Processing Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex with ginger juice: process optimization based on AHP-CRITIC weighting method and composition changes after processing / 中国中药杂志

The weight coefficients of appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol were determined by analytic hierarchy process(AHP), criteria importance though intercrieria correlation(CRITIC), and AHP-CRITIC weighting method, and the comprehensive scores were calculated. The effects of ginger juice dosage, moistening time, proces-sing temperature, and processing time on the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) were investigated, and Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the process parameters. To reveal the processing mechanism, MOC, ginger juice-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(GMOC), and water-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(WMOC) were compared. The results showed that the weight coefficients of the appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol determined by AHP-CRITIC weighting method were 0.134, 0.287, and 0.579, respectively. The optimal processing parameters of GMOC were ginger juice dosage of 8%, moistening time of 120 min, and processing at 100 ℃ for 7 min. The content of syringoside and magnolflorine in MOC decreased after processing, and the content of honokiol and magnolol followed the trend of GMOC>MOC>WMOC, which suggested that the change in clinical efficacy of MOC after processing was associated with the changes of chemical composition. The optimized processing technology is stable and feasible and provides references for the modern production and processing of MOC.

Chemical components of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex of different origins and with different tree ages before and after being processed with ginger juice:a qualitative and quantitative analysis / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to investigate the impact of ginger juice on chemical profile of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) when they were processed together. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used for qualitative analysis of the chemical component of MOC samples before and after being processed with ginger juice. UPLC was performed to observe the content variation of eight main components in processed MOC. A total of 174 compounds were identified or tentatively deduced from processed and unprocessed MOC samples according to MS data obtained in positive and negative ion mode. After MOC was processed with ginger juice, the peak areas of most phenolics increased, while the peak areas of most phenylethanoid glycosides decreased; as for neolignans, oxyneolignans, other lignans and alkaloids, changes in the peak area were variable, and the peak areas of terpenoid-lignans varied little. Additionally, gingerols and diarylheptanoids were only detected in the processed MOC sample. The contents of syringin, magnoloside A, and magnoloside B decreased significantly in the processed MOC sample while no significant difference was observed in the contents of magnoflorine, magnocurarine, honokiol, obovatol, and magnolol. This study comprehensively explored the content variation of chemical components in processed and unprocessed MOC samples derived from different regions and with different tree ages using UPLC and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and summarized the variation characteristics of various compounds. The results provide a data foundation for further research on pharmacodynamic substances of MOC processed with ginger juice.

Technology optimization of Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice and composition changes after processing / 中国中药杂志

To optimize the technology of Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice,establish fingerprints and simultaneously determine seven compounds( geniposidic acid,chlorogenic acid,genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside,geniposide,rutin,crocin Ⅰ,and crocin Ⅱ) by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography( UPLC). Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18( 2. 1 mm×50 mm,1. 7μm) column was used with acetonitrile and 0. 1% formic acid solution as mobile phase for gradient elution at the flow rate of 0. 4 m L·min-1. The data was comprehensively processed and analyzed with similarity evaluation,principal component analysis( PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis( PLS-DA) methods. Twenty common peaks were identified in this study,and the similarity of samples was over 0. 97. The results of PCA and PLS-DA showed that there were differences in chemical compositions and contents between the raw Gardeniae Fructus and those processed with ginger juice,with 9 potential differentiated chromatographic peaks. After being processed with ginger juice,the contents of chlorogenic acid,crocin Ⅰ and crocin Ⅱ were less than before and the contents of other four compositions were higher than before. The optimized preparation for Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice was stable and feasible. The methods of UPLC fingerprints and simultaneous determination of seven components can be effectively carried out to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus and Gardeniae Fructus processed with ginger juice.

Research on standard decoction of ginger juice Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex / 中草药

Objective To study the dry extract rate, determination and transfer rate of maker compounds, and fingerprint of standard decoction of ginger juice Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex (GJMOC) and provide a reference for the preparation and quality assessment of its dispensing granules by establishing 16 batches of standard decoction of GJMOC. Methods A total of 16 batches of GJMOC standard decoctions were prepared following literature requirements. The quantitative analysis method of magnolol and honokiol was according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition). The transfer rate of total magnolol and honokiol and extraction rate were calculated. the pH value was determined and HPLC fingerprint was established under a flow rate of 1 mL/min and eluted with a mobile phase of acetonitrile (A)-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (B) in a gradient mode (0-15 min, 12%-16% A; 15-30 min, 16%-28% A; 30-42 min, 28%-74% A; 42-55 min, 74%-80% A). The column temperature was set at 40℃ and the detection wavelength was 294 nm. Results By measuring the of 16 batches of standard decoction, the transfer rate of the sum of magnolol and honokiol ranged from 6.5% to 12.0%, the extraction rate was at a range of 3.41% to 7.14% and pH value was 4.63 to 5.43. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2012A) was used to analyze and compare the fingerprints, and seven common peaks were determined and four were identified including magnoloside B (peak 1), magnoloside A (peak 2), honokiol (peak 6), and magnolol (peak 7). The similarity among 16 batches of standard decoction of GJMOC was evaluated, and the similarity was all greater than 0.69. Moreover, this study established an HPLC fingerprint analysis method of GJMOC standard decoction. Conclusion The preparation method established in this study is stable and feasible, and the analysis method shows good precision, stability, and repeatability in fingerprint analysis and it is suitable for evaluating the quality of standard decoction of GJMOC.

Grade Evaluation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex Processed with Ginger Juice Based on Relative Quality Constant / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To establish the grade evaluation standard for Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex processed with ginger juice by combining traditional morphology evaluation with modern intrinsic quality evaluation. Method: The morphological parameters and contents of intrinsic pharmacodynamic index components of 28 batches of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex processed with ginger juice were determined, and the relative quality constants were calculated. Assuming that the average relative quality constant was 100%, more than 120%of the samples were classified as the first grade, 60%to 120%as the second grade, the remaining as the third grade. Result: The relative quality constant of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex processed with ginger juice ranged from 0.09 to 1.78. The relative quality constant of the first grade was ≥ 0.64, the second grade was 0.32-0.64, while the third grade was ≤ 0.32. Conclusion: Relative quality constant combines external indexes of traditional morphology and internal indexes of pharmacodynamic components, which can objectively, reasonably and scientifically classify the grade of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex processed with ginger juice, and provide reference for establishing and improving the grade evaluation standard of this decoction pieces.

Optimization of Technology of Moslae Herba Processed with Ginger Juice and Analysis of Its Volatile Components by HS-GC-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To optimize the processing technology of Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice, and to explore the changes of its volatile components in processing process. Method:The volatile components in Moslae Herba, ginger juice and Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice were extracted by steam distillation. Volatile components in these products were analyzed by HS-GC-MS and identified by NIST 11 standard mass spectra library. Gas chromatographic conditions were as following:HP-5MS elastic quartz capillary column(0.25 mm×30 m, 0.25 μm), helium as the carrier gas, flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1, injector temperature at 250℃, sample quantity of 0.2 μL, split ratio of 50:1, temperature program for initial temperature at 40℃, up to 60℃ with the heating rate at 5℃·min-1, keep 2 min, up to 160℃ with the heating rate at 5℃·min-1, keep 3 min, finally rise to 250℃ with the heating rate at 25℃·min-1, keep it for 2 min and finish, mass spectrometry conditions were as following:electron impact ionization(EI), electron collision energy of 70 eV, ion source temperature at 230℃, the interface temperature at 280℃, quadrupole temperature at 150℃, no delay of solvent, electronic multiplier voltage at 2.188 kV, taking full scan mode, scanning range of m/z 35-550.Taking frying time, solid-liquid ratio and moistening time as factors, orthogonal test was adopted to optimize the processing technology with the comprehensive score of relative contents of thymol and carvacrol, number of volatile components and extracting amount of volatile oil as index. Result:A total of 27 volatile components were detected in Moslae Herba. There were 81 volatile components in Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens. The processed products of orthogonal test(No. 1-9) had 31, 38, 29, 35, 38, 33, 34, 22 and 26 volatile components, respectively. Extracting amount of volatile oil was in the order of Moslae Herba processed with ginger juice > Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens > Moslae Herba. The best processing technology was as following:moistening Moslae Herba with equal volume of ginger juice for 6 h, stir-frying for 8 min. Conclusion:Processing has certain impact on the extracting amount of volatile oil in Moslae Herba and the types of volatile components. This optimized technology is stable and feasible, which can provide experimental data for the quality evaluation of processed products of Moslae Herba, and lay a foundation for clarifying its processing mechanism.

Freeze drying process optimization of ginger juice-adjuvant for Chinese materia medica processing and stability of freeze-dried ginger juice powder / 中国中药杂志

Ginger juice， a commonly used adjuvant for Chinese materia medica， is applied in processing of multiple Chinese herbal decoction pieces. Because of the raw materials and preparation process of ginger juice， it is difficult to be preserved for a long time， and the dosage of ginger juice in the processing can not be determined base on its content of main compositions. Ginger juice from different sources is hard to achieve consistent effect during the processing of traditional Chinese herbal decoction pieces. Based on the previous studies， the freeze drying of ginger juice under different shelf temperatures and vacuum degrees were studied， and the optimized freeze drying condition of ginger juice was determined. The content determination method for 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol and 6-shagaol in ginger juice and redissolved ginger juice was established. The content changes of 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol， 6-gingerol， 6-shagaol， volatile oil and total phenol were studied through the drying process and 30 days preservation period. The results showed that the freeze drying time of ginger juice was shortened after process optimization; the compositions basically remained unchanged after freeze drying， and there was no significant changes in the total phenol content and gingerol content， but the volatile oil content was significantly decreased(<0.05). Within 30 days， the contents of gingerol， total phenol， and volatile oil were on the decline as a whole. This study has preliminarily proved the feasibility of freeze-drying process of ginger juice as an adjuvant for Chinese medicine processing.

To Establish The Involvement Of Central Dopaminergic And Serotonergic Mechanism Of Ginger-Juice On Amphetamine And Lithium Treated Rat.

Background & Objective: To establish the involvement of central dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanismof ginger-juice (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) CNS parameters in rat. Methodology: (A) Albino rats (n=6-12) were administered G.J at two doses (2ml & 4 ml/rat, p.o) as single administration and chronic treatment over period of 30 days. Following this assessment was done. Effect of treatment with G.J acutely and chronically (30days) administered, was assessed. Parameters used during assessment were total acidity, gastric volume & pH and ulcer index ‘UI’(acute and chronic). Results & Conclusion: Ginger administered itself did not affect loco motor activity as well as amphetamine-induced enhancement of loco motor activity.Lithium induced head twitches were enhanced after chronic administration indicating enhanced serotonergic system in the central nervous system.

Optimization of Ginger Juice Baking for Rhizoma Coptis by Orthogonal Test / 中国药师

Objective:To research the best processing method of ginger juice baking for Rhizoma coptis. Methods:The total con-tent of four alkaloids including berberine hydrochloride determined by HPLC was used as the evaluation index, and an L9(34)orthogo-nal design with three factors including the amount of ginger juice, baking temperature and baking time and variance analysis were ap-plied to study the ginger juice baking technology for Rhizoma coptis. Results:The best processing conditions were as follows:Rhizoma coptis was soaked with 15% ginger juice, baked at 150℃ for 40 min, and withdrawn to be cool. Conclusion:The optimal ginger juice baking technology for Rhizoma coptis is reasonable, which can be used to guide the standardized production of Rhizoma coptis with gin-ger juice baking.

Comparison of Coptidis Rhizoma processed with different ginger juice based on metabolomics / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the effects of two different ginger juices on the medicinal properties of Coptidis Rhizoma(CR) by using UPLC-MS-TOF. The rats were fed with decoction of raw CR (RCR), CR processed with ginger juice from fresh ginger(CRGJFG), CR processed with ginger juice from Zinger (CRGJZ), ginger juice from fresh ginger (GJFG) and ginger juice from Zinger (GJZ), and then their urine was collected at different time points for metabolomics analysis. PeakviewTM 1.7 software was applied to analyze the total ion current under positive ion mode; MarkerviewTM 2.0 software was applied for principal component analysis (PCA). The possible biomarkers were screened and their content changes were described according to the searching results in Scifinder and Chemspider databases and related literature reports. The results showed that CR processed with different ginger juice would produce different effects on energy metabolism. Nine possible biomarkers relating to medicinal properties were found as sarcosine, hippuric acid, creatinine, kynurenine, tyrosine, L-tryptophan, nicotinic acid, arachidonic acid and L-proline. L-tryptophan, kynurenine and nicotinic acid were involved in the metabolism of tryptophan; sarcosine, creatinine, L-proline and tyrosine were involved in arginine and proline metabolism; the content of arachidonic acid in urine, precursor of leukotrienes B4, from high to low were CRGJZ, CRGJFG and RCR. The contents of all biomarkers in GJZ group were higher than those in GJFG group, indicating the cold nature of CR was gradually decreased in the following order： RCR, CRGJZ and CRGJFG, and resulting in different anti-inflammatory effects of samples. The results were in consistent with the conclusion that GJFG had hot nature and GJZ had warm nature. The study provided the scientific basis for proper use of different ginger juice as processing assistants.

The Analgesic Effects Of Ginger-Juice (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) On Wistar Albino Rat.

Background: In the view of contradictory reporting concerning analgesic effect, it was planned to investigate the analgesic effect of ginger-juice (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) on wistar albino rat. Methodology: Wistar albino rats (n=6-12) were administered ginger juice (GJ) at doses (4ml/rat, p.o) as single administration (single dose) and repeated dose over a period of 7 days. Effect of treatment with G.J single and repeated (7days) dose was assessed. Parameter used during assessment was licking of paw after placing the rate on analgesiometer heated up to 50C. Results: The single and repeated administration of GJ (4ml/rat,p.o for 7 days) did not indicate analgesic effect on hot plate model. Conclusion: administered itself did not show analgesic effect on hot plate model.

Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma processed with ginger juice on its property based on metabonomics / 中草药

Objective: To explore the difference of hot and cold property of Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) before and after being processed with ginger juice. Methods: To feed rats for 29 d with the decoction of un-processed CR (UPCR) and ginger juice-processed CR (GPCR), the rats' blood was collected at different administration time, the data by HPLC-MS/MS analysis were processed with PCA to determine the metabolites difference between the treatment groups. Results: On the day 29, the metabolic status of endogenous substances in rats' blood showed the biggest difference between the UPCR and GPCR groups. Through checking the endogenous biomarkers of the rats in each group, the content of markers related to amino acid energy metabolism of rats in the GPCR group was higher than that in the UPCR group, indicating the energy metabolism of the GPCR was stronger than that of the UPCR, which showed the differences in cold and hot property between the two drugs. Conclusion: The results show that the differences in potency of the UPCR and GPCR can be reflected by rats' different biological effects. The results are consistent with the traditional processing theory in Chinese materia medica that the cold property of CR could be moderated to be colder by processing with assistant materials with hot property (ginger juice). The work indicates that the metabonomic method is a valuable tool in the research of processing effect on properties of Chinese medicinal substances. The results are helpful to clarify the mechanism of processing CR with ginger juice in the future.

To investigate the antioxidant property of GINGER-JUICE (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE ROSCOE) using established antioxidant parameters.

Background & objectives: To investigate the Antioxidant property of ginger-juice (G.J) in rat. Methods: Albino rats (n=6-12) were administered G.J at two doses (4ml/rat, p.o) as a chronic treatment over period of 21 days. The liquid portion which was obtained by the course of filtration, looked like yellowish hazy opalescent liquid. ANTIOXIDANT STATUS (FREE RADICALS): Blood samples were used for following antioxidant parameters. 1. Glutathione peroxidise 2. Glutathione reductase 3. Total antioxidant status Results: The chronic administration of G.J (4ml/rat, p.o) over a period of 21 days did not alter any of these parameters except glutathione reductase. Conclusion: G.J rules out the Antioxidants property in form of rise reduced glutathione level was noted.