Synergistic Renoprotective Effects of Green Tea Extract and Gemigliptin against Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

SUMMARY: Although tacrolimus (TAC) significantly reduces allograft rejection incidence in solid-organ transplantation, its long-term use is associated with an increased risk of TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the renoprotective effects of green tea extract (GTE) with or without the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, gemigliptin, by assessing serum creatinine levels, the amount of proteinuria, and histopathology in TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. TAC-induced nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal TAC injection, GTE was administered via subcutaneous injection, and gemigliptin was administered orally. Mice with TAC-induced nephrotoxicity exhibited a significant increase in both serum creatinine levels and 24-hour urine protein. However, when treated with GTE via subcutaneous injection, mice showed a decrease in serum creatinine levels and the amount of proteinuria. When GTE was combined with gemigliptin, further renoprotective effects were observed in biochemical assessments, consistent with the attenuation of TAC-induced nephrotoxicity in histopathology. The expression of p53 protein was lower in the mice treated with the combination of GTE and gemigliptin compared to mice with TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the combination of GTE and gemigliptin treatment reveals synergistic renoprotective effects by decreasing the expression of p53 protein. These findings suggest that the combination of GTE and gemigliptin could potentially be used as a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy for TAC-induced nephrotoxicity.

Aunque tacrolimus (TAC) reduce significativamente la incidencia de rechazo de aloinjertos en trasplantes de órganos sólidos, su uso a largo plazo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. En este estudio, investigamos los efectos renoprotectores del extracto de té verde (GTE) con o sin el inhibidor de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4, gemigliptina, mediante la evaluación de los niveles de creatinina sérica, la cantidad de proteinuria y la histopatología en la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. La nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC se indujo mediante inyección intraperitoneal de TAC, el GTE se administró mediante inyección subcutánea y la gemigliptina se administró por vía oral. Los ratones con nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC mostraron un aumento significativo tanto en los niveles de creatinina sérica como en la proteína en orina de 24 horas. Sin embargo, cuando se trataron con GTE mediante inyección subcutánea, los ratones mostraron una disminución en los niveles de creatinina sérica y en la cantidad de proteinuria. Cuando se combinó GTE con gemigliptina, se observaron efectos renoprotectores adicionales en las evaluaciones bioquímicas, lo que concuerda con la atenuación de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC en histopatología. La expresión de la proteína p53 fue menor en los ratones tratados con la combinación de GTE y gemigliptina en comparación con los ratones con nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la combinación de tratamiento con GTE y gemigliptina revela efectos renoprotectores sinérgicos al disminuir la expresión de la proteína p53. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la combinación de GTE y gemigliptina podría usarse potencialmente como estrategia profiláctica o terapéutica para la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC.

People's perception of the impact of parks on increasing physical activity in the community / Percepção das pessoas acerca do impacto dos parques no aumento da atividade física da comunidade

The present study aimed to analyze the probability of people's responses about the impact of parks on increasing physical activity in the community. Data was collected with park goers and a total of 427 participants responded to the structured questionnaire with a scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 10 (totally). Data was analyzed using multilevel ordinal regression analysis considering the variability by gender, civil state, distance from the park, education, age group, living time in the city, time spent by the users in the park and wage. Participants presented similar probabilities of responses. There were found tendencies of lower impact of the parks in older (> 60 years old) and single people as well as in people living further from the parks (> 6km). The high probabilities of responses were for values 8, 9 and 10. We can conclude people have a perception of the high impact of the parks on increasing physical activity in the community. This study contributes to encourage stakeholders to act in favor of public open spaces and to develop more action in the spaces that already exist.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a probabilidade de respostas das pessoas sobre o impacto dos parques no aumento da atividade física na comunidade. Os dados foram coletados com frequentadores do parque e um total de 427 participantes responderam ao questionário estruturado (escala que varia de 1 a 10). Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de regressão ordinal multinível considerando a variabilidade por gênero, estado civil, distância do parque, escolaridade, faixa etária, tempo de residência na cidade, tempo de permanência dos usuários no parque e salário. Os participantes apresentaram probabilidades de respostas semelhantes. Foram encontradas tendências de menor impacto dos parques em pessoas mais velhas (> 60 anos) e solteiras, bem como em pessoas que vivem mais longe dos parques (> 6km). As maiores probabilidades foram de responder os maiores valores do questionário (valores 8, 9 e 10). Podemos concluir que as pessoas têm uma percepção do alto impacto dos parques no aumento da atividade física na comunidade. Este estudo contribui para incentivar as partes interessadas a agir em prol dos espaços públicos abertos e desenvolver mais ações nos espaços já existentes.

Construction and expression of circular RNA in vitro / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To construct encoding RNA that can be cyclized in vitro by using the permuted intron exon(PIE)strategy in the maturation process of eukaryotic mRNA,and transfect it into HEK-293T cells for expression.Methods The sequences of 5'and 3'cyclic arms with groupⅠcatalytic intron,the internal ribosome entry sites(IRES)of Coxsackievirus B3(CVB3)and the target gene were selected to construct the template plasmid. Linearization plasmid template obtained by PCR was used to synthesize linear RNA through in vitro transcription(IVT),which then started in vitro cyclization(IVC)by the addition of cyclization reagents to obtain circular RNA(circRNA). RNA cyclization was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and ribonuclease R(RNase R)digestion. HEK-293T cells were transfected with circRNAs respectively carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP),firefly luciferase(Fluc),and influenza virus hemagglutinin(HA)IVR-180 genes,to verify their expression with in vitro.Results With RNA cyclization,the main band of agarose gel electrophoresis became smaller and small fragments appeared. After RNase R digestion,only some circRNA bands remained.HEK-293T cells transfected with EGFP-circRNA showed significant green fluorescence under the fluorescence microscope.The Fluc expression values of HEK-293T cells transfected with Fluc-circRNA were on average 20 times higher than non cyclized RNA,and the relative light unit(RLU)scaled up with the increase of Fluc-circRNA transfection dose. Western blot analysis showed that HA protein was successfully expressed in HEK-293T cells transfected with HA-circRNA.Conclusion In this study,linear RNA was successfully cyclized in vitro and different proteins were expressed,which lays a foundation of the research of new influenza vaccines and mRNA vaccines.

Effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on the ocular surface, tear film, and corneal microstructure

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty with the removal of the skin and a strip of orbicularis oculi muscle on the ocular surface, tear film, and dry eye-related symptoms. Methods: Twenty-two eyes of 22 consecutive patients operated by a single surgeon (21 females; mean age, 61 years; age range, 41-75 years) were included. All subjects completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, underwent in vivo confocal microscopy, tear film breakup time measurements, the Schirmer test with anesthesia, and fluorescein and lissamine green staining measurements before, 1 month, and 6 months after upper blepharoplasty alone with preseptal orbicularis excision. Results: A significant increase in Ocular Surface Disease Index, and corneal fluorescein and lissamine green staining and a significant decrease in tear film breakup time were observed after 1 month (p=0.003, p=0.004, p=0.029, and p=0.024 respectively) and 6 months (p=0.001 for all findings). No significant difference in the Schirmer test score was observed during the follow-up. None of the in vivo confocal microscopy parameters showed significant changes during the study. Conclusions: An increase in dry eye symptoms and a decrease in tear film stability along with ocular surface staining were observed in patients undergoing upper eyelid blepharoplasty.

Species diversity and spatial distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from La Isla Amazon Park, Napo Province, Ecuador / Diversidad de especies y distribución espacial de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) del Parque Amazónico La Isla, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

Abstract Introduction: Vector-borne diseases are prevalent in the Amazon and Coastal regions of Ecuador. However, there is a scarcity of mosquito ecology studies in these areas. The most recent list of species reported for the country comprises 8 tribes, 22 genera, and 200 species. Objectives: To document the Culicidae species found in La Isla Amazon Park, Napo, Ecuador, including those with epidemiological significance; and to analyze their composition, abundance, and diversity, focusing on larval habitats during the dry and rainy periods. Methods: We evaluated different larval habitats, considering collection duration as the primary criterion. We used CDC and Shannon traps to collect adult mosquitoes during both rainy and dry periods. To assess sampling effort, we used accumulation curves and non-parametric estimators of species richness, while we employed Hill numbers to determine diversity. Additionally, we used the Berger-Parker and Pielou indices to evaluate species dominance and evenness. We conducted cluster analysis and ANOSIM tests to assess the similarity between habitats and the differences in taxonomic composition between periods. Results: We collected a total of 802 individuals from 15 species and 4 taxonomic units, 5 genera, and 4 tribes. Notably, this may be the first records of Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar and Culex derivator Dyar & Knab from Ecuador. Additionally, the presence of Culex dunni Dyar and Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (both recognized as vectors) was correlated with increased rainfall. Conclusions: The abundance of mosquitoes, including potential vector species, increased during the rainy season, indicating a higher risk of pathogen transmission. However, the relationship between rainfall amount and diversity patterns is not well-defined.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades vectoriales son prevalentes en las regiones amazónica y costera de Ecuador. Sin embargo, hay una escasez de estudios de ecología de mosquitos en estas áreas. En el país se ha reportado 8 tribus, 22 géneros y 200 especies. Objetivos: Documentar las especies de Culicidae encontradas en el Parque Amazónico La Isla, Napo, Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas con importancia epidemiológica; y analizar su composición, abundancia y diversidad, enfocándose en los hábitats de las larvas durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Métodos: Evaluamos diferentes hábitats larvarios, con la duración de la recolecta como criterio. Las trampas CDC y Shannon recolectaron mosquitos adultos durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Evaluamos la riqueza de especies con curvas de acumulación y estimadores no paramétricos, mientras que determinamos la diversidad con los números de Hill. Además, utilizamos los índices de Berger-Parker y Pielou para evaluar la dominancia y la uniformidad de las especies. Realizamos análisis de conglomerados y la prueba ANOSIM para evaluar la similitud entre hábitats y estaciones, así como las diferencias en la composición taxonómica, respectivamente. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 802 individuos de 15 especies y 4 unidades taxonómicas, 5 géneros y 4 tribus. Este podría ser el primer registro de Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar y Culex derivator Dyar & Knab en Ecuador. Además, la presencia de Culex dunni Dyar y Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (ambos potenciales vectores) se correlacionó con el aumento de las precipitaciones. Conclusiones: El aumento de la abundancia de mosquitos durante el periodo lluvioso indica un mayor riesgo de transmisión de patógenos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la cantidad de precipitaciones y los patrones de diversidad no está bien definida.

Enfoque hacia el uso de energías alternativas en establecimientos de atención médica / Approach to the use of alternative energies in medical care facilities

Introducción: El tema del cambio climático y sus efectos, en la salud, educación y transporte, es un tema emergente, que pretende la optimización del consumo y la eficiencia energética. Esta investigación se plantea como objetivo,la caracterización del uso y aprovechamiento de energías, en establecimientos de atención médica de la región capital durante el año 2022, considerando la distribución energética, eficiencia y fuentes primarias de energía utilizadas en este país. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación descriptiva, transversal y prospectiva,a través del análisis cuali-cuantitativo, con el uso de informantes clave quienes consideran importante la iluminación natural en los espacios y el mayor aprovechamiento energético en áreas como la quirúrgica y consulta externa. Resultados: Surge el uso de la energía solar, eólica e hidráulica como recursos energéticos aprovechables, así como la sostenibilidad y la mantenibilidad en el diseño y rediseño de infraestructuras hospitalarias. Los tipos de energías utilizados en Venezuela, siguen correspondiendo ala hidráulica y combustibles fósiles, se conoce la tecnología e implementación de paneles solares para la mejoría del cambio climático, la huella del carbono, el uso de energías verdes y reducción de combustibles fósiles. Su aceptación depende de regulaciones y la concientización energética como elementos fundamentales para el cambio.

Introduction: The issue of climate change and itseffects, in health, education and transportation, is an emergingissue, which aims at the optimization of energy consumption andefficiency. e objective of this research is to characterize the useand exploitation of energy in health care facilities in the capitalregion during the year 2022, considering the energy distribution,efficiency and primary energy sources used in this country.Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospectiveresearch, through qualitative-quantitative analysis, with the useof key informants who consider important the natural lightingin the spaces and the greater use of energy in areas such assurgery and outpatient care. Results: The use of solar, windand hydraulic energy emerged as usable energy resources, aswell as sustainability and maintainability in the design andredesign of hospital infrastructures. The types of energy used inVenezuela continue to correspond to hydraulics and fossil fuels; the technology and implementation of solar panels is known forthe improvement of climate change, the carbon footprint, theuse of green energy and reduction of fossil fuels. Their acceptancedepends on regulations and energy awareness as fundamental elements for change.

Validación de técnica de ganglio centinela en cáncer de endometrio en el Hospital de Talca / Validation of sentinel lymph node technique in endometrial cancer at the Hospital de Talca

Objetivo: Validar la técnica de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina en la estadificación del cáncer de endometrio. Método: Realizamos un estudio prospectivo entre enero y diciembre de 2021. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes portadoras de cáncer de endometrio clínicamente en etapa 1, de todos los grados de diferenciación e histologías. Todas las pacientes fueron sometidas a una estadificación laparoscópica. Se inició el procedimiento con identificación de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina. Posteriormente, se completó la cirugía de estadiaje estándar en todas las pacientes. Los ganglios centinelas fueron procesados con técnica de ultraestadiaje. Resultados: Se incluyeron 33 pacientes. El 81% presentaron histología endometrioide. El 100% fueron sometida además a una linfadenectomía pelviana estándar y el 20% a una linfadenectomía paraaórtica simultáneamente. Se detectó al menos un ganglio centinela en el 100% de los casos. La detección bilateral ocurrió en el 90,9%. La localización más frecuente fue la fosa obturatriz y la arteria hipogástrica. Obtuvimos una sensibilidad del 90% para detectar enfermedad ganglionar y un valor predictivo negativo del 95,8%. Conclusiones: La técnica de ganglio centinela utilizando verde de indocianina es replicable. Los resultados de nuestra serie nos permiten realizar procedimientos menos agresivos al estadificar el cáncer de endometrio.

Objective: To validate sentinel node mapping using indocyanine green in endometrial cancer staging. Method: A prospective study was conducted between January and December 2021. All patients with clinically stage 1 endometrial cancer, of all grades and histologies were included. All patients underwent laparoscopic staging. The procedure began with identification of the sentinel node using indocyanine green. Subsequently, standard staging surgery was completed in all patients. Sentinel nodes were processed using ultrastaging technique. Results: Thirty-three patients were enrolled. 81% of cases had endometrioid histology. All patients also underwent a standard pelvic lymphadenectomy and in 20% of cases a para-aortic lymphadenectomy. At least one sentinel node was detected in 100% of the cases. Bilateral detection occurred in 90.9%. The most frequent location was obturator fossa and hypogastric artery. Sensitivity to detect lymph node disease was 90% and negative predictive value 95.8%. Conclusions: Sentinel lymph node mapping using indocyanine green is a replicable technique. Our results allows us to perform less aggressive procedures in endometrial cancer staging.

AN OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ITS ROLE IN ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

The future of sustainable energy is bright, with continued advancements in technology and growing global awareness of the need to transition to renewable energy sources to combat future challenges. The electrical vehicle is new hope for the automobile industry where the deduction of carbon emission is the priority. The increasing level of carbon emission may be harmful to the environment and society. A qualitative exploration of sustainable energy and its role in electrical vehicles are other aspects of the study where green energy is another variable. The research design used in the study is exploratory in nature and covers the different dimensions of sustainable energy. Production of the batteries is also following certain protocols of natural sustainability and emission. This study will enunciate the role of sustainable energy sources under the aspects of green energy. Economic benets are also associated with the dened issue. Resultants are qualitative in nature where the crux of the previous study had been discussed. This study has concluded

¿El área verde o el humedal afectan el precio de la vivienda, en un sector de Bogotá?

Diferencias en las características de la infraestructura verde pueden variar la relación entre los espacios verdes urbanos y el precio de la vivienda (PV). El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el efecto de la proximidad de áreas verdes con diseño antrópico (AVDA) y de un humedal, sobre los valores del mercado de vivienda. Mediante uso de sistemas de información geográfica se determinó el tamaño de áreas verdes próximas al humedal y otros atributos de localización de las viviendas; los precios de los inmuebles se obtuvieron en el mercado de finca raíz en Bogotá. Con mínimos cuadrados ordinarios se relacionó el PV con atributos ambientales, de localización y socioeconómicos; el Índice de Moran, modelos de contigüidad y error espaciales permitieron analizar la dependencia espacial de los datos. El AVDA y no el humedal, estuvo significativamente asociada con el PV Las regresiones realizadas mostraron la ausencia de dependencia espacial entre los datos, así como una asociación positiva del PV con las AVDA, el área del inmueble y el número de alcobas. Mientras que la edad de las viviendas y la distancia al Comando de Atención Inmediata (CAI) tuvieron una asociación negativa con el PV. Estos resultados muestran que los residentes locales pagan más por vivir cerca a áreas con AVDA y tienen implicaciones para la planificación urbana de estratos socioeconómicos altos. Los valores estimados en este trabajo pueden ser utilizados para alimentar un análisis costo-beneficio en evaluaciones para la construcción, ampliación y rehabilitación de espacios verdes urbanos. Se recomienda realizar un estudio semejante, en vecindarios de menores ingresos económicos que permitan definir también la tipología de AVDA factible de pagar y que al mismo tiempo proporcione servicios ecosistémicos culturales.

Differences in the characteristics of green infrastructure can vary the relationship between urban green spaces and housing prices. The objective of this study is to estimate the effect of the proximity of anthropically designed green areas and a wetland on housing market values. Using geographic information systems, the size of green areas near the wetland and other attributes of housing location were determined; property prices were obtained from the real estate market in Bogota. Ordinary least squares was used to relate the housing prices to environmental, location and socioeconomic attributes; the Moran Index, contiguity models and spatial error models were used to analyze the spatial dependence of the data. The anthropically designed green areas, and not the wetland, was significantly associated with the housing prices. The regressions performed showed the absence of spatial dependence among the data, as well as a positive association of housing prices with anthropically designed green areas, property area and number of alcoves. While the age of the dwellings and the distance to the Immediate Attention Command had a negative association with housing prices. These results show that local residents pay more to live near areas with anthropically designed green areas and have implications for urban planning for high socioeconomic strata. The values estimated in this work can be used to feed a cost-benefit analysis in evaluations for the construction, expansion, and rehabilitation of urban green spaces. It is recommended that a similar study be conducted in lower income neighborhoods to define the type of anthropically designed green areas that can be afforded and at the same time provide cultural ecosystem services.

As diferenças nas características da infra-estrutura verde podem variar a relação entre o espaço verde urbano e os preços da habitação (PH). O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o efeito da proximidade de áreas verdes antropogenicamente projetadas (AVAP) e de um pântano sobre os valores do mercado imobiliário. Usando sistemas de informação geográfica, foi determinado o tamanho das áreas verdes próximas ao pântano e outros atributos de localização habitacional; os preços dos imóveis foram obtidos do mercado imobiliário em Bogotá. Os mínimos quadrados comuns foram usados para relacionar a PV aos atributos ambientais, de localização e sócio-econômicos; os modelos do Índice Moran, contiguidade e erro espacial foram usados para analisar a dependência espacial dos dados. A AVAP e não a zona úmida, foi significativamente associada à PV. As regressões mostraram a ausência de dependência espacial entre os dados, bem como uma associação positiva de PH com AVAP, área da propriedade e número de alcovas. Enquanto a idade das moradias e a distância até o Comando de Atenção Imediata (CAI) tinham uma associação negativa com o PV Estes resultados mostram que os residentes locais pagam mais para viver perto de áreas com AVAP e têm implicações no planejamento urbano para altos estratos sócio-econômicos. Os valores estimados neste trabalho podem ser usados para alimentar uma análise de custo-benefício em avaliações para a construção, extensão e reabilitação de espaços verdes urbanos. Recomenda-se que seja realizado um estudo semelhante nos bairros de menor renda para também definir o tipo de AVAP que pode ser oferecido ao mesmo tempo em que fornece serviços culturais ecossistêmicos.

Green Products Purchase Intention in Chilean Consumers: Comparing Three Models Using Structural Equations / Intención de Compra de Productos Ecológicos en Consumidores Chilenos: Comparación de Tres Modelos por Ecuaciones Estructurales

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare three models: the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and its extended form (ETPB), to predict the intention of Chilean consumers for purchasing green products. Five hundred people were surveyed, establishing an inter-rater reliability analysis, and a discriminant, convergent and construct validity using three structural equation models (SEM). The results showed that the ETPB model is useful to explain the consumption behavior intention for green products based on a triple bottom line, whose main contribution is the indirect effect of EC on the model. The study found that of the three variables, PBC was the strongest predictor of purchase intention, followed by attitude. In conclusion, both the ETPB model and the green products purchase intention instrument contribute to broaden the studies about consumer behavior in sustainable marketing in Chile.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los modelos de teoría de acción razonada (TAR), teoría de comportamiento planificado (TCP) y su forma extendida (TCPE), para predecir la intención de compra de productos ecológicos en consumidores chilenos. Se encuestaron 500 personas y se estableció un análisis de fiabilidad interjuez, validez discriminante, convergente y de constructo a través de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Los resultados señalan que el modelo TCPE es útil para explicar la intención de comportamiento de consumo ante productos verdes con base en una triple línea de fondo, cuya principal contribución es el efecto indirecto de PA sobre el modelo. De las tres variables, se evidencia que el CCP era la predictora más fuerte de la intención de compra, seguida de la actitud. En conclusión, tanto el modelo TCPE como el instrumento de intención de compra de productos verdes contribuyen a la ampliación de estudios sobre el comportamiento del consumidor en marketing sustentable en Chile.

“Dye another day!” – dyes in ophthalmology

Background: Dyes are substances that are an integral part of ocular procedures and surgeries. In Clinical practice, dyes help in better visualization and aid in diagnoses of ocular surface disorders. In Surgical practice, dyes help in better resolution of the structures that are otherwise naked to the surgeon’s eyes. Purpose: To educate ophthalmologists about the importance and uses of dyes. Synopsis: Dyes have become an important part of an ophthalmologists' clinical as well as surgical practice. This video aims at educating the different characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of each dye. Dyes help in identifying the obscure and highlighting the invisible. The indications and contraindications as well as the side effects of each dye are discussed which would help ophthalmologists in the correct usage of these wonder substances. This video will also help the new eye doctors understand and utilize these dyes judiciously which would aid in their learning process and provide better patient care. Highlights: This video highlights the uses, indications, contraindications and side effects of all the dyes used in ophthalmology

Comparison of apoptotic bodies’ count & mitotic index in oral squamous cell carcinoma with regional lymph node involvement

Background & objectives: In early stages of oral cancers, 20-40 per cent of cases have occult metastasis in cervical lymph nodes. Biologic imbalance between cellular proliferation and death culminates in metastasis. The importance of cell cycle dysregulation in relation to lymph node involvement in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been established yet. The aim was to determine the association between apoptotic bodies count and mitotic index in relation to regional lymph node involvement in OSCC. Methods: Thirty two methyl green-pyronin stained slides from paraffin-embedded sections of OSCC were evaluated for apoptotic bodies count and mitotic index in relation to regional lymph node involvement using light microscopy. Number of apoptotic bodies and mitotic figures were counted in 10 randomly selected hot spot areas (×400). Average count of apoptotic bodies and mitotic figures were determined and compared with regard to the presence/absence of lymph node involvement. Results: The count of apoptotic bodies in cases without metastasis to the regional lymph node was significantly higher than in cases with regional lymph node involvement. The mitotic index was not significantly different between groups in terms of regional lymph node involvement (P=0.24). No significant correlation was found between the apoptotic bodies count (r=?0.094, P=0.72) and mitotic index (r=?0.08, P=0.75) to the number of regional lymph nodes involved. Interpretation & conclusions: Based on the results, it is suggested that apoptotic cell count can be a good parameter for showing the possibility of regional lymph node involvement in people with OSCC who do not have clinical symptoms of lymph node involvement.

GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FISHERIES INDUSTRY

Several social and environmental factors such as industrialization, deforestation, erosion of toxic pollutants have played dominant role in the increase rate of the global warming. This notion has affected the various segments of the planet. Sectors such as Fishery, Firming, and Agroforestry and Forest management sectors have been facing deleterious realities because of the greenhouse emission from the last few decades. In recent times, scientist has become apprehensive about the fact of reducing the negative effects caused by the global warming. Moreover, several studies have circulated various strategies to mitigate the risk factors of greenhouse effects to protect the future of the planate.

AN EVALUATION REPORT ON HOW THE ENVIRONMENT IS EFFECTED BY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Green infrastructure and urban development go hand in hand. A network of natural and semi-natural areas, such as parks, green roofs, urban forests, and green walls, is referred to as "green infrastructure" and offers numerous environmental, social, and economic advantages. Green infrastructure may improve biodiversity, lessen the effects of urban heat islands, reduce air and water pollution, and give locals more recreational options. On the other side, urban development describes the process of constructing and increasing urban areas to meet changing urban needs and a growing urban population. Depending on the planning and administration of urban infrastructure, urban development can have either beneficial or bad effects on the environment and human health. Urban development that is resilient, sustainable, and egalitarian can be advanced by green infrastructure. Green infrastructure can be included into urban architecture and planning so that communities can: Green infrastructure can help to improve environmental quality by lowering water and air pollutants, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and boosting biodiversity. This may result in a healthier, more sustainable urban environment and better environmental quality. Green infrastructure may offer citizens recreational activities as well as chances for learning and community involvement, which can improve quality of life. In addition to promoting social cohesiveness and community resilience, this can improve quality of life. Promote economic development: By luring tourists, assisting neighbourhood businesses, and generating employment in the green industry, green infrastructure can help boost regional economies. Overall, there is a strong connection between urban growth and green infrastructure, and including green infrastructure into urban design and planning can support equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban development.

The Impact of Climate Change on Paediatric Dentistry

The effects of global warming and climate change are happening at a faster rate than expected, and they are going to get worse. Global climate change has already started to show the effects on environment—fast melting glaciers, accelerated sea level rise and base shifting of native flora and fauna. There has been an increase in temperature globally with a few countries already showing intense heat waves and extreme cold temperatures. The interrelation between dentistry, environmental impact and human health is still in its nascent stage, but studies in medicine show that the healthcare industry contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, poor air quality, food and water insecurity, extreme weather events and vector?borne illnesses. The concept of eco?friendly dentistry has evolved in this context for providing environmentally feasible dental solutions. Paediatric dentistry is no exception. The concept of prevention has to be promoted more in paediatric dentistry to provide a positive impact on environment. The prevention of oral diseases will lead to less travel to paediatric dental clinics, less use of dental materials, lesser energy usage, minimal use of single?use plastics and less use of nitrous oxide/general anaesthesia for behaviour management. The greenhouse gases have an effect on teeth of children in relation to early childhood caries (ECC). Here, we discuss the impact of climate change on paediatric dentistry and what changes can be made to provide environment?friendly solutions

How can public open spaces contribute to physical activity promotion? / Como os espaços públicos abertos podem contribuir para a promoção da atividade física?

Public open spaces (POSs) are means to ensure one's right to recreation and health. The objective of this essay is to present reflections and evidence on how these spaces contribute to promoting physi-cal activity (PA). Understanding how to access (proximity/distance), quantity and diversity, and the surrounding and internal conditions of places (quality, structure, aesthetics, safety) can affect the use of POSs is imperative for public management actions. Thinking of POS use beyond PA by recog-nizing its social, economic, and cultural benefits can be fundamental to reduce inequalities regarding access to these places. POS-related actions and demands are intersectoral, multiprofessional, and interdisciplinary, thus requiring political, academic, and community involvement and commitment for PA promotion

Espaços públicos abertos (EPA) são equipamentos que promovem o direito à recreação e à saúde. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar reflexões e evidências sobre como esses espaços contribuem para a promoção da atividade física (AF). Compreender como o acesso (proximidade/distância), a quantidade e diversidade, as condições do entorno e internas dos locais (qualidade, estrutura, estética, segurança), podem afetar o uso dos EPA é fundamental para ações da gestão pública. Pensar o uso do EPA para além da prática de AF, reconhecendo seus benefícios sociais, econômicos e culturais pode ser fundamental para diminuir as iniquidades de acesso a esses locais. Ações e demandas relacionadas aos EPA são intersetoriais, multiprofissionais e interdisciplinares, necessitando com isso envolvimento e comprometimento político, acadêmico e comunitário, a fim de promover AF

Describing physical activity in public open spaces in Brazil: Active City, Healthy City Program / Descrevendo a atividade física em espaços públicos abertos no Brasil: Programa Cidade Ativa, Cidade Saudável

This study aimed to describe the physical activity (PA) in public open spaces (POS) in a medi-um-sized city in Brazil. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was applied to evaluate a representative sample of users in 10 POS which received actions from the Active City, Healthy City Program. The places were evaluated four days a week (Tuesday, Wednes-day, Saturday, and Sunday) at four times (8 am, 10 am, 2 pm, and 4 pm). The proportion of users by gender, age group, skin color, and PA level was compared between the POS using the chi-square test for heterogeneity in the STATA software (p<0.05). As main results, 32,768 scans were performed in 64 target areas and identified 8,634 individuals. The highest proportion of people were males (58%), adults (38%), with white skin color (97%), and in light or moderate PA (76%). Except for skin color, there was a significant difference in the proportion of all other variables between the POS (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the POS was more commonly used by men, adults, and people of white skin color for light and moderate PA. Based on the results, program managers could reallocate resources to increase utilization and PA at each place

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a atividade física (AF) em espaços públicos abertos (EPA) em uma cidade de médio porte do Brasil. O System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) foi utilizado para avaliar uma amostra representativa de frequentadores de 10 EPA que receberam ações do programa Cidade Ativa, Cidade Saudável. Os locais foram avaliados quatro dias da semana (terça-feira, quarta-feira, sábado, domingo) em quatro horários (8h, 10h, 14h, 16h). A proporção de frequentadores por sexo, faixa etária, cor de pele e nível de AF foi comparada entre os EPA pelo teste do qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade no software STATA (p < 0,05). Como resultados principais, foram realizados 32.768 scans em 64 áreas-alvo e 8.634 frequentadores foram identificados. Foi observada maior proporção de pessoas do sexo masculino (58%), adultos (38%), de cor de pele branca (97%) e em AF de intensidade leve ou moderada (76%). Com exceção da cor da pele, houve diferença significante na proporção das demais variáveis entre os EPA (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, os EPA são mais comumente utilizados por homens, pessoas adultas, de cor de pele branca e para a prática de AF de intensidade leve e moderada. Com base nos resultados, os gestores do programa poderiam realocar recursos para aumentar a utilização e a AF em cada local

Construction of ATMT System for Clonostachys rosea and Its Conditional Optimization of Colonization into Glycyrrhiza uralensis Seeds / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation （ATMT） of Clonostachys rosea， an endophytic fungus of Glycyrrhiza uralensis seeds， was established and optimized， and orthogonal test was designed to optimize the colonization conditions of C. rosea for G. uralensis seeds， so as to lay foundation for the development of biofertilizer and the breeding of high-quality G. uralensis. MethodThe conditions of ATMT were optimized from three aspects， including the concentration of acetosyringone， co-culture time and the concentration of conidia of recipient fungi. Then， high-quality transformants were selected. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the colonization conditions by taking co-culture temperature， co-culture time and spore concentration as factors and colonization rate as index. ResultWhen spore concentration was 1×107 cfu·mL-1， acetosyringone concentration was 150 μmol·L-1 and the co-culture time was 60 h， the transformation efficiency of C. rosea was the highest， which was 135 transformants per 1×107 recipient fungal spores. The accuracy and stability of the transformations were tested by cloning the marker gene green fluorescent protein （GFP） and β-glucuronidase （GUS） staining. When co-culture temperature was 25 ℃， co-culture time was 36 h and the spore concentration was 1×106 cfu·mL-1， the colonizing rate for C. rosea back dyeing into G. uralensis seeds by seed soaking method was the highest， which was 71.11%. ConclusionThis study successfully establishes stable and efficient technical systems not only of ATMT in C. rosea， but also of colonization of the transformants into G. uralensis seeds， which can lay a foundation for the development of biofertilizer of G. uralensis.

Clinical observation of blue laser in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the clinical efficacy of 200 W blue laser vaporization of prostate and the possibility of developing such surgery into day surgery. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 30 patients treated during Aug. and Sep.2022 were retrospectively reviewed. The residual urine volume, urine flow rate, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Quality of Life Scale(QoL) score before and after surgery were compared. The operation time and postoperative routine urinary red blood cell count were recorded. 【Results】 All surgeries were successful and the catheter was moved 1 day after surgery. The operation time was (12.2±5.1) min, postoperative bladder irrigation time (20.0±4.2) h, and urinary red blood cell count (806.2±16.3)/μL. Recatheter was needed in 1 patient. The urinary flow rate before surgery, immediately and 1-month after surgery were (10.6±3.5) mL/s, (24.2±5.6) mL/s, and (27.2±3.1) mL/s, respectively. The residual urine was (57.3±3.2) mL before surgery and (5.6±3.1) mL 1-month after surgery. The average preoperative IPSS and QoL scores were (25.1±1.6) and (5.4±0.7), and were (9.5±1.4) and (2.9±0.6), respectively, 3-months after surgery. 【Conclusion】 Transurethral 200 W blue laser vaporization of the prostate is a practical and feasible surgical technique for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is effective, rapid and safe, and can greatly shorten the length of hospital stay and improve perioperative safety. With the improvement of clinical application technology, it can be a choice of prostatic day surgery.

Research progress on the relationship between lid-wiper epitheliopathy and dry eye / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Lid-wiper epitheliopathy(LWE)refers to the corresponding pathological changes in the palpebral conjunctiva after the skin-mucosa junction area of the palpebral margin, and staining occurs after using dyes such as fluorescein sodium or lissamine green. Current studies suggest that LWE mainly results from the increase of friction between the lid wiper and the ocular surface. The specific mechanism of LWE is not clear, but the common causes include wearing contact lenses, abnormal tear film, blink abnormalities and inflammation. Clinical studies have found that LWE appears when the conventional dry eye index is negative, so the diagnosis of LWE plays an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of dry eye. However, there are few studies on the correlation between LWE and dry eye in clinical practice. Based on the existing clinical studies, the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of LWE are introduced, and the research progress of LWE and dry eye is reviewed, hoping to provide reference for further investigation and the clinical application of LWE.