitivas de los niños varían conforme a los contextos de desarrollo cultural en los que se desenvuelven. Asumiendo la variabilidad cultural, este estudio tuvo por objetivo comparar las habilidades ejecutivas en 110 niños, entre 9 y 11 años, pertenecientes a tres grupos: no mapuche urbanos, mapuche urbanos y mapuche rurales, de comunas de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. Se usó un diseño descriptivo y correlacional para contrastar el desempeño de los niños en las variables de interés. La batería de instrumentos estuvo formada por tres pruebas que evaluaron: actualización, cambio entre conjuntos mentales e inhibición, respectivamente. Los resultados indican que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en actualización y cambio entre conjuntos mentales, pero sí hubo significancia estadística para las diferencias en inhibición; siendo los niños no mapuche quienes tuvieron mayor inhibición respecto de los otros dos grupos. Se discuten los hallazgos según la hipótesis de que el desarrollo de habilidades se relaciona con las prácticas cotidianas, demandas y características sociodemográficas de los contextos en los que los niños se desarrollan.

As habilidades cognitivas das crianças variam conforme os contextos de desenvolvimento cultural em que elas se desenvolvem. Partindo do pressuposto da variabilidade cultural, este estudo teve como objetivo comparar as habilidades executivas de 110 crianças, com idades entre 9 e 11 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: não mapuche urbanas, mapuche urbanas e mapuche rurais, de municípios da região de La Araucanía, Chile. Foi utilizado um desenho descritivo e correlacional para comparar o desempenho das crianças nas variáveis de interesse. A bateria de instrumentos foi composta por três testes que avaliaram: atualização, mudança entre conjuntos mentais e inibição, respectivamente. Os resultados indicam que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em atualização e mudança entre conjuntos mentais, mas houve significância estatística para as diferenças em inibição, com as crianças não mapuches apresentando maior inibição do que os outros dois grupos. Os resultados são discutidos de acordo com a hipótese de que o desenvolvimento de habilidades está relacionado às práticas cotidianas, demandas e características sociodemográficas dos contextos em que as crianças se desenvolvem.

Children's cognitive abilities differ according to the cultural development settings in which they are raised. Assuming cultural variability, this study compared the executive functions in 110 children, aged 9 to 11 years, belonging to three groups: urban non-Mapuche, urban Mapuche, and rural Mapuche, from communes in the Araucanía region, Chile. A descriptive and correlational design was used to contrast children's performance on the variables of interest. The battery of instruments comprised three tests that assessed updating, set-shifting, and inhibition, respectively. The results indicate no statistically significant differences in updating and set-shifting, but there was a statistical significance for differences in inhibition, with non-Mapuche children having greater inhibition than the other two groups. The findings are discussed according to the hypothesis that skill development is related to the daily practices, demands, and sociodemographic characteristics of the settings in which children are raised.

Las funciones ejecutivas y el ajedrez: una revisión sistemática / Executive functions and chess: a systematic review

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la formación en ajedrez sobre las funciones ejecutivas: planificación, flexibilidad cognitiva, memoria de trabajo e inhibición por medio de la revisión de la literatura científica de investigaciones en la última década. Método: Se desarrolló una búsqueda en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus y en Google académico, para el período 2012-2022, mediante la metodología de revisión sistemática. Resultados: Se encontraron sesenta y seis artículos y solo se analizaron trece que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Fue posible identificar relaciones del ajedrez con las cuatro funciones ejecutivas: inhibición, flexibilidad, memoria de trabajo y planificación, además del funcionamiento ejecutivo en general. Discusión: Los resultados han sugerido que la práctica sistemática del ajedrez contribuye al desarrollo del funcionamiento ejecutivo. Por ser una práctica de fácil alcance, se podría aprovechar sus beneficios incorporándola en diversos escenarios educativos. Conclusión: La mayoría de las investigaciones de los últimos diez años provee evidencia que permite demostrar la hipótesis de que la práctica del ajedrez se asocia un mejor desempeño ejecutivo; también se encontró un único artículo que por el contrario rechaza esta relación.

Abstract Objective: Determine the effect of chess training on executive functions: planning, cognitive flexibility, working memory and inhibition by reviewing the scientific research literature in the last decade. Method: A search was carried out in the Web of Science, Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for the period 2012-2022, using the systematic review methodology. Results: Sixty-six articles were found and only thirteen that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. It was possible to identify relationships between chess and the four executive functions: inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning, in addition to executive functioning in general. Discussion: The results have suggested that the systematic practice of chess contributes to the development of executive functioning. Because it is an easily accessible practice, its benefits could be taken advantage of by incorporating it into various educational scenarios. Conclusion: The majority of research from the last ten years provides evidence that allows us to demonstrate the hypothesis that chess practice is associated with better executive performance; there is also a single article that, on the contrary, rejects this relationship.

Marcha de orientación, una vía para mejorar las funciones cognitivas en el adulto mayor

La utilidad de la recreación física con carácter lúdico resulta un medio fundamental para mejorar la salud, las funciones cognitivas y la calidad de vida. A partir de un diagnóstico aplicado a una muestra de 19 adultos mayores, estos presentaron insuficiencias en los procesos de la memoria; en tal sentido, se comprobó que las propuestas de actividades físico-recreativas dirigidas a este grupo etario fueron muy generales, no atendieron las características morfofuncionales y estuvieron limitadas en la variedad de ofertas recreativas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo mejorar las funciones cognitivas, que se relacionan con la memorización, en los adultos mayores de la comunidad Matahambre, del municipio Songo la Maya, a través de la marcha de orientación. Se emplearon como métodos teóricos el analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; y empíricos, el análisis documental, la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista que permitieron obtener los datos e informaciones necesarias para la correcta realización de la marcha de orientación al tomar en cuenta las características de este grupo poblacional. La propuesta demostró la marcha de orientación como una importante herramienta que estimuló las capacidades memorísticas y los recuerdos, al tomar en cuenta los gustos, preferencias, necesidades e intereses del adulto mayor, resultarles atractiva y permitirles recordar aspectos o emociones vitales de su vida personal.

A utilidade da recreação física de caráter recreativo é um meio fundamental para melhorar a saúde, as funções cognitivas e a qualidade de vida. A partir de diagnóstico aplicado a uma amostra de 19 idosos, estes apresentavam insuficiências nos processos de memória; Neste sentido, constatou-se que as propostas de atividades físico-recreativas dirigidas a esta faixa etária eram muito generalistas, não tinham em conta as características morfofuncionais e limitavam-se na variedade de ofertas recreativas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi melhorar as funções cognitivas relacionadas à memorização em idosos da comunidade Matahambre, no município de Songo la Maya, por meio da caminhada de orientação. Os métodos analítico-sintético e indutivo-dedutivo foram utilizados como métodos teóricos; e empírica, análise documental, observação, inquérito e entrevista que permitiram obter os dados e informações necessários à correta implementação da marcha de orientação tendo em conta as características deste grupo populacional. A proposta demonstrou a caminhada de orientação como uma importante ferramenta que estimulou habilidades de memória e lembranças, ao levar em conta os gostos, preferências, necessidades e interesses do idoso, tornando-a atrativa para ele e permitindo-lhe relembrar aspectos vitais ou emoções de sua vida. vida pessoal.

The usefulness of physical recreation with a playful character for this group of people is a fundamental means to improve their health, their cognitive functions and their quality of life. From a diagnosis applied to a sample of 19 older adults, it was possible to know the insufficiencies in memoristic events that these subjects had. In this sense, it was also found that the proposal of physical-recreational activities aimed at this age group in the community are very general and do not take into account their morpho-functional characteristics. They are limited in terms of the variety of recreational offers for this population group. The objective of this research is to improve cognitive functions, which are related to memorization, in older adults of the "Matahambre" community of the Songo la Maya municipality through orientation walking. For the solution of the objective, theoretical methods such as: analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive were used. Among the empirical methods, documentary analysis, observation, survey and interview were used to obtain the necessary data and information for the correct implementation of the orientation walk, taking into account the characteristics of this population group. The proposal showed that the orientation walk is an important tool that stimulates the memory and memory capacities of these people, by taking into account their tastes, preferences, needs and preferences.

Effectiveness of balloon therapy versus incentive spirometry in promotion of respiratory function in children with lower respiratory tract diseases in selected hospitals Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the most common infections that affect children抯 respiratory systems it develops when the lung, specifically the lower airways become infected. The present study aims that breathing exercise helps to strengthen the children抯 lungs and help to reduce the severity of respiratory sign and symptoms. So, balloon breathing exercises will be more acceptable among children.Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 60 children diagnosed with LRTI at selected hospitals, Lucknow by using a convenient sampling technique. The clinical respiratory score scale (CRS), PedsQL (Multidimensional fatigue scale) was used to measure respiratory parameter and level of fatigue. Written permission was obtained from the authorities of Balrampur hospital and Vivekananda polyclinic and institute of medical sciences, Lucknow where the study was conducted.Results: Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. All p values less than 0.05 were treated as significant.0.83�61 of the children in the experimental group and 0.93�88 in the control group and a p=0.536. This illustrates that overall CRS had no significant difference and results of comparison of the experimental and control group -4.0625�86765, -4.0517�93027 respectively. P=0.994 which is not statistically different.Conclusions: The study concluded that as per the present research study data, balloon therapy was found to be effective. Hence, the present research hypothesis (H1, H2, H3) is accepted.

Comparative Effects of Garcinia kola and Garlic Extracts on Some Liver and Haematological Functions in High Salt Diet-Induced Hypertensive Wistar Rats

Garcinia kola is commonly consumed in Nigeria in social ceremonies, while Garlic is commonly used as a spice in the preparation of certain foods. In this study, the protective effects of extracts of the plants against a high salt diet (8% NaCl) induced hypertension were investigated in rats. Extracts prepared from the plants were subjected to phytochemical screening for acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in rats. In the protective study against salt-induced hypertension thirty-five adult male rats assigned to seven groups of five rats were treated such that, group one served as the normal control group, and group two was the hypertensive control group. Groups three to six were administered graded doses of extracts respectively after induction. While group seven received a combination of the two extracts after induction. Treatment commenced after confirmation of hypertension and lasted for two weeks before animals were sacrificed to collect blood for biochemical and haematological analysis. Results obtained showed that G.kola and Garlic feeding produced in rats following liver and haematological assays as values of these parameters in the test groups did not significantly differ from control values (p<0.05).

Effectiveness of sustained maximal inspiration along with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in patients with malignant pleural effusion with intercostal drainage tube: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is one of the most common causes of an exudative pleural effusion. It is the most common cause of a unilateral massive pleural effusion. Most MPE s are secondary to metastases to the pleura, most often from lung or breast cancer. Medical management includes aspiration of fluid with the insertion of a chest tube, which may be necessary to relieve dyspnea. Hypoventilation does occur in certain areas of the lungs because of pain and muscle guarding after intercostal drainage tube (ICD) tube placements in pleural effusion. Therefore, it is important to emphasize pain management and expansion of affected areas of the lungs and chest wall. SMI is the basic maneuver of incentive spirometry and is mainly given to prevent atelectasis and lung collapse in postoperative patients. TENS is a method of producing an electro-analgesic effect and is effective in providing post-operative pain control. Methods: The study design of the study was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 44 participants with a diagnosis of MPE with an intercostal drainage tube were included in this study. The study duration was 5 years with an intervention period of 2 weeks and the outcome measures were pulmonary functions and intercostal pain severity using the NRS Scale. Results: There was a significant improvement in pulmonary functions in the control group and a highly significant improvement in pulmonary functions in the experimental group after 2 weeks of interventions and pain severity (NRS) was significantly reduced in the experimental group only (p<0.001) Conclusions: This study concluded that sustained maximal inspiration (SMI) along with TENS significantly improves pulmonary functions and reduces pain at the site of ICD in patients with MPE.

Preparation of Lir@BSA-PMF nanoparticles and verification of their cell functions / 基础医学与临床

Objective To synthesize bovine serum albumin(BSA)-loaded liraqlutide(Lir)-nanoparticles coated with platelet membrane fragments(PMF)using a"bottom-up"nano-engineering chemistry technique,and to evaluate their cyto-compatibility and potential function of anti-oxidative stress.Methods PMF was extracted as reported previously.Lir@BSA nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembly method.PMF was coated on the sur-face of Lir@BSA nanoparticles by co-extrusion to prepare Lir@BSA-PMF.The physical and chemical properties of Lir@BSA-PMF particles were characterized as particle size,Zeta potential,transmission electron microscopy and particle size stability.The encapsulation efficiency,loading efficiency and cumulative release efficiency of liraglu-tide were calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Further,SDS-PAGE was used to analyze whether there was a similar membrane protein distribution of platelet membrane on Lir@BSA-PMF bionicnanocarrier.CCK-8 assay was used to verify the biocompatibility of the materials.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)experi-ment was used to explore the effect of Lir@BSA-PMF on cell oxidative damage.The uptake of cells on Lir@BSA-PMF bionic nano capsules was verified by cell phagocytosis experiment.Results Lir@BSA-PMF nanop-articles had a stable particle size of 25 nm with a spherical morphology,and a Zeta potential value of-25.5 mV.The encapsulation efficiency,loading efficiency and cumulative release efficiency of liraglutide were 85.56％,7.96％and 77.06％,respectively.SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the Lir@BSA-PMF bio-mimetic nano capsules retained the similar membrane protein distribution as platelet membrane.CCK-8 assay verified that the nanomaterials were non-cytotoxic.ROS results showed that Lir@BSA-PMF nanomaterials had obvious antioxidant properties.The results of cell phagocytosis showed that the cells had a good phagocytosis effect on Lir@BSA-PMF nanoparticles.Conclusions The nanoparticles Lir@BSA-PMF are successfully syn-thesized and have no effects on cells viability in vitro.The particles are taken up by cells and show a significant function of antioxidant damage.

Expression and biological function of TRP signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma / 实用医学杂志

In recent years,the morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)have been increasing worldwide,and the treatment strategies for HCC are still insufficient,which highlights the importance of exploring the pathogenesis and progression of HCC.Transient receptor potential(TRP)pathway is an important non-selective cation pathway,which is closely related to inflammatory response and sensory conduction.At present,a number of studies have shown that TRP pathway is also involved in the occurrence and development of HCC,inducing HCC invasion and migration.However,the overall potential mechanism and possible signal transduction pathways of TRP pathway in HCC remain unclear.Therefore,this article discusses the abnormal expression of TRP pathway in HCC,and reviews the key biological events of TRP pathway involved in the formation and progression of HCC,such as chronic liver inflammation-fibrosis progression,HCC cell proliferation,migration,apoptosis and HCC stem cell generation,and looks forward to its application prospect in HCC treatment.The aim is to better un-derstand the significance of TRP pathway in HCC,help to find new therapeutic targets and effective drugs,and open up a new situation for future clinical treatment.

Advances in the study of exosomes in ophthalmic applications / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Exosomes are commonly found in blood, urine, saliva, ascites, amniotic fluid and other body fluids, and are involved in intercellular communication, signal transduction, transport of genetic material, maintenance of internal environmental homeostasis and immune regulation, with a wide range of important biological functions. Exosomes transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to target cells and facilitate intercellular communication.As research continues, they have been found to play important roles in physiological and pathological processes, and are important biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It plays an important role in immunomodulation, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis in many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and brain diseases. More researches suggest that exosomes also play an important role in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. In this review, the research history and biological functions of exosomes, as well as their pathogenesis and prospects for the application in ophthalmic diseases, including corneal diseases, glaucoma, ocular trauma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis and intraocular tumors, were discussed

A meta-analysis of dose-response relationship between executive function and single exercise in children and adolescents / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To examine the dose-response relationship between acute exercise and executive func-tion in children and adolescents.Methods:The experimental studies on the effect of acute exercise on the executive function of children and adolescents in CNKI,Weipu,PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science and EBSCO databases were searched,and meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.4 software.Results:A total of 14 articles containing 691 participants were included.Single exercise had a significant effect on improving the response of in-hibitory function[SMD=-0.78(-1.35,-0.25),P＜0.01]and accuracy[SMD=0.91(0.27,1.55),P＜0.01],and also had a significant effect on improving the refresh function response[SMD=-1.04(-2.01,-0.07),P＜0.05]and the accuracy[SMD=1.16(0.39,1.93),P＜0.01].The effect of static exercise,30 min and moderate intensity on improving the response of inhibition function in children and adolescents(-5.86,-1.41,-0.76),the effect of inhibition function accuracy(2.98,5.64,1.62)and the effect of refresh function accuracy(6.27,7.39,2.57)was the largest(Ps＜0.05).Conclusion:Single exercise could improve inhibition and refresh function in the executive function in children and adolescents.

The bioprotective role of irradiated hibiscus against harmful effects of using repeatedly frying edible oil

Abstract Repeatedly frying process of dietary edible oil has a potential role in the generation of free radicals. Therefore, questions have always been raised as to whether, there is an efficient and economical method to reduce the harmful effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Since hibiscus has been stated to have a wide variety of therapeutic effects, it was important to investigate its properties against harmful effects of free radicals. The current study aspires to find out whether irradiated powder of hibiscus has a protective role against adverse effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were equally assigned into five groups. First groupG1 was fed with normal diet as control group, meanwhile, groupG2 the diet mixed with fresh oil, G3 diet mixed with repeatedly frying oil only, G4 diet mixed with frying oil treated with hibiscus and G5 diet mixed with frying oil treated with irradiated hibiscus. Feeding duration was six weeks. Fatty acid analyses of oil as well as peroxide values were determined. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analyses as well as histological study. Repeatedly heated cooked oil has significant increases in peroxide value, acid value, free fatty acid and both conjugated diene and triene compared with repeatedly frying oil treated with hibiscus. Also there are significant increases in cholesterol and triglyceride and impaired in liver functions in G3compared with others. In addition, relative to the hibiscus groups, there is a substantial reduction in oxygen consumption in G3. Both hibiscus as well as irradiated hibiscus attract attention in order to play a vital and economical role against harmful effects of frequent use of frying edible oil on some biological functions but, irradiated hibiscus was more effective.

Resumo O processo de fritura repetida de óleo comestível da dieta tem papel potencial na geração de radicais livres que podem ter efeitos prejudiciais em algumas funções biológicas. Portanto, sempre se questionou se existe uma maneira eficiente e econômica de prevenir ou pelo menos reduzir os efeitos nocivos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Como o hibisco tem ampla variedade de efeitos terapêuticos, foi importante investigar suas propriedades como agente antioxidante contra os efeitos nocivos dos radicais livres. O presente estudo pretende descobrir se o pó irradiado de hibisco tem papel protetor contra os efeitos adversos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Trinta e cinco ratos albinos machos adultos foram divididos igualmente em cinco grupos. O primeiro grupo G1 foi alimentado com dieta normal como grupo controle, enquanto o grupo G2 dieta misturada com óleo fresco, dieta G3 misturada com óleo de fritura repetida, dieta G4 misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco e dieta G5 misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco irradiado. A duração da alimentação foi de seis semanas. Foram determinadas as análises de ácidos graxos de óleo, bem como os valores de peróxidos. Amostras de sangue e fígado foram coletadas para análises bioquímicas e estudo histológico. O óleo cozido repetidamente aquecido tem aumentos significativos no valor de peróxido, valor de ácido, ácido graxo livre e dieno e trieno conjugados em comparação com óleo de fritura repetidamente tratado com hibisco. Também há aumentos significativos no colesterol e triglicérides e comprometimento das funções hepáticas no G3 em comparação com outros. Além disso, em relação aos grupos de hibiscos, há uma redução substancial no consumo de oxigênio no G3. Tanto o hibisco como o hibisco irradiado chamam atenção por desempenhar papel vital e econômico contra os efeitos nocivos do uso frequente de óleo comestível para fritar em algumas funções biológicas, mas o hibisco irradiado foi mais eficaz.

Executive and attentional functions in patients with migraine / Funções executivas e atencionais em pacientes com enxaqueca

INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a disease that affects the overall performance of the patient, especially attention and executive functions (EF), with a direct impact on the person's functionality, highlighting the importance of studies in order to minimize its damage. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate if there is a link between migraine and executive and attentional functions. METHODOLOGY: Observational study (44 subjects; 29 migraineurs and 15 non-migraineurs) on attentional and executive functioning changes in migraine. Subjects over 18 years of age were included in the study, regardless of gender, recruited for convenience at CAM FAME, FAME and Centro AMA, primary recruitment centers, following the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The participants underwent neuropsychological tests that estimated executive and attentional functioning. For attention, the Psychological Attention the Assessment Battery (AAB) was used, and for EF, the Five-Digit Test (FDT) was used. Student's t test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and/or Kruskal-Wallis U test were used, whose analyzes fixed the type I error at 0.05. RESULTS: All AAB subtests pointed to a reduction in the attentional potential in migraineurs when compared to the control group. The FDT showed lowering in the migraineurs group subjects, when compared with the non- migraineurs group. Multivariate analysis identified a relationship between EF, Attention and migraine (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: migraineurs present a decrease in executive functioning and attentional skills and an increase in execution time when compared to non-migraineurs individuals

INTRODUÇÃO: A enxaqueca é uma doença que afeta o desempenho global do paciente, principalmente a atenção e as funções executivas (FE), com impacto direto na funcionalidade da pessoa, destacando a importância de estudos a fim de minimizar seus danos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe ligação entre enxaqueca e funções executivas e atencionais. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional (44 indivíduos; 29 com enxaqueca e 15 sem enxaqueca) sobre alterações de atenção e funcionamento executivo na enxaqueca. Foram incluídos no estudo indivíduos maiores de 18 anos, independente do sexo, recrutados por conveniência no CAM FAME, FAME e Centro AMA, centros primários de recrutamento, seguindo os critérios da Classificação Internacional de Cefaleias (ICHD-3). Os participantes foram submetidos a testes neuropsicológicos que estimaram o funcionamento executivo e atencional. Para atenção foi utilizada a Bateria de Avaliação da Atenção Psicológica (AAB) e para FE foi utilizado o Teste de Cinco Dígitos (FDT). Foram utilizados teste t de Student, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney e/ou teste U de Kruskal-Wallis, cujas análises fixaram o erro tipo I em 0,05. RESULTADOS: Todos os subtestes da AAB apontaram redução do potencial atencional em enxaquecosos quando comparados ao grupo controle. O FDT apresentou redução nos indivíduos do grupo com enxaqueca, quando comparado com o grupo sem enxaqueca. A análise multivariada identificou relação entre FE, Atenção e enxaqueca (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: enxaquecosos apresentam diminuição do funcionamento executivo e das habilidades de atenção e aumento no tempo de execução quando comparados a indivíduos não enxaquecosos

Capacidad predictiva de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la planificación en las competencias matemáticas tempranas

Se ha demostrado que las competencias matemáticas tempranas ejercen un rol importante en el aprendizaje de esta disciplina y que tanto la flexibilidad cognitiva como la planificación favorecen este proceso. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las investigaciones han relacionado las funciones ejecutivas con los resultados matemáticos generales, sin tomar en cuenta que esta disciplina incluye diversos componentes que varían en su complejidad cognitiva. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la planificación en las competencias matemáticas lógico-relacionales y numéricas de 106 niños de educación inicial de escuelas chilenas, quienes fueron evaluados con dos tareas ejecutivas y un test de competencias matemáticas tempranas. Para el análisis de datos se realizaron correlaciones y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados mostraron que la flexibilidad cognitiva fue un predictor significativo de las competencias matemáticas tanto lógico-relacionales como numéricas, mientras que la planificación lo fue solo de las numéricas. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de la flexibilidad cognitiva y la planificación en el desarrollo de las competencias matemáticas tempranas, lo que podría propiciar intervenciones específicas sobre estas funciones ejecutivas y así favorecer el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en la educación inicial.

Foi demonstrado que as competências matemáticas precoces desempenham um papel importante na aprendizagem dessa disciplina e que tanto a flexibilidade cognitiva como o planejamento favorecem esse processo. No entanto, a maioria das investigações relacionou as funções executivas com os resultados matemáticos gerais, sem ter em conta que esta disciplina inclui diversos componentes que variam na sua complexidade cognitiva. Por conseguinte, o objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da flexibilidade cognitiva e do planejamento nas competências matemáticas lógico-relacionais e numéricas de 106 crianças de escolas chilenas de educação infantil, que foram avaliadas com duas tarefas executivas e um teste de competências matemáticas precoces. Foram utilizados correlações e modelos de regressão linear múltipla para a análise de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a flexibilidade cognitiva foi um preditor significativo tanto das competências matemáticas lógico-relacionais como numéricas, enquanto o planejamento foi preditor significativo apenas das competências matemáticas numéricas. Estes resultados confirmam a importância da flexibilidade cognitiva e do planejamento no desenvolvimento de competências matemáticas precoces, o que poderia conduzir a intervenções específicas sobre essas funções executivas, favorecendo assim a aprendizagem da matemática na educação infantil.

It has been shown that early mathematical competencies play an important role in the learning of this discipline and that both cognitive flexibility and planning favor this process. However, most research has related executive functions to general mathematical outcomes, without taking into account that this discipline includes several components that vary in their cognitive complexity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the predictive capacity of cognitive flexibility and planning in the logical-relational and numerical mathematical competencies of 106 children in early childhood education in Chilean schools, who were evaluated with two executive tasks and a test of early mathematical competencies. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were used for data analysis. The results showed that cognitive flexibility was a significant predictor of both logical-relational and numerical mathematical competencies, while planning was only a significant predictor of numerical competencies. These results confirm the importance of cognitive flexibility and planning in the development of early mathematical competencies, which could lead to specific interventions on these executive functions and thus favor the learning of mathematics in early education.

Executive performance and mathematic learning difficulties: association with sociodemographic aspects / Desempenho executivo e dificuldades de aprendizagem em matemática: associações com aspectos sociodemográficos / Desempeño ejecutivo y dificultades en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas: associaciones con aspectos sociodemográficos

Considering the association between Executive Functions (EF) and performance in mathematic, we aimed to analyse the low executive functions ­ which impact the individual's personal, social, and educational functioning ­, and their associations with this performance and sociodemographic aspects not already explored in students aged 8 to 12 years. One hundred and ten participants were evaluated using the MMSE, Coruja PROMAT, NEUPSILIN-INF, FDT and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Correlation and regression analysis indicated that low executive accomplishment influences performance in mathematics, especially considering working memory and cognitive flexibility. The variables gender, family income and parents' age were not related to the presentation of low EF. In contrast, the sociodemographic aspects of school shift and parents' education were shown to be related to executive performance, especially among public school students, revealing the importance of attention to these factors

Considerando a associação entre Funções Executivas (FE) e desempenho em matemática, objetivou-se analisar a baixa performance executiva ­ que impacta o funcionamento pessoal, social e educacional do indivíduo ­, e suas associações com esse desempenho e aspectos sociodemográficos ainda não explorados em escolares de 8 a 12 anos. Foram avaliados 110 participantes de ambos os sexos a partir dos instrumentos MEEM, Coruja-PROMAT, NEUPSILIN, FDT e Questionário Sociodemográfico. As análises de correlação e regressão empreendidas indicaram que o baixo desempenho executivo exerce influência sobre o desempenho em matemática, especialmente considerando a memória de trabalho e a flexibilidade cognitiva. As variáveis sexo, renda familiar e idade dos pais não apresentaram relação com baixa FE. Em contraponto, os aspectos sociodemográficos turno escolar e escolaridade dos pais se demonstraram fortemente relacionados à baixa performance executiva, especialmente nos estudantes de escola pública, revelando a importância da atenção a esses fatores

Considerando la asociación entre Funciones Ejecutivas (FE) y desempeño en matemáticas, objetivamos analizar la baja performance ejecutiva - que impacta en el funcionamiento personal, social y educativo del individuo - y sus asociaciones con este desempeño y aspectos sociodemográficos no explorados en escolares de 8 a 12 años. Ciento y diez participantes de ambos sexos fueron evaluados utilizando lo MEEM, Coruja-PROMAT, NEUPSILIN, FDT y Cuestionario Sociodemográfico. Los análisis de correlación y regresión indicaron que el bajo rendimiento ejecutivo influye en el rendimiento en matemáticas, especialmente considerando la memoria de trabajo y la flexibilidad cognitiva. Las variables sexo, renta familiar y edad de los progenitores no se relacionaron con baja FE. Por el contrario, los aspectos sociodemográficos turno escolar y educación de los progenitores estaban fuertemente relacionados con el bajo desempeño ejecutivo, especialmente en los estudiantes de escuelas públicas, revelando la importancia atención a estos factores

The bioprotective role of irradiated hibiscus against harmful effects of using repeatedly frying edible oil / O papel bioprotetor do hibisco irradiado contra os efeitos nocivos do uso de óleo comestível para fritar

Abstract Repeatedly frying process of dietary edible oil has a potential role in the generation of free radicals. Therefore, questions have always been raised as to whether, there is an efficient and economical method to reduce the harmful effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Since hibiscus has been stated to have a wide variety of therapeutic effects, it was important to investigate its properties against harmful effects of free radicals. The current study aspires to find out whether irradiated powder of hibiscus has a protective role against adverse effects of repeated use of frying edible oil. Thirty-five adult male albino rats were equally assigned into five groups. First group"G1" was fed with normal diet as control group, meanwhile, group"G2" the diet mixed with fresh oil, "G3" diet mixed with repeatedly frying oil only, "G4" diet mixed with frying oil treated with hibiscus and "G5" diet mixed with frying oil treated with irradiated hibiscus. Feeding duration was six weeks. Fatty acid analyses of oil as well as peroxide values were determined. Blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analyses as well as histological study. Repeatedly heated cooked oil has significant increases in peroxide value, acid value, free fatty acid and both conjugated diene and triene compared with repeatedly frying oil treated with hibiscus. Also there are significant increases in cholesterol and triglyceride and impaired in liver functions in "G3"compared with others. In addition, relative to the hibiscus groups, there is a substantial reduction in oxygen consumption in "G3". Both hibiscus as well as irradiated hibiscus attract attention in order to play a vital and economical role against harmful effects of frequent use of frying edible oil on some biological functions but, irradiated hibiscus was more effective.

Resumo O processo de fritura repetida de óleo comestível da dieta tem papel potencial na geração de radicais livres que podem ter efeitos prejudiciais em algumas funções biológicas. Portanto, sempre se questionou se existe uma maneira eficiente e econômica de prevenir ou pelo menos reduzir os efeitos nocivos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Como o hibisco tem ampla variedade de efeitos terapêuticos, foi importante investigar suas propriedades como agente antioxidante contra os efeitos nocivos dos radicais livres. O presente estudo pretende descobrir se o pó irradiado de hibisco tem papel protetor contra os efeitos adversos do uso repetido de óleo comestível para fritar. Trinta e cinco ratos albinos machos adultos foram divididos igualmente em cinco grupos. O primeiro grupo "G1" foi alimentado com dieta normal como grupo controle, enquanto o grupo "G2" dieta misturada com óleo fresco, dieta "G3" misturada com óleo de fritura repetida, dieta "G4" misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco e dieta "G5" misturada com óleo de fritura tratada com hibisco irradiado. A duração da alimentação foi de seis semanas. Foram determinadas as análises de ácidos graxos de óleo, bem como os valores de peróxidos. Amostras de sangue e fígado foram coletadas para análises bioquímicas e estudo histológico. O óleo cozido repetidamente aquecido tem aumentos significativos no valor de peróxido, valor de ácido, ácido graxo livre e dieno e trieno conjugados em comparação com óleo de fritura repetidamente tratado com hibisco. Também há aumentos significativos no colesterol e triglicérides e comprometimento das funções hepáticas no "G3" em comparação com outros. Além disso, em relação aos grupos de hibiscos, há uma redução substancial no consumo de oxigênio no "G3". Tanto o hibisco como o hibisco irradiado chamam atenção por desempenhar papel vital e econômico contra os efeitos nocivos do uso frequente de óleo comestível para fritar em algumas funções biológicas, mas o hibisco irradiado foi mais eficaz.

Continuous erector spinae plane block for analgesia and better pulmonary functions in patients with multiple rib fractures: a prospective descriptive study

Abstract Background: The present study explored the role of continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block for analgesia as well as its impact on pulmonary functions in patients with multiple rib fractures. Methods: Ten patients with multiple rib fractures were enrolled after getting informed and written consent. Ultrasound-guided ESP block was performed at the level midway between the fractured ribs followed by the insertion of the catheter. Pre- and post-block VAS score, hemodynamics, respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), inspiratory capacity (IC), blood gases (PaO2 and PCO2), and complications were compared. Results: Pain scores at rest as well as on movement showed a significant reduction from 5.9 and 7.5 pre block to 1.6 and 2.5 respectively at 96 hours (p < 0.0001). Similarly, RR, SpO2, IC, and PaO2 were significantly better after the block placement (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Continuous ESP block provide adequate analgesia with better respiratory functions in patients with multiple rib fractures.

La Figura del Intérprete en Lengua de Señas Chilena: Estado Actual y Desafíos en el Contexto Escolar / The Figure of the Interpreter in Chilean Sign Language: Current State and Challenges in the School Context

RESUMEN: Los intérpretes en Lengua de Señas Chilena (ILSCh) constituyen un recurso para la inclusión, eliminando barreras de estudiantes sordos que manejan la modalidad visual-gestual para comunicarse. Chile tiene normativa que favorece la participación del ILSCh en distintos ámbitos, y este estudio se centró en los intérpretes en contexto escolar, considerando que existe un desconocimiento de los procesos, implementación, resultados, logros y situación laboral. Las interrogantes del estudio fueron: ¿cuál es el estado actual del ILSCh, las trayectorias formativas, el rol y los desafíos de su quehacer? El objetivo general fue describir la figura del ILSCh y los desafíos que enfrenta en su desempeño laboral en contexto escolar, situados en las regiones Metropolitana y Valparaíso, Chile. El enfoque fue cualitativo, interpretativo, diseño fenomenográfico, descriptivo y transeccional, la muestra intencionada por criterios de 24 intérpretes de nivel escolar. Las técnicas de recogida de información fueron: formulario de identificación, entrevista y grupo focal. Se analizaron las transcripciones con el software Atlas TI. Los resultados muestran la diversidad en la formación, centrada en el vocabulario de la lengua, con mínimas líneas del contexto educativo, desconocimiento del rol, solicitudes de tareas fuera de sus funciones y situaciones laborares sin regulación y diversidad de jefaturas.

ABSTRACT: The interpreters in Chilean Sign Language (ILSCh) constitute a resource for inclusion, eliminating the barriers of deaf students who use the visual-gestural modality to communicate. Chile has regulations that favor the participation of the ILSCh in different áreas, and this study focused on interpreters in the school context, considering that there is a lack of knowledge of the processes, implementation, results, achievements and employment situation. The questions of the study were: What is the current state of the ILSCh, its formative trajectories, its role and the challenges of its work? The general objective was to describe the figure of the ILSCh and the challenges it faces in its work performance in the school context, located in the Metropolitan and Valparaíso regions, Chile. The approach was qualitative, interpretative, phenomenographic, descriptive and transactional design, the sample intentional by criteria of 24 school level interpreters. The information collection techniques were: identification form, interview and focus group. The transcripts were analyzed with the Atlas TI software. The results show the diversity in the training, focused on the vocabulary of the language, with minimal lines of the educational context, lack of knowlegde of the role, requests for tasks outside their functions and work situations without regulation and diversity of leadership.

A Delphi survey-based development and validation of cognitive-communication assessment tool for Indian preschoolers

ABSTRACT Purpose To address the need for a standardized assessment tool for assessing cognitive-communication abilities among Indian preschoolers, the current study aimed at describing a Delphi based development and validation process for developing one such tool. The objectives of the research were to conceptualize and construct the tool, validate its content, and assess its feasibility through pilot testing. Methods The study followed a Delphi approach to develop and validate the tool across four phases i.e. conceptualization; construction; content validation; and pilot testing. The first three phases were performed with a panel of six experts including speech-language pathologists and preschool teachers while the pilot testing was done with 20 typically developing preschoolers. A literature review was also conducted with the Delphi rounds to support the developmental process. Results The first two rounds of the Delphi aided in the construction of a culturally and linguistically suitable story-based cognitive-communication assessment tool with the memory (free recall, recognition, and literary recall) and executive function (reasoning, inhibition, and switching) related tasks relevant for preschoolers. The content validation of the tool was continued with the experts till the revisions were satisfactory and yielded an optimum Content Validity Index. The pilot test of the finalized version confirmed its feasibility and appropriateness to assess developmental changes in the cognitive-communication abilities of preschoolers. Conclusion The study describes the Delphi-based conceptualization, construction, content validation, and feasibility check of a tool to assess cognitive-communication skills in preschool children.

Promotion of executive functions in adolescents with typical development: Systematic review

During adolescence, hot and cold executive functions are still developing, making it essential to assess and intervene if changes occur. The present study aims to identify, through a systematic review, which interventions in executive functions have been studied in typical adolescents, including hot and cold executive functions, seeking to determine the effects of these interventions in this segment. The search was conducted according to the PRISMA method in the PubMed database. Of the 315 articles initially located, five remained after applying exclusion criteria and analyzing by judges. The selected articles revealed a more significant effect of interventions on cold executive functions than hot ones, which may corroborate previous data suggesting that hot executive functions take longer to be stimulated than cold ones. Only one of the five articles jointly stimulated cold and hot executive functions, which reveals the need for more research in the area. The small number of articles selected, despite limiting the conclusions, reinforces the need to conduct more research on intervention in hot and cold executive functions in typically developing adolescents.

Durante la adolescencia, las funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes aún se están desarrollando, lo que hace importante evaluar e intervenir si hay cambios. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar, a través de una revisión sistemática, qué intervenciones en funciones ejecutivas han sido estudiadas en adolescentes típicos, se incluyen funciones ejecutivas calientes y frías, y se busca identificar los efectos de estas intervenciones en dicha población. La búsqueda se realizó según el método PRISMA en la base de datos PubMed. De los 315 estudios hallados inicialmente, solo cinco artículos pasaron los criterios de exclusión y el análisis por parte de los jueces. Los estudios seleccionados revelaron un mayor efecto de las intervenciones sobre las funciones ejecutivas frías que sobre las calientes; lo que puede corroborar datos previos que sugieren que las funciones ejecutivas calientes tardan más en estimularse que las frías. Solo uno de los cinco estudios estimuló conjuntamente las funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes, lo que revela la necesidad de más investigación en el área. El pequeño número de artículos seleccionados, a pesar de limitar las conclusiones, refuerza la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones sobre la intervención en funciones ejecutivas frías y calientes en adolescentes con desarrollo típico.

Durante a adolescência, as funções executivas frias e quentes estão ainda em desenvolvimento, o que torna importante avaliar e intervir caso haja alterações. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, quais as intervenções em funções executivas vêm sendo estudadas em adolescentes típicos, incluindo funções executivas quentes e frias, buscando identificar os efeitos dessas intervenções nessa população. A busca foi conduzida de acordo com o método PRISMA na base PubMed. Dos 315 estudos inicialmente localizados, cinco artigos restaram após aplicação de critérios de exclusão e análise de juízes. Os estudos selecionados revelaram maior efeito das intervenções sobre funções executivas frias do que sobre as quentes, o que pode corroborar dados anteriores que sugerem que as funções executivas quentes demandam mais tempo para serem estimuladas do que as frias. Apenas um dos cinco estudos estimulou conjuntamente funções executivas frias e quentes, o que revela necessidade de mais pesquisas na área. O pequeno número de artigos selecionados, apesar de limitar as conclusões, reforça a necessidade de condução de mais pesquisas sobre intervenção em funções executivas quentes e frias em adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico.

The role of executive functions in the comprehension of expository and narrative texts by high school students / El rol de las funciones ejecutivas en la comprensión de textos expositivos y narrativos en estudiantes de secundaria

Abstract Introduction: Reading comprehension is a complex skill that involves several linguistic and cognitive processes. While the evidence indicates that expository texts are more difficult and cognitively demanding than narrative texts, the contribution of core executive functions to comprehension has seldom been compared between these genres, particularly in adolescents. The present study examined the association of executive functions with expository and narrative text comprehension in Argentinean high school students, while controlling for their verbal skills. Method: One hundred and twenty-one 12 to15-year-old high school students participated in our study (75.2% of them were girls). Participants completed pencil and paper tests in reading comprehension (TLC-II), vocabulary (BAIRES) and reading efficacy (TECLE), as well as computerised tests in shifting, inhibition and verbal and visuospatial working memory from the Cognitive Self-Regulation Test Battery (TAC). Results: We found lower comprehension scores in the expository text. Shifting and verbal working memory were predictors of reading comprehension beyond verbal skills, but we did not observe significant differences between text types. Comprehension in general was lower for third-year students. Conclusion: In accord with the literature, we observed greater difficulties for expository text comprehension, and a general contribution of shifting and working memory to both types of text. We found no conclusive evidence of differences in this association between text types. Third-year students' comprehension might have been affected by the impact of the pandemic on their schooling trajectory.

Resumen Introducción: la comprensión de textos es una habilidad compleja que involucra diversos procesos lingüísticos y cognitivos. Si bien la evidencia indica que los textos expositivos son más difíciles y cognitivamente demandantes que los narrativos, la contribución de las funciones ejecutivas a la comprensión de ambos rara vez se ha comparado en adolescentes. Este artículo examinó la asociación de las funciones ejecutivas con la comprensión de textos expositivos y narrativos en estudiantes de secundaria argentinos, controlando sus habilidades verbales. Método: ciento veintiún estudiantes de secundaria de entre 12 y 15 años (75.2 % mujeres) participaron del estudio, los cuales realizaron pruebas de comprensión de textos narrativo y expositivo, vocabulario, eficacia lectora, y de flexibilidad cognitiva, inhibición, memoria de trabajo verbal y visoespacial. Resultados: encontramos puntajes de comprensión más bajos en el texto expositivo. La flexibilidad y la memoria de trabajo verbal fueron predictores de la comprensión de textos más allá de las habilidades verbales, sin observarse diferencias significativas por tipo de texto. La comprensión fue más baja en los alumnos de tercer año en general. Conclusiones: en línea con la literatura, se observó una mayor dificultad en la comprensión del texto expositivo, y una contribución general de la flexibilidad y la memoria de trabajo a la comprensión de ambos textos. No se encontró evidencia concluyente de diferencias en esta asociación por tipo de texto. La comprensión de los estudiantes de tercero puede haber sido afectada por el impacto de la pandemia en su trayectoria educativa.