The applications of periodontal gingival surgery. Ⅱ: alternative materials / 华西口腔医学杂志

The main purposes of periodontal graft surgery include achieving root coverage, improving the clinical attachment level and keratinized tissue, and advancing the procedure of periodontal plastic surgery. Autogenous graft, such as subepithelial connective tissue graft-based procedure, provide the best outcomes for mean and complete root coverage, as well as increase in keratinized tissue. However, a disadvantage of the procedure is in the location of the operation itself: the additional surgical site (palate). Therefore, clinicians are always looking for graft substitutes. This article will discuss the evidence supporting the use of 1) acellular dermal matrix (ADM); 2) xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM); 3) recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF); 4) enamel matrix derivative (EMD); 5) guided tissue regeneration (GTR); 6) living cellular construct (LCC), all of which are used in conjunction with coronally advanced flaps as alternatives to autogenous donor tissue. The decision tree for treatments of Miller recession-type defects are also discussed.

Clinical applications of periodontal gingival surgery.Ⅰ: autogenous grafts / 华西口腔医学杂志

The field of periodontics has become increasingly discussed and advanced in recent decades. The techniques of periodontal soft tissue grafts are among these advancements. The techniques have been used more and more clinically not only in periodontics, but also in the areas of dental implantology, aesthetics, and orthodontics. In this article, we discuss the clinical indications and the advantages and disadvantages of several autogenous tissue grafts (e.g. pedical grafts, free gingival graft, and subepithelial connective tissue graft). These techniques have made root coverage and the rebuilding of attached gingival possible; therefore, it is necessary for all dentists to understand the applications of periodontal soft tissue grafts.

Interdental Papilla Management “Reality or A Myth” - A Review.

Interdental papillary recession has been esthetical as well as an oral hygiene maintenance problem for the patients. Abnormal tooth shape, improper contours of prosthetic restorations, and traumatic oral hygiene procedures may also negatively influence the outline of the interdental soft tissue. There are very fewer surgical techniques to create interdental papilla, which has been very technique sensitive and less predictive in treatment outcome; in this article, a review is attempted to illustrate various causes, classification, and management of interdental papilla.

Efeitos positivos preliminares de estratégias cirúrgicas e peri-implantares, combinadas para redução dos defeitos alveolares na zona estética provocados após trauma de avulsão, reimplantação dentária e reabsorção radicular / Positive preliminary effects of combined surgical and peri-implant strategies to reduce the alveolar defects at the esthetic zone after avulsion trauma, tooth replantation, and root resorption ­ a case report

Este relato de caso demonstra uma combinação de estratégias de RTG para alívio do defeito residual na zona estética. Um paciente do sexo masculino havia sofrido um acidente traumático no dente 11 durante a infância, com tratamento endodôntico e reimplantação imediata. Dez anos depois, o desnível entre as margens gengivais era de 10 mm, e uma reabsorção radicular estava presente. Para tentar diminuir a recessão de tecido mole e o contorno ósseo deficiente, uma matriz colágena suína (MucoGraft) foi montada no sentido vertical substituindo a parede vestibular, e o alvéolo de extração foi preenchido com osso bovino inorgânico (Bio-Oss). A coroa dentária natural foi usada como pôntico no aparelho ortodôntico de contenção. Três meses depois, e após um exame por tomografia computadorizada feixe cônico para determinação dos níveis ósseos resultantes, o conjunto implante dentário (3,4 mm x 10 mm)/pilar (platformswitching) e osso bovino foi colocado no alvéolo cicatrizado, e a coroa natural foi trocada por uma coroa provisória cimentada. Seis meses depois, um enxerto gengival livre foi aplicado. Após o condicionamento do tecido mole, o desnivelamento gengival entre as margens reduziu-se para 2 mm. A restauração definitiva recebeu infraestrutura em zircônia CAD/CAM recoberta por porcelana feldspática. Mesmo que a estratégia combinada tenha se mostrado útil no alívio da situação clínica, estudos longitudinais com amostras maiores são necessários para comprovar sua eficácia.

This case report demonstrates a combination of RTG strategies to alleviate a residual defect in the esthetic zone. A male patient had suffered a traumatic accident at the tooth 11 during childhood, with endodontic treatment and immediate replantation. Ten years later, the unbalance between the gingival margins was 10 mm, and a root resorption was detected. In an attempt to reduce the soft tissue recession and poor bone contour, a porcine collagen matrix (MucoGraft) was mounted vertically replacing the labial wall, and the alveolar extraction socket fi lled with xenogeneic bovine bone (Bio-Oss). The natural dental crown was used as the pontic in the orthodontic device. Three months later and after a cone beam computerized tomography to determine the resulting bone levels, the dental implant (3.4 mm x 10 mm)/abutment (platform-switching) assembly and bovine bone were placed in the healed socket, and the natural crown was replaced by a cemented temporary crown. Six months later, a free gingival graft was applied. After soft tissue conditioning, the unbalance between gingival margins between was reduced to 2 mm. The final restoration received a CAD/CAM zirconia infrastructure veneered with feldspathic porcelain. Even that the combined strategy has proven useful in this clinical situation. Longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to confi rm its effectiveness.

Uso racional de técnicas cirúrgicas implantares e periodontais para reabilitação na zona estética com coroas cerâmicas e metalocerâmicas / Rational use of periodontal and implant surgical techniques to rehabilitate the esthetic zone with all-ceramic and metalloceramic crowns ­ a case report

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico onde o planejamento reverso e o uso racional das cirurgias implantares e periodontais mostraram-se fundamentais no preparo para reabilitação da zona estética com coroas cerâmicas e metalocerâmicas. Uma paciente de 32 anos apresentava estética pobre, como ausências dentárias isoladas e perda de tecido mole/duro na região dos caninos superiores. O tratamento foi dividido em cinco etapas: 1) coroas provisórias e correção do plano oclusal e corredor bucal; 2) expansão da crista do rebordo e implantes conexão cone-morse/platform-switching (em dois estágios); 3) gengivoplastia; 4) reabertura e cirurgias gengivais (gengivectomia, enxerto ósseo/de tecido conjuntivo, divisão de papilas); e 5) condicionamento e colocação das coroas cerâmicas defi nitivas nos dentes (cimento resinoso) e metalocerâmicas (cimento fosfato de zinco) sobre os implantes. O desenvolvimento deste caso está baseado no uso da biomecânica de interface implante/pilar que confere os menores valores de reabsorção óssea ao longo do tempo, fornecendo restaurações definitivas com aspecto natural, e ainda apoiado por uma revisão sistemática demonstrando a eficácia do tecido conjuntivo subepitelial no aumento da largura queratinizada ao redor dos implantes. A finalização obtida é esteticamente aceitável e durável, muito desejável na região anterior da maxila.

The objective of this study was to report a case where the reverse planning and the rational use of implant and periodontal surgical protocols were fundamental to prepare the rehabilitation in the esthetic zone with all-ceramic and metalloceramic crowns. A 32 years-old patient had poor aesthetics, single-tooth defi cits, and soft/hard tissue losses in the region of the upper canines. After a concise planning, the treatment was divided into fi ve steps: 1) temporary crowns, correction of occlusal plane and buccal corridor; 2) ridge expansion, morse cone/platform-switching dental implants (two-stage procedure); 3) gingivoplasty; 4) implant exposure and gingival surgeries (gingivectomy, bone graft/connective tissue grafts, pedicle flaps); and 5) tissue conditioning and cementation of all-ceramic (resin cement) over teeth and metalloceramic (zinc phosphate cement) over the implant abutments. The development of this case is based on the use of a biomechanical implant interface/abutment which gives lower values of bone resorption over time, providing final restorations with a natural aspect, and still supported by a systematic review demonstrating the effectiveness of subepithelial connective tissue grafts to increase the width of the keratinized peri-implant mucosa. The outcome is esthetically acceptable and has long-term quality, a very desirable condition in the anterior maxilla.

Utilização da toxina botulínica tipo A associada à cirurgia gengival ressectiva: relato de caso / Utilization of botulinum toxin type A associated to the resective gingival surgery: case report

A toxina botulínica tipo A vem sendo amplamente utilizada na Medicina com finalidade cosmética ou terapêutica, angariando indicações cada vez mais abrangentes. Na Odontologia, é indicada em disfunções temporomandibulares, distonia orofacial, bruxismo, briquismo, hipertrofia de masséter, sialorreia, assimetrias faciais de origem muscular, sorriso gengival e assimetrias labiais que podem causar exposição acentuada da gengiva. Recentemente, vem sendo indicada a aplicação profilática de toxina botulínica em casos após reabilitações sobre implantes dentários, reduzindo forças mastigatórias e protegendo as próteses e implantes da carga excessiva. O propósito deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma paciente que apresentou discrepância entre a relação dentária e gengival bem como sorriso gengival. Foram realizadas as cirurgias gengivais ressectivas e a aplicação de toxina botulínica, alcançando resultado satisfatório à paciente. A toxina botulínica apresenta resultado transitório, sendo necessária a reaplicação após 6 meses com a recorrência do sorriso gengival.

Widely used in medicine, botulinum toxin type A, is in cosmetic or therapeutic use, is raising broader indications. In dentistry, it is indicated in temporomandibular disorders, orofacial dystonia, bruxism, dental clenching, hypertrophy of the masseter, drooling, facial asymmetry of muscular origin, gummy smile and lip asymmetries that can cause severe gum exposure. Recently, it has been shown the prophylactic application of botulinum toxin in patients after rehabilitation on dental implants, reducing masticatory forces and protecting the prostheses and implants. The purpose of this article is to report the case of a patient who presented discrepancy of relation between tooth and gingival and gummy smile. The gingival resective surgery and botulinum toxin application were performed, reaching satisfactory outcome to patient. Botulinum toxin presents transient results, being necessary the reapplication after 6 months because recurrence of gummy smile.

Comportamiento de los trastornos mucogingivales y su tratamiento, Matanzas, 2008-2010 / Behavior of the mucous- gingival disorders and its treatment, Matanzas, 2008-2010

Cada día es más frecuente observar la preocupación de los pacientes por la presencia de trastornos mucogingivales, y dentro de estos, uno de los más comunes es la recesión periodontal. Esta puede acompañarse de sensibilidad radicular, mayor prevalencia de caries y abrasiones cervicales. Sin embargo, el compromiso estético suele ser el principal motivo de consulta. Ante este tipo de trastorno podemos plantear dos posibilidades: no tratarla y controlar su evolución o corregirla mediante técnicas de cirugía mucogingival. Con el objetivo de mostrar el comportamiento de los trastornos mucogingivales y su tratamiento, se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal en una población de 169 pacientes que fueron atendidos en el servicio de Periodoncia de la Clínica Estomatólogica Docente III Congreso del PCC, de Matanzas, en el período comprendido entre el 2008 y el 2010. Los trastornos mucogingivales se presentaron en un 34,1 por ciento, de ellos la recesión periodontal fue la más frecuente (28,6 por ciento). Se concluye que las féminas fueron las más afectadas, y los grupos de edades de 15 a 34 y de 35 a 59. Los pacientes remitidos de Ortodoncia en su mayoría tenían de 5 a 11 años de edad y se mantenían bajo control evolutivo periodontal, el injerto libre de tejido conectivo y epitelio fue la técnica mucogingival más utilizada en el servicio.

It is more and more frequent to observe the patients concern for the presence of mucous-gingival disorders, and among them, one of the most common is the periodontal recession. It can be accompanied by radicular sensibility, higher prevalence of caries and cervical abrasions. Nevertheless, the aesthetic compromise uses to be the main motive of consultation. In the presence of this kind of disorder we have two possibilities: no treating it and controlling its evolution or correcting it using mucous-gingival surgery techniques. With the objective of showing the behavior of the mucous-gingival disorders and their treatment, we carried out a an observational, descriptive and transversal research in a population of 169 patients attended in the service of Periodontics of the Teaching Stomatologic Clinic III Congreso del PCC, of Matanzas, in the period between 2008 and 2010. Mucous-gingival disorders were present in 34, 1 per cent, and the periodontal recession was the most frequent (28,6 per cent). We concluded that women were the most affected, and the age groups from 15 to 34 and from 35 to 59. Most of the patients referred from the service of Orthodontics were 5 to 11 years old and were under periodontal evolvable control; the free graft of connective tissue and epithelium was the most used mucous-gingival technique in the service.