Effects of soaking duration and incubation conditions on GABA biosynthesis in MangBuk brown rice of Vietnam

@#Introduction: Many people are currently interested in improving and maintaining their health status by changing their dietary habits, like eating more natural foods; thus sprout products are becoming increasingly popular. In this context, sprouted brown rice grains are an excellent example of functional food, because besides their nutritive value, they also lower the risk of various diseases and/or exert healthpromoting effects. In this paper, we focused on the bioactive compound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated brown rice. GABA is known as an important amino acid that can help reduce hypertension and inhibit cancer cells development. Methods: We investigated the hydration characteristics of brown rice by drying them in a moisture analyser at 130°C until reaching a constant weight. The effects of soaking (duration and pH of soaking solution), as well as incubation conditions (temperature and time) on GABA biosynthesis in MangBuk brown rice of Vietnam were measured. Quantification of GABA was measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: GABA content in MangBuk type 1 brown rice was higher than in type 2. GABA content reached its highest value at 691.88 µg/g for type 1 rice and 596.48 µg/g for type 2 rice when MangBuk brown rice was soaked in a pH 7 water at 30°C for 12 hours, and then incubated at 35°C for 30 hours in aerobic condition. Conclusion: Germination conditions modified the content of biologically active compounds in MangBuk soft and hard rice varieties. GABA was synthesised during germination based on three factors, namely time of incubation, temperature of incubation, and pH of solution.

Research Progress in Genetic Research of Fatigue / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Fatigue refers to the manifestation of disorders in the process of carrying out or maintaining random activities， which can be regarded as an independent disease or as a symptom in a variety of chronic diseases. The high incidence of fatigue has seriously affected people's physical and mental health， and the prevention and treatment of fatigue has become an important problem to be solved urgently. The pathogenesis of fatigue mainly includes energy consumpation， accumulation of metabolites， abnormal secretion of neurotransmitters， decline of mitochondrial function， dysfunction of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis， etc. At present， there is no unified understanding about the pathogenesis of fatigue at home and abroad. The gene research of fatigue is the current research frontier. Gene expression profiling provides a new method for the study of the mechanism of fatigue. The combination of gene chip technology and traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） theory is expected to bring a breakthrough in the study of the pathogenesis of fatigue. In the study of fatigue gene chip， messenger RNA（mRNA） and microRNA（miRNA） are the common research objects， but few explorations are focused on the gene expression rule of fatigue by a specific signaling pathway and the effective regulation targets of TCM for treating fatigue. In recent years， the dysfunction of reward and inhibition mechanism in the central nervous system has become a research hotspot. In particular， gamma amino butyric acid （GABA） and dopamine （DA） have attracted much attention as the main substances of inhibition and reward mechanism， respectively. GABA and DA are used as inhibition and reward mechanisms to maintain the balance， and the body will not feel fatigue. Once the balance is broken， the fatigue will be formed. At the same time， DA and GABA receptors can also regulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway（cAMP） to affect fatigue. The research on key genes in GABA/DA balance mechanism and related cAMP signaling pathway by gene chip technology is expected to reveal the pathogenesis of fatigue in depth. The gene chip method is used to detect the changes of key genes in GABA/DA pathway and the related cAMP signaling pathway in the fatigue population and the normal population， so as to further explore the pathogenesis of fatigue. In this paper， the key genes in GABA/DA balance mechanism and cAMP signaling pathway related to fatigue were summarized by using the review method， so as to provide the basis for further study on the pathogenesis of fatigue and effective prevention and treatment from the perspective of genetics.

Aspectos clínico-patológicos da intoxicação por ivermectina em suínos / Clinical and pathological aspects of the intoxication by ivermectin in pigs

A ivermectina é um derivado semi-sintético das avermectinas. Essas lactonas macrocíclicas são obtidas como compostos da fermentação do actinomiceto Streptomyces avermitilis, apesar de sua ampla margem de segurança, casos de intoxicação iatrogênica tem sido observados em diversas espécies animais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar o primeiro surto de intoxicação por ivermectina em suínos no Brasil. Os casos descritos neste estudo foram observados em uma propriedade rural no Município de Catingueira, Estado da Paraíba. O rebanho era composto por 103 suínos, destes 32 foram medicados com ivermectina a 1% por via subcutânea para tratamento de ecto e endoparasitose. A dose utilizada foi cinco vezes superior a recomendada para espécie. Os animais apresentaram anorexia, tremores, ataxia, paresia dos membros posteriores, depressão, coma e morte. 96,9% dos animais evoluiram a óbito. Os sinais clínicos foram observados em média oito horas após administração do fármaco e o período de evolução que culminou com o óbito variou de 10 a 48 horas. O presente estudo chama atenção para a necessidade de se calcular com precisão a dose de ivermectina a ser utilizada em suínos, em especial para animais jovens, uma vez que é possível que nos mesmos a barreira hematoencafálica seja mais permeável ao fármaco em relação aos adultos.

Ivermectin is a semi-synthetic derivative of avermectins. These macrocyclic lactones are obtained as fermentation compounds of the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, despite their wide safety margin, cases of iatrogenic intoxication have been observed in several animal species. The objective of the present study is to report the first outbreak of ivermectin intoxication in swine in Brazil. The cases described in this study were observed in a rural property in the Municipality of Catingueira, State of Paraíba. The herd was composed of 103 pigs, of these 32 were medicated with 1% ivermectin subcutaneously for treatment of ecto and endoparasitosis. The dose used was five times higher than that recommended for the species. The animals presented anorexia, tremors, ataxia, paresis of the hind limbs, depression, coma and death. 96.9% of the animals evolved to death. Clinical signs were observed on average eight hours after drug administration and the evolution period that culminated with death ranged from 10 to 48 hours. The present study draws attention to the need to accurately calculate the dose of ivermectin to be used in pigs, especially for young animals, since it is possible that the blood-brain barrier is more permeable to the drug compared to adults.

The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: from cognition to molecular pathways

Beside its role in motor coordination, the cerebellum is involved in cognitive function such as attention, working memory, verbal learning, and sensory discrimination. In schizophrenia, a disturbed prefronto-thalamo-cerebellar circuit has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In addition, a deficit in the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAf) receptor has been hypothesized. The risk gene neuregulin 1 may play a major role in this process. We demonstrated a higher expression of the NMDA receptor subunit 2D in the right cerebellar regions of schizophrenia patients, which may be a secondary upregulation due to a dysfunctional receptor. In contrast, the neuregulin 1 risk variant containing at least one C-allele was associated with decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2C, leading to a dysfunction of the NMDA receptor, which in turn may lead to a dysfunction of the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) system. Accordingly, from post-mortem studies, there is accumulating evidence that GABAergic signaling is decreased in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients. As patients in these studies are treated with antipsychotics long term, we evaluated the effect of long-term haloperidol and clozapine treatment in an animal model. We showed that clozapine may be superior to haloperidol in restoring a deficit in NMDA receptor subunit 2C expression in the cerebellum. We discuss the molecular findings in the light of the role of the cerebellum in attention and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

The Change in the Expression of Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid A Receptor Subunits in Rat's Flocculus / 听力学及言语疾病杂志

Objective To observe the expression of gamma-amino butyric acid A receptor(GABAA receptor)?3、?1、? subunits in rat flocculus following unilateral labyrinthectomy(UL).Methods 24 wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups.18 animals received unilateral labyrinthectomy while the others maintained labyrinthine well.After removing left labyrinthine,the change of GABAA receptor ?3、?1、? subunits was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results GABAA receptor ?1、? subunits in flocculus was induced on the operated side after unilateral labyrinthectomy.The most expression was on the 1st day flocculus of following UL.The expression is descending from the 3rd day to 7th day flocculus of following UL.The GABAA receptor ?3 subunit immunostaining in flocculus was weak and did not change in the process of vestibular compensation.Conclusion GABAA receptor ?1、? subunits were induced increase in the flocculus after unilateral labyrinthectomy.The alteration in the resting discharge of the central vestibular neurons may be caused by the increase of GABAA receptor ?1、? subunits in the flocculus.But the significance of the change of GABAA receptor ?1、? subunits in the vestibular compensation is still unknown.Our study suggests that GABAA receptor ?3 subunits may not participate in constructing GABAA receptor in the flocculus.

Effects of Intracerebroventricularly Injected GABA,PTX on the noxious Discharges of Dorsal Hippocampal Neurons in the Cats / 第三军医大学学报

The effects of intravcntricular administration of ?-amino - butyric acid (GABA) and its antagonist picrotoxin(PTX) on the discharges of dorsal hippocampal nocieeptive neurons are investigated The noxious discharge of 28 (67%) nociccptive exciting neurons (NENS) are depressed (p