Phytochemical profile of methanolic extracts from Chilca (Baccharis glutinosa) roots and its activity against Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium moniliforme

Aim: The present study aimed to identify the phytochemicals of methanolic extract from Baccharis glutinosa (chilca) roots (MEBg) and to evaluate its antifungal activity on two major fungal pathogens of agricultural importance. Methodology: The antifungal activity was evaluated by inhibition halo, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) and % sporulation against A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme. As a preliminary test, inhibition halo was tested using 1, 10, 100 and 270 mg ml-1 of MEBg. Different concentrations of MEBg were applied for MIC and MFC tests. Ketoconazole was used as positive control. The treatments were applied in triplicate. The phytochemical compounds of MEBg were determined by GC-MS analysis. Results: The MEBg produced an inhibition zone of 2 to 4 mm in the inhibition halo test, with concentrations of 100 and 270 mg ml-1 for A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme, respectively. Reduction in % sporulation above 50 was shown in concentrations over 8 mg ml-1. MEBg were reported to exhibit antifungal activities against A. ochraceus and F. moniliforme with the MIC values ranging from 2 to 5.6 mg∙ml-1 and the MFC from 12 to 15 mg ml-1. GC-MS analysis of Chilca extracts revealed that the most abundant metabolites were furfural compounds and organic acids. The most abundant furfural compounds were 5-(hydroxymethyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde (38.59%), furan-2-carbaldehyde (4.103%) and 5-methylfuran-2-carbaldehyde (2.1%). Interpretation: The MEBg revealed efficient antifungal activity, likely due to the presence of bioactive compounds, which could be used as an alternative for biological control of pathogenic fungi in maize and coffee crops.

Screening of antifungal effects of pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis Bull. (Singer).

In this study, antifungal activities of Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis extracts with the help of acetone and chloroform against to Fusarium species (Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium moniliforme) were investigated. Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis was dried at aseptic conditions and put thru extractions for 12 hours in solvents. Than the evaporator at 40°C and finally dried material stored at + 4°C.(Jonathan and Fasidi, 2003). Antifungal activities were measured by Disc Diffusion method (Stoke and Ridgway, 1980). According to this method; the inoculums containing Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium moniliforme were spread agar medium. In result antagonistic effects of Pseudoclitocybe cyathiformis was found against both Fusarium spp.. The clear zone of inhibition was observed around the mushroom extracts. For control water and only acetone and chloroform saturated discs were used. The results were comprised with commercial antibiotics (amoxycillin and erythromycin).

A new alternative to produce gibberellic acid by solid state fermentation

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an important hormone, which controls plant's growth and development. Solid State Fermentation (SSF) allows the use of agro-industrial residues reducing the production costs. The screening of strains (four of Gibberella fujikuoroi and one of Fusarium moniliforme) and substrates (citric pulp, soy bran, sugarcane bagasse, soy husk, cassava bagasse and coffee husk) and inoculum preparation study were conducted in order to evaluate the best conditions to produce GA3 by SSF. Fermentation assays were carried out in erlenmeyers flasks at 29°C, with initial moisture of 75-80 percent. Different medium for inoculum production were tested in relation to cells viability and GA3 production by SSF. F. moniliforme LPB 03 and citric pulp were chosen for GA3 production. The best medium for inoculum production was citric pulp extract supplemented with sucrose. GA3 production by SSF reached 5.9 g /kg of dry CP after 3 days of fermentation.

O ácido giberélico (GA3) é um importante hormônio vegetal. A fermentação no estado sólido (FES) utiliza resíduos agro-industriais reduzindo os custos de produção. Neste trabalho a seleção de cepas (quatro de Gibberella fujikuoroi e uma de Fusarium moniliforme) e substratos (polpa cítrica, casca de soja, bagaço de cana, farelo de soja, bagaço de mandioca e casca de café) e o estudo da preparação do inóculo foram conduzidos para otimizar as condições de produção de GA3 por FES. Os ensaios foram realizados em frascos de erlenmeyer a 29°C, com umidade inicial de 75-80 por cento. Diferentes meios para a produção do inóculo foram testados em relação à viabilidade das células e produção de GA3 por FES. F. moniliforme LPB03 e polpa cítrica foram escolhidos. O melhor meio para a produção de inóculo foi o extrato de polpa cítrica. A produção por FES alcançou 5.8 g de GA3/kg de polpa cítrica após 3 dias de fermentação.

Efeito do genótipo de milho e da aplicação foliar de fungicidas na incidência de grãos ardidos / Genotypes and fungicides effects after maize leaves spraying on ear rot incidence

Este trabalho foi realizado visando avaliar a incidência de grãos ardidos em genótipos de milho sob aplicação foliar de fungicidas. Foi conduzido um experimento em Iraí de Minas - MG, com posterior análise dos grãos em Uberlândia - MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8x5x2, correspondentes a híbridos (AG 6018, AG 8060, AG 7000, Penta, Strike, Speed, Fort e Master), fungicidas (Piraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole, Hidróxido de Cobre, Azoxystrobin + Ciproconazole, Azoxystrobin e controle) e épocas de aplicação (45 e 45-60 D.A.S.), respectivamente, com 4 repetições. A quantificação da incidência de grãos ardidos foi determinada pelo método de separação visual de grãos com sintomas de descoloração, causada pela infecção por fungos na lavoura. O teste padrão ("Blotter Test') permitiu detectar a presença dos patógenos Fusarium moniliforme e Penicillium digitatum. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de médias pelo programa SISVAR (teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade). As épocas de aplicação não influenciaram na incidência de grãos ardidos ao contrário do uso de fungicidas via foliar que resultou em uma menor incidência de grãos ardidos. O híbrido AG6018 apresentou menores valores para grãos ardidos. Já o AG8060 apresentou menor incidência de Fusarium moniliforme nos grãos. Os híbridos Penta, Strike, AG6018, Master e Speed apresentaram menor incidência de Penicillium digitatum nos grãos. Quanto aoFusarium moniliforme, a aplicação de fungicidas diminuiu a incidência do patógeno. Nas análises para o fungo Penicillium digitatum a aplicação de fungicidas via foliar interagindo com os diferentes genótipos de milho, influenciaram na incidência do patógeno.

This study evaluated the incidence of ear rot in maize genotypes in relation to fungicide spraying.,The trial was carried out in Iraí de Minas, with complement in Uberlândia - MG. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 8 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to hybrids (AG 6018, AG 8060, AG 7000, Penta, Strike, Speed, Fort e Master), fungicides (Piraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole, Copper Hydroxide, Azoxystrobin + Ciproconazole,Azoxystrobin and non-sprayed control) and spraying times (45 or 45-60 D.A.S.), respectively. All treatments with four replicates. Rotten kernels were determined by visual separation of the kernels with, which was caused by fungi in the . A Blotter Test was done in the laboratory allowed to identify the pathogens Fusarium moniliforme and Penicillium digitatum, which are able to form mycelia on the plant material. The results were submitted to analyses of variance and means separation with the program SISVAR (Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability). The spraying times did not affect ear rot incidence. Fungicide leaf spraying resulted in lower ear rot incidence. The hybrid AG6018 presented lowest incidence of ear rot. Lowest incidence of Fusarium moniliforme was found on AG8060. The hybrids Penta, Strike, AG6018, Master and Speed presented lowest incidence of Penicillium digitatum on the kernels. Fungicide spraying decreased Fusarium moniliforme incidence. Fungicide leaf spraying from strobilurines plus triazols decreased rotten kernels and the interaction of fungicides with maize hybrids affected the incidence of Penicillium digitatum.

THE BLOCKING EFFECT OF GARLIC EXTRACT ON MOULDS-MEDIATED NITROSATION / 营养学报

It is well known that some moulds can mediate the formation o NO-com-pounds (NOC), but there have been few means to block its action. In this paper, we introduce garlic extract that can block moulds-mediated nitrosa-tion.Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus versicolor were inoculated in Cza-pek's liquid medium with nitrite and diethylamine ordibutylamine added (test group). The concentrations of NDEA and NDBA were higher in the test group than those in the control group (moulds not inoculated), (P