Phytochemical investigation on Vitex negundo leaves and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities

Abstract The phytochemical investigation on Vitex negundo leaves has led to the isolation of one new iridoid glucoside (8α-hydroxy-4-carboxyl-5ßH-9ßH-iridoid-1α-O-(6'-O-(6,7-dihydrofoliamenthonyl)-ß-ᴅ-glucopyranoside, 3), together with three known compounds, namely agnuside (1), 6'-O-E-caffeoylmussaenosidic acid (2), and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4). The HPLC analytical study was also performed to quantify the content of agnuside (1) in dried leaves. The results indicated the very high content of 1 (3.04 ± 0.02%). The method was also validated by various parameters, including linearity (R2= 0.9999), precision (intra-day RSD ≤ 2.50%, inter-day RSD= 0.76%), and accuracy (recovery rates 96.58-101.86%). The animal testing data showed that the extract did not reduce pain at the doses of 9.6 and 28.8 g /kg (leaf weight/body weight) in the hot plates and pain measuring models but showed the pain reduction in the acetic acid-induced pain model. The extract at the dose of 5.6 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also had effects on the acute inflammation in the carrageenin-induced edema model. The extract at the dose 9.6 and 28.8 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also showed significant chronic anti-inflammation, comparable to methylprednisolone at the dose 10 mg/kg on the mouse peritoneal

Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of the hydromethanolic fraction from Annona nutans leaves / Atividade anti-inflamatória, antinociceptiva e antioxidante da fração hidrometanólica das folhas de annona nutans

Annona nutans (Annonaceae) is a plant species found in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and the Brazilian Cerrado, specifically in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil). Its common names are Araticû-Mi and Araticû-Ñu. The research contributions regarding the chemical composition and biological activities of extracts from A. nutans are rare, with only four articles being found in the literature. Therefore, the present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the hydromethanolic fraction (FHMeOH) using carrageenan-induced paw edema and hot-plate tests. In addition, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging, total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content assays and quantification of the major metabolites by LC-MS were performed. Oral treatment with the FHMeOH (at a dose of 300 mg.kg-1) significantly reduced paw edema 2 h and 4 h after the inflammatory stimulus. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with the FHMeOH (50 and 100 mg.kg-1) proved to be most effective, and the inhibition of acute inflammation was still visible 6 h after carrageenan injection. At doses of 50 and 100 mg.kg-1 (i.p.), FHMeOH exhibits central antinociceptive effects by increasing the latency of the reaction in the hot-plate model. The FHMeOH showed antioxidant potential, and the metabolites quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-galactopyranoside, and chlorogenic acid were identified and quantified by LC-MS. Our results indicate, for the first time, that FHMeOH has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant potential, and it is a promising source of studies for new herbal medicines

Annona nutans (Annonaceae) é uma espécie de planta encontrada na Bolívia, Paraguai, Argentina e no Cerrado brasileiro, especificamente nos estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil). Seus nomes mais comuns são aratico e Araticû-Mi e Araticû-Ñu. As contribuições da pesquisa em relação à composição química e atividades biológicas dos extratos de A. nutans são raras, com apenas quatro artigos encontrados na literatura. Portanto, o presente estudo avaliou as atividades anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva da fração hidrometanólica (FHMeOH) utilizando edema de pata induzido por carragenina e testes de placaquente. Além disso, a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por meio de sequestro de radical DPPH, e foram realizados ensaios de quantificação de fenóis, flavonoides e taninos totais e quantificação dos principais metabólitos por CL-EM. O tratamento oral com a FHMeOH (na dose de 300 mg.kg-1) reduziu significativamente o edema da pata 2 e 4 h após o estímulo inflamatório. Por outro lado, o tratamento intraperitoneal (i.p.) com FHMeOH (50 e 100 mg.kg-1) provou ser mais eficaz e a inibição da inflamação aguda foi ainda visível 6 horas após a injeção de carragenina. Nas doses de 50 e 100 mg.kg-1 (i.p.), FHMeOH exibiu efeitos antinociceptivos centrais aumentando a latência da reação no modelo de placa quente. FHMeOH apresentou potencial antioxidante e os metabólitos quercetina-3-O-galactosídeo, quercetina-3-O-glicosídeo, isoramnetina-3-O-galactosídeo, quercetina- 3-O-ß-D-apiofuranosil-(1 → 2)-galactopiranosídeo e ácido clorogênico foram identificados e quantificados por CL-EM. Nossos resultados indicam, pela primeira vez, que o FHMeOH possui efeitos anti-inflamatórios, antinociceptivos e antioxidantes, sendo uma fonte promissora de estudos para novos medicamentos fitoterápicos.

Comparative study of the hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of four agro-waste Citrus peels cultivars and their HPLC standardization

ABSTRACT Citrus is an economically important fruit for Egypt, but its peel also is one of the major sources of agricultural waste. Due to its fermentation, this waste causes many economic and environmental problems. Therefore it is worthwhile to investigate ways to make use of this citrus waste generated by the juice industry. This study was aimed to explore the hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic activities of four varieties of citrus peels agrowastes, to isolate the main flavonoids in the active fractions and to quantify them by HPLC method for nutraceutical purposes. All the tested samples of the agro-waste Citrus fruits peels showed significant decrease in cholesterol, triacylglyceride and glucose. The most decrease in cholesterol level was observed by mandarin peels aqueous homogenate and its hexane fraction (59.3% and 56.8%, respectively) reaching the same effect as the reference drug used (54.7%). Mostly, all samples decrease triacylglyceride (by 36%-80.6%) better than the reference drug used (by 35%), while, glucose was decreased (by 71.1%-82.8 and 68.6%-79.6%, respectively) mostly by the aqueous homogenates (except lime) and alcoholic extracts (except mandarin) of Citrus fruits peels better than the reference drug used (by 68.3%). All the isolated pectin, from the four cultivars, has significant effect on the three parameters. The comparative HPLC rapid quantification of nobiletin in the different by-product citrus varieties hexane fractions revealed that nobiletin is present in higher concentration in mandarin (10.14%) than the other species. Nobiletin and 4′,5,7,8-tetramethoxy flavone were isolated from mandarin peels hexane fraction by chromatographic fractionation. This is the first report of the comparative HPLC quantification of nobiletin and biological studies of different citrus peels species as agro-waste products. Based on these results, we suggest the possibility that Citrus fruits peels may be considered as an antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic nutraceutical product.

Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity

Objective: To characterize the types, contents, and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in the leaf of Carica papaya (C. papaya). Methods: Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques along with high performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis and peroxynitrite-scavenging assay were performed to isolate and quantify flavonoid compounds in the flavonoid-rich fraction (BuOH fraction) derived from MeOH extract of C. papaya leaves and evaluate their peroxynitrite-scavenging activities. Results: Seven flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of C. papaya, including quer-cetin 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside), kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside), quercetin 3-rutinoside, myricetin 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, quercetin, and kaemp-ferol. All of the substances exhibited potent activities on peroxynitrite scavenging (IC50 ≤ 4.15 μmol/L), which were stronger than the positive control, L-penicillamine (6.90μmol/L). The content of kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside) was significantly higher than other identified compounds (123.18 mg/g BuOH fraction and 7.23 mg/g MeOH extract). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate the potent antioxidant fla-vonoids of C. papaya leaf, with kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside) as the major one.

Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity

Objective To characterize the types, contents, and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in the leaf of Carica papaya (C. papaya). Methods Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques along with high performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis and peroxynitrite-scavenging assay were performed to isolate and quantify flavonoid compounds in the flavonoid-rich fraction (BuOH fraction) derived from MeOH extract of C. papaya leaves and evaluate their peroxynitrite-scavenging activities. Results Seven flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of C. papaya, including quercetin 3-(2

A proposal for the quality control of Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) and its hydroalcoholic extract / Uma proposta para o controle de qualidade de Tanacetum parthenium (tanaceto) e seu extrato hidroalcoólico

Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma proposta para o controle de qualidade físico e químico do pó de T. parthenium (tanaceto) e do seu extrato hidroalcoólico obtido por percolação. A lactona sesquiterpênica partenolídeo, o principal componente ativo da espécie, foi quantificada por CLAE e seu teor foi de 0,49 por cento no pó e 1,06 por cento no extrato. O teor de flavonóides totais foi determinado por espectroscopia no UV e foi de 0,54 por cento no pó e 1,05 por cento no extrato hidroalcoólico. A santina, principal flavonóide da espécie, foi isolada e posteriormente identificada no extrato por CLAE. Uma vez que o partenolídeo também pode ser encontrado em outras espécies de Asteraceae, a análise da santina é importante para certificar a autenticidade do material vegetal. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho confirmam a autenticidade do material e a eficiência do processo extrativo.

In this study, we present a proposal for the physical and chemical quality control of the powder of the species T. parthenium (feverfew) and its hydroalcoholic extract obtained by percolation. The sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide, the main active compound of this plant, was quantified by HPLC and its content was found to be 0.49 percent in the powder and 1.06 percent in the extract. The total content of flavonoids, determined by UV spectroscopy, was found to be 0.54 percent in the powder and 1.05 percent in the hydroalcoholic extract. Santin, the main flavonoid of this species, was isolated and further identified in the extract by HPLC. Since parthenolide can also be found in other Asteraceae species, the analysis of santin is important to certify the authenticity of the plant material. The results confirmed the authenticity of the plant material and the efficiency of the extraction procedure.