Interpretación gasométrica avanzada en el paciente crítico / Advanced gasometric interpretation in critical patient / Interpretação gasométrica avançada no paciente crítico

Resumen: La interpretación gasométrica de forma rápida es muy útil en urgencias, ya que establecer de manera oportuna un diagnóstico es de suma importancia. Existen herramientas que nos permiten igualar la sensibilidad de los métodos complejos de Stewart. Evaluar la gasometría de manera tradicional, dependiendo de la escuela preferida: utilizando sólo el bicarbonato o el exceso de base; tiene baja sensibilidad diagnóstica cuando nos enfrentamos a escenarios donde existe más de un trastorno metabólico asociado. Proponemos los siguientes cinco pasos: evaluar el pH, déficit de base, anión gap, exceso de base y el índice cloro/sodio, que son importantes para identificar de manera rápida y sensible una gasometría en pacientes críticos.

Abstract: The interpretation of a gasometry of rapid form is very useful in an emergency department since to establish in an opportune way a diagnosis performs supreme importance. There exists hardware that allows us to equal the sensibility of the complex m ethods of Stewart. To evaluate the gasometry of a traditional way, depending on the favorite school: using only the bicarbonate or the base excess, it has low diagnostic sensibility when we face stages where more than one metabolic associate disorder exists. We propose the following five steps: to evaluate the pH, deficit of base, anion gap, excess of base, and the index chlorine/sodium, which are important to identify rapidly and sensitively a gasometry in critical patients.

Resumo: A interpretação gasométrica rápida é muito útil em emergências, pois é de suma importância estabelecer um diagnóstico em tempo hábil. Existem ferramentas que nos permitem igualar a sensibilidade dos métodos complexos de Stewart. Avaliar a gasometria da forma tradicional, dependendo da escola preferida: usando apenas bicarbonato ou excesso de base, tem baixa sensibilidade diagnóstica diante de cenários onde há mais de um distúrbio metabólico associado. Propomos as 5 etapas a seguir: avaliação do pH, déficit de base, lacuna aniônica, excesso de base e relação cloreto/sódio, importantes para identificar de forma rápida e sensível os gases sanguíneos em pacientes críticos.

Cambios gasométricos en pacientes sometidos a resección prostática robótica / Gasometric changes in patients undergoing robotic prostatic resection

Resumen: Introducción: Las características propias de la cirugía robótica pueden tener efectos fisiológicos a nivel pulmonar que pueden producir complicaciones. Objetivo: Conocer los cambios gasométricos en pacientes sometidos a resección prostática robótica. Material y métodos: Treinta pacientes candidatos a resección prostática robótica fueron incluidos. Se midieron los tiempos quirúrgicos y parámetros de la gasometría arterial en cuatro tiempos: al momento de la inducción de la anestesia (T basal), 120 minutos posteriores a la insuflación de CO2 (T2h), a los 240 minutos (T4h) en la suspensión del capnoperitoneo (T final). Se realizó prueba de t de Student pareada para las variables con distribución normal, y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney en variables continuas no paramétricas, se consideró una significancia estadística de un valor de p ≤ 0.05. Resultados: La edad fue de 65.53 ± 5.92 años, la posición de Trendelenburg con inclinación < 30o se realizó en el 73.3%. El capnoperitoneo osciló de 10-25 mmHg, el tiempo quirúrgico fue de 326.7 ± 77.4 min. El aumento en promedio de la PaCO2 fue 8.57 mmHg: basal (31.33 ± 3.7 mmHg)- PaCO2 fin (39.9 ± 5 mmHg) p < 0.001. El pH disminuyó a partir de la segunda hora, en la medición final el 97% tenía valores < 7.35. Los valores del HCO3 tuvieron un descenso de -2.65 mEq/L: HCO3 basal (21.74 + 0.65 mEq/L)- HCO3 fin (19.09 + 0.78 mEq/L) p < 0.001. La presencia de acidemia se presentó en el 73.3%.

Abstract: Introduction: The characteristics of robotic surgery can have physiological effects at the pulmonary level that can produce complications. Objective: To know the gasometric changes in patients undergoing robotic prostatic resection. Material and methods: Thirty patients candidates for robotic prostatic resection were included. Surgical times and arterial blood gas parameters were measured at four times: at the time of induction of anesthesia (basal T), 120 minutes after CO2 insufflation (T2h), at 240 minutes (T.4h) in the capnoperitoneum suspension (final T). A paired Student's t-test was performed for the variables with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney U-test in nonparametric continuous variables was considered a statistical significance of a value of p ≤ 0.05. Results: The age was 65.53 ± 5.92 years, the position of Trendelenburg with inclination < 30o was made in 73.3%. The capnoperitoneum ranged from 10-25 mmHg, the surgical time was 326.7 ± 77.4 min. The average increase in PaCO2 was 8.57 mmHg: baseline (31.33 ± 3.7 mmHg) - PaCO2 end (39.9 ± 5 mmHg) p < 0.001. The pH decreased from the second hour on the final measurement 97% had values < 7.35. The values of HCO3 had a decrease of -2.65 mEq/L: basal HCO3 (21.74 + 0.65 mEq/L) - HCO3 end (19.09 + 0.78 mEq/L) p < 0.001. The presence of acidemia was presented in the 73.3%.

Interpretación de gasometrías: solo tres pasos, solo tres fórmulas / Arterial blood gases interpretation: Only three steps and three formula / Interpretação de gasometrias: somente 3 passos, apenas 3 fórmulas

Resumen: Son múltiples las formas de interpretar una gasometría, aunque ninguna mejor que la otra. Una correcta interpretación de la gasometría es una habilidad que todo médico debe dominar. Intentar interpretar «todo a la vez¼ y de forma poco organizada es el error más común. Entonces el secreto para desarrollar dicha habilidad radica en el «orden¼, por lo que te sugerimos utilizar sólo 3 pasos, sólo 3 fórmulas. El abordaje diagnóstico de los trastornos ácido-base con el método tradicional de Henderson-Hasselbalch no permite explicar todos los trastornos, pero en combinación con el exceso de base descrito por Siggaard-Andersen, facilita el diagnóstico, además que esta combinación es sencilla, rigurosa y práctica.

Abstract: There are multiple ways of interpreting gasometry, although no better than the other. A correct interpretation of gasometry is a skill that every doctor must dominate. Try to interpret «all at once¼ and little organized is the most common error. Then the secret to developing that skill lies in the «order¼, so we suggest you use only 3 steps, just 3 formulas. The diagnostic approach of acid-base disorders with the method. Traditional of Henderson-Hasselbalch does not allow to explain all disorders, but in combination with the excess of base described by Siggaard-Andersen, facilitates the diagnosis, besides that this combination is simple, rigorous and practical.

Resumo: Há muitas maneiras de interpretar uma gasometria, embora nenhuma melhor que a outra. Uma interpretação correta da gasometria é uma habilidade que todo médico deve dominar. Tentar interpretar «tudo de uma vez¼ e de maneira mal organizada é o erro mais comum. Então o segredo para desenvolver essa habilidade está na «ordem¼, por isso sugerimos que você use apenas 3 passos, somente 3 fórmulas. A abordagem diagnóstica de distúrbios ácido-base com o método tradicional de Henderson-Hasselbalch não explica todas as desordens, mas em combinação com o excesso de base descrito por Siggaard-Andersen, facilita o diagnóstico, além de que esta combinação é simples, rigorosa e prática.

Fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas en Ecuador / Congenital arteriovenous fistulae in Ecuador

Introducción: El Síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay es uno de los síndromes congénitos neuro-cutáneos con afecciones vasculares, es de presentación poco frecuente y caracterizado por angioma o nevus flammeus, hipertrofia asimétrica de tejidos blandos y várices, aunque se pudieran observar otras alteraciones asociadas. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia y las características de las fístulas arteriovenosas en Ecuador. Métodos: De un total de 3 000 enfermos atendidos por distintas causas vasculares, se detectaron y estudiaron 23 pacientes diagnosticados con fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas por examen clínico y estudios complementarios (escaniometría de miembros, gasometría venosa comparativa de miembros, presión de oxígeno y angiotomografía axial computarizada dinámica). Se analizaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, localización de las fístulas y tratamiento. Resultados: Se encontró una elevada frecuencia de fístulas (34,7 por ciento) en menores de un año, seguidos de grupo de edades entre 6 a 10 años (26 por ciento). Se constató que la localización más frecuente (86,6 por ciento) correspondió a los miembros inferiores y el tratamiento médico fue el más utilizado. Conclusiones: En Ecuador existe una alta frecuencia de fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas, sobre todo en las edades tempranas de la vida. En el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad se destaca la importancia de la clínica y de la gasometría venosa comparativa(AU)

Introduction: Klippel Trenaunay syndrome is an infrequent congenital neurocutaneos syndrome causing vascular conditions, and characterized by angioma or nevus flammeus, asymmetric hypertrophy of soft tissue and varicose veins, although other associated alterations might be observed. Objective: To identify the frequency and characteristics of arteriovenous fistulae in Ecuador. Methods: Out of 3 000 patients, who were seen because of various vascular causes, 23 patients were detected and studied. They had been diagnosed with congenital arteriovenous fistulas based on clinical examination and complementary studies (of limb scanning, comparative venous blood gasometry to determine oxygen pressure and dynamic axial angiotomography. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, location of fistulas and treatment. Results: High frequency of fistulas (34.7 percent) was found in children aged less than one year, followed by 6- 10 years age group (26 percent). The most frequent location (86.6 percent) was in lower limbs and medical treatment was the most widely used. Conclusions: In Ecuador, there is high frequency of congenital arteriovenous fistulae, above all at early ages of life. Clinic study and comparative venous blood gasometry are important for the diagnosis of this disease(AU)

Validación de cinco pulsioxímetros / Validation of five pulse oximeters

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: la pulsioxímetria estima la saturación arterial de oxígeno mediante la absorción de un haz de luz infrarroja por la oxihemoglobina. OBJETIVO: determinar la validez y la confiabilidad interinstrumento de cinco pulsioxímetros comúnmente usados en la práctica clínica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio transversal, analítico, realizado del 1 de enero de 2015 al 30 de octubre de 2016, en el que se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad, con línea arterial para toma de gasometría y se midió simultáneamente la saturación de oxígeno con cinco pulsioxímetros de uso habitual. Se determinaron medianas y porcentajes de los cinco pulsioxímetros entre sí mediante prueba de Friedman. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 101 pacientes, 63 hombres y 38 mujeres. Se encontró similitud en las mediciones realizadas por cada pulsioxímetro con p = 0.08; todos los oxímetros se correlacionaron de manera positiva contra la prueba patrón de referencia (correlación de Pearson). Oxímetro 1: r = 0.90; oxímetro 2: r = 0.64; oxímetro 3: r = 0.57; oxímetro 4: r = 0.84 y oxímetro 5: r = 0.89; el área bajo la curva mostró oxímetro 1 (0.89), oxímetro 2 (0.88), oxímetro 3 (0.87), oxímetro 4 (0.83), oxímetro 5 (0.85) con p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONES: el pulsioxímetro número 1 muestra el mejor rendimiento comparado con la gasometría. Al comparar los oxímetros entre sí el rendimiento es igual.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulse oximetry estimates the arterial oxygen saturation by absorption of an infrared light beam by oxyhemoglobin. OBJECTIVE: To determine the intraclass validity and reliability of five pulse oximeters commonly used in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional analytical study was done from January 1st 2015 to October 30 2016, including patients over 18 years old, with arterial line for blood gas sample and simultaneously oxygen saturation was measured with 5 pulse oximeters commonly used. Medians and percentages of the 5 pulse oximeters were determined by Friedman's test RESULTS: There were included 101 patients, 63 men and 38 women, with similarity in the measurements performed by each pulse oximeter with p = 0.08; all oximeters were positively correlated against the standard gold test (Pearson's correlation). Oximeter 1: r = 0.90; oximeter 2: r = 0.64; oximeter 3: r = 0.57; oximeter 4: r = 0.84 and oximeter 5: r = 0.89. The area under the curve showed oximeter 1 (0.89), oximeter 2 (0.88), oximeter 3 (0.87), oximeter 4 (0.83), oximeter 5 (0.85) with p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The pulse oximeter number 1 shows a better performance when compared to the gasometry. When the oximeters are compared to each other the performance is the same.

Clinical and blood gasometric parameters during Vaquejada competition / Parâmetros clínicos e hemogasométricos de equinos durante prova de vaquejada

Clinical and complementary analysis are good alternatives to evaluate physiological demand in performance horses. The aim of this study was to assess whether the physical effort variation of the three-day Vaquejada competition (a Brazilian form of bullfighting) reflected in clinical and blood gasometric changes. During the competition eight sprints have been performed on the first day (D1), eight on the second (D2) and three on the last one (D3). Ten horses were evaluated by checking heart and respiratory rates and collecting blood samples for use in portable chemistry analyzer. Through that, it was assessed potential of hydrogen ion (pH), carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-) and titratable base concentration (cBase). Evaluations were carried with resting of at least twenty hours, before physical activity (D0), as control parameter, and up to thirty minutes after each sprint. Clinical parameters have increased on D1, D2 and D3, when compared to D0, which demonstrated the increased demand for substrate and oxygen to the cells.. Blood gasometric trial showed reductions of all variables, most marked between D1 and D2. It was verified less alteration of all clinical and blood gasometric parameters in D3 against D0. We concluded that the change effort between days of competition influenced the clinical and blood gas parameters, demonstrating appropriate physiological response. The data were presented as mean and standard error of the mean (mean ± SEM) obtained in different days. Normality was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Sminov test and data were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by post-test Holm-Sidak (GraphPad Prism 2.6 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant...

As análises clínica e complementar são boas alternativas para avaliar a demanda fisiológica de equinos atletas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a variação do esforço entre os três dias de competição de vaquejada refletiu em alterações clínicas e hemogasométricas. Durante a competição foram realizados oito sprints no primeiro dia (D1), oito no segundo (D2) e três no ultimo (D3). Dez equinos foram avaliados através de aferição das frequências cardíaca, frequência respiratória e coleta de amostra de sangue para uso em analisador químico portátil. Foi determinado o potencial hidrogênionico (pH), pressão de dióxido de carbono (pCO2), bicarbonato (HCO3-) e concentração de base titulável (cBASE). As avaliações foram realizadas em repouso de pelo menos vinte horas, antes do exercício (D0), considerado como parâmetro de controle, e até três minutos após cada sprint. Os parâmetros clínicos aumentaram em D1, D2 e D3, quando comparados a D0, o que demonstrou a maior demanda de substrato e oxigênio para as células. A avaliação hemogasométrica demonstrou redução de todas as variáveis, mais acentuada entre D1 e D2. Em D3, verificou-se menor alteração de todos os parâmetros clínicos e hemogasométricos em comparação a D0. Foi possível concluir que a variação de esforço entre os dias de competição influenciou os parâmetros clínicos e hemogasométricos, demonstrando resposta fisiológica adequada. Os dados foram apresentados como média e erro padrão da média (mean ± SEM) obtidos nos diferentes dias. A normalidade foi comprovada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Sminov e dados foram comparados através do teste one-way ANOVA, seguido pelo pós-teste de Holm-Sidak (GraphPad Prism 6.02 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Foi considerado p≤0.05, como estatisticamente significativo...

Acid-base balance of dairy cows and its relationship with alcoholic stability and mineral composition of milk / Equilíbrio ácido-base de vacas leiteiras e sua relação com a estabilidade alcoólica e composição mineral do leite

This study aimed to associate the occurrence of acid-base disorders with the alcoholic stability of milk from animals in the field, and to evaluate differences between the mineral composition of milk that was both stable and unstable in alcohol. The sample comprised 96 dairy cows, where the milk and blood of each corresponding animal was collected. The mineral composition of stable and unstable milk in alcohol was different and may be related to acid-base disturbances. The average amount of phosphate was lower in the milk that was unstable in alcohol, while potassium was greater. Frequency of the alcoholically unstable milk cases was higher in the cows with acid-base disturbances. Respiratory alkalosis was the disorder that was most observed.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo associar a ocorrência de distúrbios ácido-base com a estabilidade alcoólica do leite de animais a campo, bem como avaliar diferenças entre a composição mineral de leites estáveis e instáveis ao álcool. A amostragem compreendeu 96 vacas leiteiras, das quais o leite e o sangue correspondente de cada animal foram coletados. A composição mineral entre leites estáveis e instáveis ao álcool foi diferente e também pode estar relacionada aos distúrbios ácido-básicos. A quantidade média de fosfato foi menor no leite instável ao álcool, enquanto a de potássio foi maior. A frequência de amostras de leite com instabilidade alcoólica foi maior nas vacas com distúrbios ácido-básicos. A alcalose respiratória foi o desequilíbrio mais observado.

Response activity of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary dysfunction caused by Leptospira infection

Leptopspirosis is a syndrome with different clinical manifestations including the most severe and often fatal forms of pulmonary disease of unknown etiology. Pulmonary injury during the inflammatory process has been associated with the excessive number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated in the lungs and with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and other inflammatory mediators. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the cellular immune response of AMs or inflammatory cells of hamsters during leptospirosis. The activity of AMs was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and protein production as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Pulmonary activity during infection was monitored by measuring pH, pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in blood samples. Cellular immune response and its role in the genesis of leptospirosis have been incriminated as the main causes of tissue and pulmonary injuries, which consequently lead to the pulmonary dysfunction in severe cases of leptospirosis. The present results show a low production of NO in both supernatant of alveolar macrophage culture and BAL. In the latter, protein production was high and constant, especially during acute infection. Total and differential cell count values were 2.5X10(6) on day 4; 7.3X10(6) on day 21; and 2.3X10(6) on day 28 after infection, with lymphocytes (84.04 percent) predominating over neutrophils (11.88 percent) and monocytes (4.07 percent). Arterial blood gas analysis showed pulmonary compromising along with the infectious process, as observed in parameter values (mean±SD) evidenced in the infected versus control group: PaO2 (60.47mmHg±8.7 vs. 90.09mmHg±9.18), PaCO2 (57.01mmHg±7.87 vs. 47.39mmHg±4.5) and pH (7.39±0.03 vs. 6.8±1.3). Results indicated that Leptospira infection in hamsters is a good experimental model to study leptospirosis. However, some of the immune parameters showed variations which might be associated with the animal species.