Perineal Lacerations: A Retrospective Study in a Habitual-Risk Public Maternity / Lacerações perineais: um estudo retrospectivo em uma maternidade pública de risco habitual

Abstract Objective In around 85% of vaginal births, the parturients undergo perineal lacerations and/or episiotomy. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of lacerations and episiotomies among parturients in 2018 in a habitual-risk public maternity hospital in southern Brazil, and to determine the risk and protective factors for such events. Methodology A retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed using the Stata software. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. Results In 2018, there were 525 vaginal births, 27.8% of which were attended by obstetricians, 70.7% by obstetric nurses, and 1.5% evolved without assistance. Overall, 55.2% of the parturients had some degree of laceration. The professional who attended the birth was a significant variable: a greater number of first- and second-degree lacerations, as well as more severe cases, occurred in births attended by nurses (odds ratio [OR]: 2,95; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1,74 to 5,03). Positions at birth that did not enable perineal protection techniques (expulsive period with the "hands-off" method), when analyzed in isolation, determined the risk; however, in the final regression model, this relationship was not confirmed. Although reported in the literature, there were no associations between the occurrence of laceration and age, skin color, or birth weight. In 24% of the births, episiotomy was performed, and doctors performed 63.5% of them. Conclusion Births attended by nurses resulted in an increased risk of perineal lacerations, of varying degrees. In turn, those assisted by physicians had a higher occurrence of episiotomy.

Resumo Objetivo Aproximadamente 85% dos partos vaginais cursam ou com lacerações perineais e/ou com episiotomia. Este estudo objetivou determinar a incidência de lacerações e episiotomias das parturientes de 2018 de uma maternidade pública de risco habitual, no sul do Brasil, bem como determinar os fatores de risco e proteção para tais eventos. Métodos Estudo transversal retrospectivo, no qual os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários e analisados no programa Stata. Realizaram-se regressões logísticas uni e multivariada. Foram considerados como significantes valores de p<0,05. Resultados Em 2018, aconteceram 525 partos vaginais, sendo 27,8% assistidos por médicos obstetras, 70,7%, por enfermeiros obstetras, e 1,5% evoluíram sem assistência. Ao todo, 55,2% das parturientes apresentaram algum grau de laceração. O profissional que assistiu ao parto foi uma variável que demonstrou significância: um maior número de lacerações de primeiro e segundo graus, bem como casos de maior gravidade, ocorreram em partos assistidos por enfermeiros (razão de probabilidades [RP]: 2,95; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%]: 1,74 a 5,03). Posições ao nascimento que não permitiam técnicas de proteção perineal (período expulsivo na técnica "sem mãos" [hands off, em inglês]), quando analisadas isoladamente, determinaram o risco; contudo, no modelo final de regressão, essa relação não se confirmou. Apesar de relatada na literatura, não houve associação entre a ocorrência de laceração e a idade, a cor da pele, ou o peso de nascimento. Em 24% dos partos, uma episiotomia foi realizada, tendo os médicos executado 63,5% delas. Conclusão Partos assistidos por enfermeiros resultaram em um maior risco de lacerações perineais, de variados graus. Por sua vez, os assistidos por médicos apresentaram maior ocorrência de episiotomia.

Comparison of Quality of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Manikins with a Change in the Compression to Ventilation Ratio from 30:2 to 15:1

PURPOSE: To minimize an interruption in chest compression, reduce the hands-off time, the American Heart Association has recommended changing the ratio of chest compression to ventilation ratio to 30:2. However, current studies have shown that the hands-off time was >10 seconds with that method. For this reason, we reasoned that a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1 would be a more suitable way to reduce hands-off time because this ratio will not change the total compression and ventilation count. METHODS: The subjects were asked to perform CPR for 5 cycles with a compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2. The subjects rested for 5 minutes, then performed CPR with a compression to ventilation of 15:1. The skill performance was measured and analyzed using a statistical program. RESULTS: In the group which performed CPR with a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2, the average number of compressions per minute was 76+/-9, while at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1, the average number of compressions per minute was 68+/-9. Between the compression to ventilation ratios of 30:2 and 15:1, the count gap was 8.3+/-3.2. When CPR was performed at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2, the average hands-off time was 9.3+/-1.9. When CPR was performed at a chest compression to ventilation ratio of 15:1, the average hands-off time was 6.7+/-1.3. Between chest compression to ventilation ratios of 30:2 and 15:1, the time gap of the average hands-off time was 2.7+/-1.2 seconds. CONCLUSION: When the chest compression to ventilation ratio was 15:1, the hands-off time was significantly reduced, but the compressions per minute were also reduced.