Preparation and performance evaluation of carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized glucomannan/panax notoginseng compound sponge dressing for chronic wound / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized glucomannan composite sponge can be used as an excellent substrate for drug-loaded chronic wound dressings. OBJECTIVE: To prepare carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized glucomannan/Panax notoginseng composite sponge and evaluate its physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility. METHODS: Oxidized glucomannan was prepared by sodium periodate oxidation. Panax notoginseng saponins were extracted from Panax notoginseng powder. Carboxymethyl chitosan and oxidized glucomannan were first added as mixed raw materials, and then added separately to account for mixing system 2%, 6%, 10% of Panax notoginseng saponins. Freeze-drying method was used to prepare carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized glucomannan/Panax notoginseng composite sponge. Scanning electron microscope was utilized to observe the microstructure of the composite sponge. Porosity, steam permeability, total saponin release rate of Panax notoginseng, cell compatibility, antibacterial properties and acute systemic toxicity were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscope showed that there were many pores in the composite sponge that were full and evenly distributed. The total saponins of Panax notoginseng were stably and evenly attached to the inner walls and joints of the pores of the sponge. (2) As the proportion of total saponins of Panax notoginseng increased, the water absorption rate, porosity, and steam permeability gradually increased. (3) The vast majority of the total saponins of Panax notoginseng in the three kinds of composite sponges could be efficiently released in 13 hours in vitro. (4) Within 3 days after in vitro culture, the proliferation rate of fibroblasts was more than 95%. (5) Three kinds of compound sponges have an inhibitory effect on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but do not have acute systemic toxicity. (6) The results show that carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized glucomannan/Panax notoginseng composite sponge is expected to be an excellent medical chronic wound dressing.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of CSLA gene family of Dendrobium catenatum / 中国中药杂志

Glucomannan is the key active ingredient of Dendrobium catenatum, and CSLA family is responsible for glucomannan biosynthesis. In order to systematically evaluate the CSLA family members of D. catenatum, the bioinformatics methods were performed for genome-wide identification of DcCSLA gene family members through the genomic data of D. catenatum downloaded from the NCBI database, and further analyses of their phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, protein conserved domains and motifs, promoter cis-elements and gene expression profiles in response to stresses. The results showed that D. catenatum contains 13 CSLA members, all of which contain 9-10 exons. In the evolutionary relationship, CSLA genes were clustered into 5 groups, DcCSLA genes were distributed in all branches. Among which the ancestral genes of groupI existed before the monocot-dicot divergence, and groupⅡ-Ⅴ only existed in the monocot plants, indicating that group Ⅰ represents the earliest origin group. CSLA proteins are characteristic of the signature CESA_CaSu_A2 domain. Their promoter regions contain cis elements related to stresses and hormones. Under different stress treatments, low temperature induces the expression of DcCSLA5 and inhibits the expression of DcCSLA3. Infection of Sclerotium delphinii inhibits DcCSLA3/4/6/8/9/10 expression. Under the treatment of jasmonic acid, DcCSLA11 expression was significantly up-regulated, and DcCSLA2/5/7/12/13 were significantly down-regulated. These results laid a foundation for further study on the function of DcCSLA genes in glucomannan biosynthesis and accumulation.

Enzymatic purification of glucomannan from Amorphophallus oncophyllus using α-Amylase / Purificação enzimática de glucomanan de amorphophallus oncophyllus usando α -amilasas

The international standards for top glucomannan flour require a minimum of 70% glucomannan. The glucomannan content of Amorphophallus oncophyllus flour was approximately 60%, with starch as the major impurity. Elimination of starch was expected to increase the purity of glucomannan. The purpose of this research was to study starch hydrolysis of the flour using α-amylase. Temperature (35.5-84.5oC), time (0.4-3.6 h) and pH (2.2-8.8) of hydrolysis were selected as independent variables. A central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to obtain the optimum condition. This approach was a novelty of this enzymatic purification of A. oncophyllus. Glucomannan content, starch content, and solubility were chosen as the response variables. The models were reliable for predicting the responses (R2≥ 0.771). It was predicted that the highest glucomannan content (93.0%) obtained at the lowest starch content (1.14%), which hydrolysed at pH 6.17, 84.5oC and 3.6 h. Prior the verification of the optimum hydrolysed condition from the model, the glucomannan and starch content was 81.59% and 2.27%, respectively. After purification, the absorbance of the ß-1,4 glycosidic bond increased as a sign of higher glucomannan purity. A less rough surface and irregular shape of the grain morphology was observed after purification.

Os padrões internacionais para a farinha de alta calidade de glucomanan requerem um mínimo de 70% de glucomanan. O conteúdo de glucomanano da farinha de Amorphophallus oncophyllus foi de aproximadamente 60%, com o amido como a maior impureza. Esperava-se que a eliminação do amido aumentasse a pureza do glucomanan. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a hidrólise do amido da farinha usando α-amilase. A temperature (35,5-84,5oC), o tempo (0,4-3,6 h) e o pH (2,2-8,8) da hidrólise foram selecionados como variáveis independentes. Um desenho central composto pertencente á metodologia da superfície de resposta (MSR) foi realizado para obter a condição ótima. Esta abordagem foi uma novidade desta purificação enzimática de A. oncophyllus. O conteúdo de glucomanan, conteúdo de amido e solubilidade foram escolhidos como as respostas. Os modelos foram confiáveis para predizer as respostas (R2≥ 0,771). Os modelos indicaram que o maior conteúdo de glucomanan (93,0%) foram obtidos no menor conteúdo de amido (1,14%),que hidrolisou a um pH 6,17, 84,5ºC e 3,6 h. Antes da verificação da condição hidrolisada ótima do modelo, o conteúdo de glucomanan e amido foi de 81,59% e 2,27%, respectivamente. Após a purificação, a absorbância da ligação ß-1,4 glicosídica aumentou com um sinal de maior pureza de glucomanan. Uma superfície mais lisa e forma irregular da morfologia do grão foi observada após a purificação.

Research progress on functional soft candy of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Functional soft candy of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) can be used to supplement vitamins,enhance immunity,assist in lowering blood sugar,assist in lowering blood lipid,assist in lowering blood pressure,relax the bowel,reduce weight and fight againstoxidation.It has attracted much attention due to its effective improvement in the bad taste and incompatibility of traditional medicines.TCM functional soft candy and health food made by gel,sweetener and Chinese herbal medicines( which can be used both as food and medicine) approved by the State Food and Drug Administration were selected as the research objects in this paper.We combed and analyzed the research situation of health food dosage forms and effects,the functional factors of TCM functional soft candy,gelatin,sweetener,production process,and quality evaluation,etc.,and then,we discussed their existing problems and development prospects.After reviewing the relevant literature on TCM functional soft candy and health food researches published in recent years,we analyzed and summarized their dosage forms,health effects,gels,sweeteners,production process,quality evaluation and safety.The following problems in the research of TCM functional soft candy were pointed out: for examples,differences in the sensory evaluation of soft candy;whether the combination of several similar gels and sweeteners had an effect on human health; the lack of laws and regulations in health foods and the lack of uniform standards for quality evaluation.In summary,TCM functional soft candy is a new type of health food,which changes the dosage form of health food based on capsules and tablets.This move conforms to the physiological and psychological needs of consumers.Therefore,it is in line with the requirement of " Health China 2030" Planning Outline.

Depolymerized konjac glucomannan: preparation and application in health care / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from the roots and tubers of konjac plants. Recently, a degraded product of KGM, depolymerized KGM (DKGM), has attracted attention because of its low viscosity, improved hydrophily, and favorable physiological functions. In this review, we describe the preparation of DKGM and its prebiotic effects. Other health benefits of DKGM, covering antioxidant and immune activity, are also discussed, as well as its safety. DKGM could be a candidate for use as a tool for the treatment of various diseases, including intestinal flora imbalance, and oxidative- and immune-related disorders.

Optimization of the Formula of Konjac Glucomannan-Paeonol Matrix Tablets / 医药导报

Objective To optimize the formula of konjac glucomannan-paeonol matrix tablets. Methods The formula of paeonol matrix tablets was optimized by the orthogonal design with the accumulative release rate in vitro as index, with the viscosity of konjac glucomannan ( KGM) , the amount of KGM and lactose as influence factors. Results The optimized formula was as follows:the viscosity of konjac glucomannan was 20 000 mPa·s, KGM 30%, lactose 20% and the release in vitro fit into the Higuchi equation. Conclusion The formula of the paeonol matrix tablets is reasonable and the tablets have well release effect in vitro.

LC-MS/MS in determination of Bletilla striata glucomannan in Blettila striata hemostatic sponge / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To establish a LC-MSIMS system for the determination of Bletilla striata glucomannan in Bletilla striata hemostatic sponge. Methods The Waters X Bridge™ Amide(3. 5 [J-ill, 2. 1 mm X 100 mm) column was used at 35 'C; acetonitrile and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate (containing 0.1% formic acid) (60: 40, VIV) were used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0. 3 mLimin, with the injection volume being 10 [J-L. Results The linear range for D-mannose was 50. 0-5 000. 0 nglmL (r=O. 999 5). The results of intra-day and inter-day precisions, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were all within the normal ranges. The recovery rate (n=5) was 98. 4%, RSD= 1. 03%. Conclusion The method in this study is simple, selective and sensitive; it can be used for the quantitative determination and quality control of Bletilla striata glucomannan.

Effect of konjac glucomannan on properties of superporous hydrogel / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on properties of superporous hydrogel (SPH).

Effect of Esterified Glucomannan on Carryover of Aflatoxin from Feed to Milk in Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows.

Aims: To determine the effect of different levels of esterified glucomannan (EG) on detoxification and carryover of aflatoxin (AF) from feed to milk in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Study Design: The experiment was designed as a randomized block with twelve cows allocated to each treatment group. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Science, Faroogh Life Sciences Research Laboratory, between July 2011 and August 2012. Methodology: Forty-eight lactating Holstein dairy cows were individually fed a similar based ration and randomly allocated to one of four levels of EG as the experimental treatments (0, 18, 27 and 36 g/cow daily of EG, named EG-0, EG-18, EG-27 and EG-36, respectively). Milk samples were collected on d 20 and 21 of experimental period to evaluate changes in milk AF concentration, milk AF secretion (milk AF concentration × milk yield); and AF transfer from feed to milk (AF secretion as a percentage of AF intake). Results: Feed intake and milk production were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05) and averaged 22.08 kg and 37.57 kg/d, respectively. Milk composition was also not affected (P>0.05) by addition of EG in the diet. Inclusion of EG to the diet was not effective in reducing milk aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations (P>0.05) and averaged 35, 40, 51 and 38 ng/kg for the EG-0, EG-18, EG-27 and EG-36, respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the dietary treatments regarding AFM1 excretion and transfer of AF from feed to milk. Transfer of AF from feed to milk averaged 1.3, 1.47, 1.86 and 1.24% for the EG-0, EG-18, EG-27 and EG-36 treatments, respectively. Conclusion: Inclusion of EG up to 36 g/d (3 time more than recommended dosage) was not effective in reducing AFM1 concentrations, AF excretion, or AF transfer from feed to milk.

Tracing transmembrane transport of amino-glucomannan / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To label the amino-glucomannan(AGM) with fluram and to explore the properties of the compound of fluram-AGM in transmembrane transport.Methods After AGM was labeled with fluram,the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC) and HepG2 were respectively cultured with Fluram-AGM,then observed under fluorescence microscope with violet light as exciting light.Results Both PBMC and HepG2 showed intracellular indigotic fluorescence.Conclusion AGM can be transported into cells across cell membrane.

Preparation of sinomenine hydrochloride?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan matrix tablets and study on its in vitro release mechanism / 中草药

Objective To study the formulation and preparation factors influencing in vitro release mechanism of drug from?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan hydrophilic matrix tablets.Methods The matrix tablets containing sinomenine hydrochloride as a model drug were obtained by direct compression method or wet granulation technique.The effects of the ratios of?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan,the amount of matrix materials,the kinds of diluent agent,tablet size,preparation method,and compressing pressure on release mechanism of the matrix tablets were studied by evaluating the n value in the Peppas equation. Results The release mechanism of the matrix tablets was non-Fickian release that coupled diffusion and erosion modle.With a decrease in the ratio of?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan,a decrease in the amount of matrix materials,a decrease in the water-solubility of diluent agents,an increase in tablet size,and a decrease in compressing pressure,the ratio of drug diffusion was increased.Preparation method had little influence on drug release mechanism.Conclusion Drug could be slowly released from the matrix tablets containing?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan as matrix material,the main factors influencing drug release mechanism are the ratio of?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan,the amount of matrix materials, the kinds of diluent agent,tablet size,and compressing pressure.

Studies on in vitro release characteristics of drug from ?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan matrix tablet / 中成药

AIM: The drug release characteristics of ?-carrageenan/konjac glucomannan matrix tablet were elvated by in vitro dissolution experiment. METHODS: Sinomenine hydrochloride was used as model drug,the matrix tablet containing ?-carrageenan and konjac glucomannan as matrix material were prepared by wet granulation technique. Drug release and tablet erosion in different pH values,ionic strength of media and rotation speeds were studied by in vitro dissolution experiment. The data of drug release and matrix tablet erosion were confirmed in Peppas and zero order equation,respectively. RESULTS: Among the rate of drug release in different media,0. 1 mol/L HCl was the fastest,distilled water was the second,pH6. 8 PBS was the slowest. The rate of drug release decreased with increasing the ionic strength of media(P 0. 1). The rate of drug release increased with increasing the rotation speeds(P

Quality control of Compound Glucomannan Weight-reducing Tablet / 中成药

AIM:To establish the quality control standard of Compound Glucomannan Weight-reducing Tablet. METHODS:Material and tablets went through ultrasonic cleaning by 60% alcohol and then hydrolyzed to glucose and mannose with 2.0 mol/L sulfuric acid,derivatized with PMP,separated by RP-HPLC using a stage gradient elution,and wavelength was at 250 nm. The monosaccharide were studied under the help of internal standard; while the glucomannan content in Konjac refined powder and tablets was determined. RESULTS:Linearities of glucose and mannose were good (r=0.994 3,0.999 8) in the range of 0.05-0.5 mmol/L.The average recoveries of this method were 100.67% and 98.34%,RSD were 2.74% and 3.22%(n=5) respectively. Ratio of glucose to mannose in glucomannan was 2 ∶3,glucomannan content in Konjac refined powder was 88.2%,glucomannan content in tablet was 354 mg/p. dissolution used for glucomannan conformed to homogeneity. CONCLUSION:The established quality standard is simple,feasible and reproducible,and can be used for quality control of Compound Glucomannan Weight-reducing Tablet.

Effects of pH and ionic strength of release media on in vitro drug released from carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan pellets / 中成药

AIM:To study the effects of pH and ionic strength of release media on in vitro berberine hydrochloride(BH)released from carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM)pellets and to evaluate its characteristics.METHODS:The CMKGM pellets were prepared by ionotropic gelation with BH as the model drug.In vitro drug release,dynamic swelling and erosion percent of the pellets were studied respectively in release media with different pH(pH 1.0、pH 5.0、pH 6.8、 pH 7.4)or different ionic strength(pH 6.8 PBS with 2、4、6、8 g/L NaCl).The amount of BH released were confirmed in different equation to evaluate BH release mechanism of the pellets.RESULTS:With the increased of pH value or the decreased of ionic strength of the release media,the swelling ratio and erosion percent of the pellets increased,the BH release rate increased.The release of BH in HCl solution was film-controlled and exhibited zero order kinetic equation;the release of BH in PBS was non-Fickian release that coupled diffusion and erosion of the pellets matrix,exhibited Peppas equation.CONCLUSION:The swelling ratio and erosion percent of CMKGM pellets is related to pH and ionic strength of the release media,which influence BH released and release mechanism of the pellets.

Distribution in vivo of colon-oriented berberine hydrochloride-carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan pellets in rats / 中成药

AIM: To evaluate colon-oriented delivery characteristics of berberine hydrochloricde(BH) containing carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan(CMKGM) pellets. METHODS: BH-containing CMKGM pellets(pellets group) and BH-containing carboxymethyl cellulose suspension(control group) were intragastric administrated to rats at the dose of 50 mg/kg,respectively.Blood samples were obtained from the rat femoral artery,the gastric、entric、cecal、colonic tissues and their contents sampled at a given interval to measure the concentration of BH by HPLC.The bar charts of relative content of BH in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and theirs contents were drawn.Drug delivery index(DDI) was calculated. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,the concentration and distribution of BH in gastric、enteric tissue and their contents decreased significantly,but in cecal、colonic tissue and their contents less at first,and more than the control group after 2～6 h.The DDI values of the pellets to gastric,enteric,cecal,colonic tissue and their contents were 0.392 4,0.478 6,3.916,4.193,(0.162 8,)0.619 4,3.843,4.087 against the control group,respectively. CONCLUSION: CMKGM pellets may be a useful colon-specific drug delivery system for BH.

AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE ANTI-OBESITY EFFECT OF KONJAC FLOUR / 营养学报

The Konjac flour (KF) was from Amorphallus Konjac, a kind of food, rich in dietary fibre composed mainly of gluco-mannan, but trace protein and very low energy.Male and female Spraue-Dawley rats aged 24 days were divided into 3 groups. All 3 groups were fed with high lipid and high nutrition diet. The group A was set as control, group B and group C plus KF in diet daily oral dose of 1.9mg/g and 19mg/g body weight respectively.After 45 days feeding, the following results were obtained;1. The increases of body weight in rats were reduced by oral KF.2. The size of fat cells in abdominal tissue and fat weight were greater in control group than in the other groups. These results suggest that KF has a significant effect on reducing obesity.3. No significant differences were found among the three groups in serum of chol, TG and some elements.4. The moist faeces in the KF groups were greater than the control group5. No side effects were found on the tests.

INFLUENCES OF KONJAC-POLYSACCHARIDE ON THE LEVELS OF TISSUE LIPIDS AND FOUR INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN RATS / 营养学报

This paper reports a study regarding the verity of the hypocholestero-lemic effect of konjac-polysaccharide. The konnyaku powder (KP) used in this study was prepared and refined from the tubers of Amorphophallus ko-njac K. Koch and contained 84.8% of glucomannan. Male and female Spra-ue-Dawley rats aged 5 weeks were divided into 5 groups and fed on normal basal diet, hypercholesterolemic diet (control diet) and 3 test diets (i.e. KP was added to the control diet at a dosage of 2.5%, 5% or 10%) respe- ctively, for 12 weeks.The results obtained from this study showed that KP could markedly lower the level of the cholesterol in sera and livers of rats feeding hyper-cholesterolemic diets. At the end of the 4th week of the feeding experiment, the serum cholesterol level of the 5% and the 10% KP groups, and the liver cholesterol level of the 10% KP group were shown to be significantly lower than those of the control group. At the end of the 12th week, serum cholesterol levels of all the 3 KP groups were found to be lowered to the level of the normal group and so did the liver cholesterol level of the 10% KP group. The lipotropic (anticholesteatosis) effect of KP was also confirmed by the hepatic histopathological examination. Besides the hypocholest-eroletmic eftect, KP diets can also increase the bulk of stool. Finally, there were not any harmful effects on the absorption and utilization of Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu being found.