Enseñanza de la ética en las escuelas de medicina peruanas: un estudio de sílabos / Ethics education in Peruvian medical schools: a study of syllabi

Objetivo: Describir las características generales de la enseñanza de ética (nombre, año de inicio del curso y organización), metodología de enseñanza y evaluación del aprendizaje, objetivos, contenidos y material de lectura, expuestas en los sílabos del curso de las escuelas médicas peruanas. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional. Institución: Instituto de Ética en Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material: Sílabos de ética. Métodos: Se utilizó una fuente de información secundaria consistentes en 25 sílabos del curso de ética, de 22 escuelas de medicina: 13 públicas y 9 privadas (tres escuelas contaban con dos cursos). Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel, se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15 para análisis de frecuencias y Atlas ti para análisis cualitativo. Principales medidas de resultados: Características generales de la enseñanza de ética. Resultados. La denominación del curso más frecuente fue Ética y deontología. Diecinueve escuelas tenían uno y tres dos cursos de ética, y el internado médico no consideró la asignatura. La formación ética solo ocupó el 1% (2% en escuelas con dos cursos) del total de créditos establecidos para graduarse de médico cirujano. El método de enseñanza fue en aula y no en campo clínico y las escuelas cumplían con evaluar formalmente el aprendizaje del conocimiento. El objetivo más frecuente fue de conocimiento (43%). Los contenidos más frecuentes se referían a profesionalismo (21%). Los 25 sílabos listaban un total de 240 lecturas, siendo la más frecuente el código de ética del Colegio Médico del Perú. Conclusiones: Hay necesidad de llevar a cabo esfuerzos de consensos interinstitucionales y de expertos en el tema de educación en ética médica.

Objectives: To describe the general characteristics of medical ethics education, teaching methods and assessment, objectives, areas content and readings required as contained in Peruvian medical schools syllabi. Design: Descriptive, transversal, observational study. Setting: Institute of Ethics in Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Material: Ethics course syllabi. Methods: Information of 25 ethics course syllabi corresponding to 22 medical schools were used: 13 public and 9 private (three schools had two courses). Data contained in the syllabi were analyzed using SPSS version 15 and Atlas ti for qualitative analysis. Main outcome measures: Characteristics of teaching on ethics. Results: All Peruvian medical schools required ethics course in their curricula. Most frequent name was Ethics and deontology. Most schools had only one course (n=19) and three had two. There was no course on ethics during internship. The course on ethics represented only 1% (2% in schools with two courses) of total credits required for graduation as a physician in our country. The most frequent method of teaching was in the classroom and not in clinical settings. All schools assessed ethics learning through knowledge tests. The most frequent objective was knowledge (43%) and the most frequent content area was professionalism (21%). The 25 syllabi listed 240 readings, being the most frequent the Colegio Medico del Peru’s Code of Ethics. Conclusions: There is necessity of consensus for ethics education in our medical schools.

Organizational Personality Type and Citizenship Behaviors Perceived by Public Health Center Workers in Chonnam Province, Korea / 農村醫學 地域保健

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and organizational personality types (OPT) perceived by public health center workers and to analyze differences in perceptions according to organizational characteristics. METHODS: The subjects of this study were workers at 12 of the 22 public health centers in Chonnam Province, South Korea. To measure organizational characteristics, we employed the OPT Index and OCBs Index. Data were collected for one month, from 15 September to 14 October 2009. Data for 422 workers were used in the final analysis. Descriptive statistics and t tests were performed as appropriate, utilizing SPSS/WIN 14. RESULTS: Among 16 types of OPT, ESTJ, ISTJ and ESTP were the most prevalent for the 12 public health centers. The average weight of OCBs was 4.77, and courtesy and civic virtue held the first and the second ranks among OCBs, respectively. Statistically significant differences between types of OPT were detected, in that T type was gender (p=.007) while J type was age (p=.010), education (p=.043) and career (p=.000). Statistically significant differences between OCBs were found in age, education and career. CONCLUSION: Public health centers should have programs to innovate OPT and to improve OCB. The development of such programs should consider characteristics of public health center workers such as age, gender, education and career.

The General Characteristics of Geriatrics Being Hospitalized in Rehabilitation Hospital for a Stroke

BACKGROUND: We investigated the demographic characteristics of stroke patients over 65 years old and wanted to see the effects of rehabilitation therapies by examining the changing status of patients before and after treatment by comparing with other patients under 65 years old. METHODS: We went through medical records arranged by making a comparative groups of older patients and other younger patients who both admitted within recent 4 years. Accompanied medical problems are categorized by ICD-10, the functional statuses are classified into FIM score at admission, and FIM efficiency at discharge. RESULTS: Between two groups, according to cause of a stroke, the existence of spouse, gender, there is statistical difference and, at admission, functional level of older patients was lower but it was not observed that extent of functional change of the result of rehabilitation therapy with distinction of age. Accompanied diseases were average 4.6 and is cardiovascular disease with the highest rates. CONCLUSION: Since the explosion of an aging population is regarded as serious national problem, people have been trying to find diversified treatments against geriatrics. And the data will be utilized as useful materials for better direction where rehabilitation treatment against a stroke should aim.

A Survey on job characteristics and relationships between general characteristics and job satisfaction of the dietician in community health center

This study was carried out to investigate the job characteristics and relationships between general charactristics and job satisfaction of the dietician in community health center. The subjects were 40 dieticians who responded to the questionnaire distributed at the annual education program in 1997. Statistival data analysis was completed using SAS packge program for frequencies, means, chi-square-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The results of this study acn be summarizd as follows. 45.0% of the dieticians were 26 to 30 years old, four-year-course university graduates were 75.0% and daily workers were 72.5% The level of hte job satisfaction of the dietician in community health center was the highes in the relationship with colleagues. The other parts of job satisfaction such as effects of nutrition counselling and education, value achievement as a dietician, general work and supervision by supervisors were above average, The general characteristics such as the age, the level of education, employment conditions, working hours per week and total length of service were significantly to all fields of job satisfaction except general work.