¿Existen realmente las etapas de cambio para actividad física? Hallazgos desde un estudio con una muestra estudiantil universitaria que combina el Modelo Procesual de Acción en Salud con el Modelo Transteórico / Are there really stages of change in physical activity? Findings from a study with a sample of university students that combines the health action process model with the transtheoretical model

Resumen El proceso de cambio hacia la práctica de actividad física todavía no ha sido adecuadamente caracterizado. Uno de los asuntos en discusión es si este proceso puede ser descrito en términos de etapas. Se llevó a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de examinar patrones de continuidad o discontinuidad de variables del Modelo Procesual de Acción en Salud dentro de las etapas propuestas por el Modelo Transteórico, y así valorar en qué medida la evidencia apoya la existencia de etapas. Para ello, se recogieron datos transversales de estudiantes universitarios (N = 490, edad = 22.5 años, DT = 6.57) y se hicieron ANOVA, contrastes planeados y análisis de tendencias polinómicas, siguiendo las recomendaciones de Sutton (2000). Los resultados para varias de las variables fueron compatibles con supuestos sobre la existencia de etapas. Sin embargo, para otras variables, los resultados no apoyan la existencia de etapas. Estos hallazgos proveen información útil para esfuerzos de integración de distintos modelos. Se discute sobre las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos.

Abstract The process of change towards the practice of physical activity has not yet been adequately characterized. One issue under discussion is whether this process can be described in terms of stages. A study was carried out in order to examine patterns of continuity or discontinuity in variables of the Health Action Process Model within the stages proposed by the Transtheoretical Model, and thus assess to what extent the evidence supports the existence of stages. For this, cross-sectional data of university students (N = 490, mean age 22.5 years (SD = 6.57) were collected, and ANOVAs, planned contrasts, and polynomial trend analyses were performed, as recommended by Sutton (2000). The results for several variables were compatible with assumptions about the existence of stages. However, for other variables results did not support the existence of stages. These findings provide useful information for efforts to integrate different models. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

A Comparative Study Regarding the Impact of Covid-19 on Latin American College Students

COVID-19 has changed educational opportunities for students around the world, and, in the process, affected their lifestyle, happiness, and engagement. The present research is part of a project from six universities in different countries across Latin America to examine the impact of COVID-19 on university students. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the impact of COVID-19 on lifestyle changes, orientations to happiness, and student engagement among a sample of college students in Mexico, El Salvador, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Peru, and the US. Methods: Participants were 1764 students from the six previously identified countries. Data were collected using the Student Health Behavior Inventory, the Orientations to Happiness Scale, and the University Student Engagement Inventory. Results: Student respondents were mostly female, with a median age of 22. Most reported no changes in academic performance and statistically significant changes in some lifestyle behaviors such as nutrition and physical activity. Conclusions: The global pandemic led to behavioral changes among college students in Latin America, and it affected their orientations to happiness and engagement. Institutions of higher learning are called to create opportunities for their students to reintegrate into an in-person learning environment to facilitate positive lifestyle changes for their students.

El COVID-19 ha cambiado las oportunidades educativas para los estudiantes de todo el mundo y en el proceso afectó su estilo de vida, felicidad y compromiso. La presente investigación es parte de un proyecto de seis universidades en diferentes países de América Latina para determinar el impacto de COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios. Objetivos: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar el impacto del COVID-19 en los cambios de estilo de vida, las orientaciones hacia la felicidad y el compromiso de los estudiantes entre una muestra de estudiantes universitarios en México, El Salvador, Colombia, República Dominicana, Perú y Estados Unidos. Métodos: Los participantes fueron 1764 estudiantes de los seis países previamente identificados. Los datos se recolectaron utilizando el Inventario de Conducta de Salud del Estudiante, la Escala de Orientaciones a la Felicidad y el Inventario de Participación de los Estudiantes Universitarios. Resultados. Los estudiantes encuestados eran en su mayoría mujeres con una edad promedio de 22 años. La mayoría informó que no hubo cambios en el rendimiento académico y cambios estadísticamente significativos en algunos comportamientos de estilo de vida, como la nutrición y la actividad física. Conclusiones: La pandemia global provocó cambios de comportamiento entre los estudiantes universitarios de América Latina y afectó sus orientaciones hacia la felicidad y su compromiso. Las instituciones de educación superior están llamadas a crear oportunidades para que sus estudiantes se reintegren en un entorno de aprendizaje en persona para facilitar cambios positivos en el estilo de vida de sus estudiantes.

Isotemporal substitution of sleep or sedentary behavior with physical activity in the context of frailty among older adults: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Frailty syndrome is associated with various physical, cognitive, social, economic, and environmental factors. Although frailty syndrome occurs progressively with age, prevention and treatment are possible. Reducing or eliminating risks and increasing protective factors may be potential strategies for reducing the prevalence of injuries related to frailty. One of the most effective actions is to decrease the time spent in sedentary behavior (SB) by increasing regular physical activity (PA). OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothetical effect of substitution of the time spent in sleep or SB with an equivalent time spent performing moderate or vigorous PA on frailty syndrome in the older population. DESIGN AND SETTING: An analytical cross-sectional study conducted using exploratory methods of survey, carried out in Alcobaça city, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 456 older adults of both sexes, aged ≥ 60 years, participated in this study. Frailty syndrome was identified according to the criteria of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. PA and SB were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and sleep was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The effects of time substitution on these behaviors were verified using Poisson regression. RESULTS: The replacement of 60 min/day of SB (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.52; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.28-0.96) or sleep (PR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.27-0.98) with 60 min/day of moderate PA (MPA) was associated with a 48% reduction in the prevalence of frailty syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing the time spent sitting or sleeping with the same amount of MPA time may reduce frailty; the longer the duration of time spent in the substitution of sleep or SB with MPA, the greater the benefits.

Mechanism of health behavior in relieving anxiety mood / 四川精神卫生

Taking the intervention of healthy behaviors in anxiety mood as the entry point， this paper aims to review the mechanism of healthy exercise behaviors， healthy eating behaviors， healthy leisure and entertainment behaviors in regulating anxiety mood based on recent national and international research findings， and to summary the alleviation of anxiety mood from the following three aspects： choice of exercise， diet control and participation in leisure and entertainment activities， thus providing a practical basis for the scale application of health behavior treatment for anxiety mood.

Consumo de tabaco y alcohol y comportamientos de salud entre estudiantes de enfermería / O consumo de tabaco e álcool e os comportamentos de saúde em estudantes de enfermagen / Tobacco and alcohol consumption and health behaviors among nursing students

Objective: To evaluate the association between attitudes, health behaviors, and the use of tobacco and alcohol among nursing students. Materials and method: Exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with 182 undergraduate nursing students in the countryside of São Paulo, Brazil. Sociodemographic Information Form, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ­ C (AUDIT-C), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Attitudes and Health Behaviors Questionnaire (AHBQ), and Patient Health Questionnaire ­ 2 (PHQ-2) were applied. Results: More than half of the students showed appropriate health behaviors and positive attitudes. Approximately 50% of the participants had consumed alcoholic beverages in the last month. Experimental use of illicit drugs and smoking were also observed. In addition, students who reported excessive alcohol use presented a deficit in self-care. Conclusions: The precariousness in health attitudes and behaviors identified in this study was associated with various patterns of psychoactive substance use. Thus, the results indicate the need for interventions aimed at promoting well-being and a healthy lifestyle in the university environment.

Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre las actitudes, los comportamientos de salud y el uso de tabaco y alcohol entre un grupo de estudiantes de enfermería. Materiales y método: estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal realizado con 182 estudiantes de pregrado en enfermería en São Paulo, Brasil. Se aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Formulario de Información Sociodemográfica, Prueba de Identificación de Trastornos Derivados del Consumo de Alcohol ­ C (AUDIT-C), Test de Fagerström para Adicción a la Nicotina (FTND), Cuestionario sobre Actitudes y Conductas de Salud (CACS) y Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente ­ 2 (PHQ-2). Resultados: más de la mitad de los estudiantes mostraron comportamientos de salud apropiados y actitudes positivas. Aproximadamente 50 % de los participantes había consumido bebidas alcohólicas en el último mes. También se observó el uso experimental de drogas ilícitas y tabaco. Además, los estudiantes que reportaron el consumo excesivo de alcohol presentaron un déficit en el autocuidado. Conclusiones: la precariedad en las actitudes y los comportamientos de salud identificados en este estudio fue asociada con diversos patrones de uso de sustancias psicoactivas. Los resultados señalan la necesidad de intervenciones destinadas a promover el bienestar y un estilo de vida saludable en el ámbito universitario.

Objetivo: avaliar a associação entre as atitudes, os comportamentos de saúde e o uso de tabaco e álcool num grupo de estudantes de enfermagen. Materiais e método: estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal realizado com 182 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: Formulário de Informação Sociodemográfica, Teste de Identificação de Transtornos Derivados do Consumo de Álcool-C (AUDIT-C), Teste de Fagerström para a Dependência de Nicotina (FTND), Questionário sobre Atitudes e Condutas de Saúde (CACS) e Questionário de Saúde do Paciente-2 (PHQ-2). Resultados: mais da metade dos estudantes mostraram comportamentos de saúde apropriados e atitudes positivas. Aproximadamente 50 % dos participantes tinham consumido bebidas alcoólicas no último mês. Também foi observado o uso experimental de drogas ilícitas e tabaco. Além disso, os estudantes que relataram o consumo excessivo de álcool apresentaram um déficit no autocuidado. Conclusões: a precariedade nas atitudes e comportamentos de saúde identificados neste estudo foi associada com diversos padrões de uso de substâncias psicoativas. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de intervenções destinadas a promover o bem-estar e um estilo de vida saudável no contexto universitário.

Cardiovascular risk behavior among industrial workers in the Northeast of Brazil: a cluster analysis / Comportamento de risco cardiovascular entre trabalhadores industriais no nordeste do Brasil: uma análise de cluster

Abstract This research aimed to investigate the occurrence of clusters of cardiovascular risk behaviors and their association with social demographic and occupational characteristics in a population of industrial workers in the metropolitan area of Recife, Brazil. It was a transversal study with 727 workers of both genders. We identified cluster distribution from the variables: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and waist circumference, by a combination of hierarchical and non-hierarchical analysis. We later tested the association with the social demographic and occupational variables with a multi-varied analysis. We have identified a protection cluster (sufficient physical activity, moderate alcohol consumption) and a risk cluster (high waist circumference, sedentarism, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption). The protection cluster was positively associated with night shift or variable shift work (RP: 1.66, IC95%: 1.26-2.17), and the risk cluster was associated with women (RP: 1.15, IC95%: 1.01-1.31). Cluster analysis allowed to identify that, for day shift workers and women, the shortest daytime outside the work environment can influence the adoption of cardiovascular risk behaviors.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de clusters de comportamentos de risco cardiovascular e sua associação com características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais em uma população de trabalhadores da indústria da região metropolitana de Recife, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 727 trabalhadores de ambos os gêneros. Identificou-se a distribuição do cluster a partir das variáveis: tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física e circunferência da cintura, por meio de uma combinação de análise hierárquica e não hierárquica. Posteriormente, testamos a associação às variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais com uma análise multivariada. Identificamos a formação consistente de um cluster de proteção (atividade física suficiente, consumo moderado de álcool) e de um cluster de risco (circunferência da cintura elevada, sedentarismo, tabagismo, consumo excessivo de álcool). O cluster de proteção associou-se positivamente ao turno noturno ou turnos variáveis (RP: 1,66, IC95%: 1,26-2,17) e o cluster de risco esteve associado às mulheres (RP: 1,15, IC95%: 1,01-1,31). A análise de cluster permitiu identificar que, para trabalhadores diurnos e mulheres, a menor jornada diurna fora do trabalho pode influenciar na adoção de comportamentos de risco cardiovascular.

Health Risk Perceptions and Behaviors among Japanese Overseas Workers Serving in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Study / 国際保健医療

Introduction  The number of Japanese working in developing countries is increasing, and it is critical to understand more clearly their perceived travel risks and ensuing behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate health risk perception, health behavior, and disease prevention among Japanese overseas workers who had lived in low and middle-income countries. Methods  A qualitative descriptive design was used. A purposive sample of Japanese (N = 8; [3 men; 5 women]) experienced in sponsored overseas volunteer work were interviewed. Results  Three categories emerged from the content analysis of health risk perceptions: pre-overseas travel concerns, increased awareness of travel-related risks, and desire to avoid injury or illness. The related health behaviors and disease preventions were: pre-departure preparatory steps for preventive actions, preventive efforts against injury and illness using available resources, finding a safe hospital, and treatment of health problems. Their health behaviors reflected the extent of activities they had to undertake to protect health when they had limited knowledge of and access to the country’s resources. In the absence of continuous health advice from reliable sources, past experience became important.Conclusions  The health risk perceptions of the overseas worker were informed by their past experience and from pre-departure advice, which in turn influenced their pre-departure preparation. Pre-departure and in-country advice could be very important to support the efforts of overseas workers to avoid injury or illness.

Satisfacción con la vida y Conductas de salud en estudiantes universitarios de nuevo ingreso / Satisfaction with life and health behaviors in incoming college students / Satisfação com a Vida e Comportamentos de Saúde em Novos Estudantes Universitários

En la actualidad resultan escasos los estudios que relacionen la satisfacción con la vida y las conductas saludables en estudiantes que inician sus estudios universitarios, aun cuando se sabe que la transición a la etapa universitaria puede originar diversos cambios con repercusiones importantes para la salud de los estudiantes. OBJETIVO: determinar la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y las conductas de salud en estudiantes de primer semestre de una universidad pública venezolana. MÉTODO: estudio de naturaleza cuantitativa, no experimental, descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, utilizó una muestra conformada por 636 estudiantes (65% mujeres y 35% hombres) con edades entre los 15 y 27 años, seleccionados bajo un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. RESULTADOS: los estudiantes se caracterizan por estar satisfechos con su vida y presentan niveles moderados de conductas saludables en general. Asimismo, la satisfacción con la vida difiere según el sexo y el estrato socioeconómico, mientras que algunas conductas de salud difieren según el sexo, el estrato socioeconómico y la edad. Por otra parte, la satisfacción con la vida presenta relación significativa con las conductas de salud a nivel general y en las dimensiones conductas preventivas, sueño, actividad física, control en el consumo de drogas y chequeo médico. CONCLUSIÓN: la satisfacción con la vida resulta ser una variable protectora que fomenta conductas saludables en estudiantes universitarios, en especial los que recién inician los estudios, siendo importante considerarla en futuras intervenciones y programas de promoción de la salud.

Currently, there are few studies that relate satisfaction with life and healthy behaviors in students starting their university studies, even though it is known that the transition to the university stage can cause various changes with important repercussions on the health of students. OBJECTIVE: to determine the relationship between life satisfaction and health behaviors in first semester students at a Venezuelan public university. METHOD: a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional study, using a sample of 636 students (65% women and 35% men) between 15 and 27 years of age, selected under a non-probabilistic intentional sampling. RESULTS: the students are characterized by being satisfied with their lives and present moderate levels of healthy behaviors in general. Also, life satisfaction differs by gender and socioeconomic status, while some health behaviors differ by gender, socioeconomic status, and age. On the other hand, life satisfaction is significantly related to health behaviors at the general level and in the dimension's preventive behaviors, sleep, physical activity, drug use control and medical check-up. CONCLUSION: life satisfaction turns out to be a protective variable that promotes healthy behaviors in university students, especially those who are just starting their studies, and it is important to consider it in future interventions and health promotion programs.

Atualmente, há poucos estudos que relacionam a satisfação com a vida e comportamentos saudáveis em estudantes que iniciam seus estudos universitários, embora se saiba que a transição para a etapa universitária pode causar diversas mudanças com repercussões importantes para a saúde dos alunos. OBJETIVO: determinar a relação entre satisfação com a vida e comportamentos de saúde em alunos do primeiro semestre de uma universidade pública venezuelana. MÉTODO: um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, descritivo, correlacional e transversal utilizou uma amostra de 636 estudantes (65% mulheres e 35% homens) com idade entre 15 e 27 anos, selecionados em amostragem não probabilística intencional. RESULTADOS: os alunos se caracterizam por estarem satisfeitos com suas vidas e apresentam níveis moderados de comportamentos saudáveis em geral. Além disso, a satisfação com a vida difere por sexo e status socioeconômico, enquanto alguns comportamentos de saúde diferem por sexo, estrato socioeconômico e idade. Por outro lado, a satisfação com a vida apresenta uma relação significativa com os comportamentos de saúde em nível geral e nas dimensões comportamentos preventivos, sono, atividade física, controle no uso de drogas e check-up médico. CONCLUSÃO: a satisfação com a vida acaba por ser uma variável protetora que incentiva comportamentos saudáveis em estudantes universitários, especialmente aqueles que estão apenas iniciando seus estudos, e é importante considerá-lo em intervenções futuras e programas de promoção da saúde.

Dental anxiety and its influencing factors among pregnant women in Shanghai / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To investigate the incidence of dental anxiety in pregnant women and its influencing factors. @*Methods @# A total of 2 638 pregnant women in Shanghai were included in this study. Data on demographic and social factors, oral health behaviors and the number of teeth were collected. Participants completed the modified dental anxiety scale (MDAS), and an MDAS score greater than 12 was defined as a dental anxiety disorder. An electronic data capture system (EDC) was used to establish a database, and SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the degree of anxiety and its influencing factors.@*Results@# A total of 2 638 valid questionnaires were received. The incidence of dental anxiety in pregnant women was 34.9%. The results of a univariate analysis showed that the prevalence of dental anxiety in pregnant women (P<0.001) and MDAS score decreased (P<0.05) with increasing age, annual family income, educational level, frequency of cleaning, frequency of brushing and number of teeth. Conversely, the prevalence of dental anxiety in pregnant women (P<0.05) and MDAS score increased (P<0.05) as the number of pregnancies and gingival bleeding increased. Logistic analysis showed that education level “college” (P = 0.003) and “bachelor and above” (P<0.001), frequency of dental cleaning “semiannually or annually” (P = 0.021) and “biennial” (P<0.001), and frequency of brushing “twice a day” (P<0.001) were significantly associated with dental anxiety in pregnant women and were protective factors (OR<1). The frequency of gingival bleeding “Sometimes”(P<0.001) and the number of teeth “≤ 27” (P<0.001) were also significant risk factors for dental anxiety in pregnant women (OR>1).The results of a negative binomial regression analysis of MDAS showed that the frequency of dental cleaning and the number of teeth were significantly associated with dental anxiety. The frequency of dental cleaning "semiannually or annually" (P<0.001) was a protective factor (OR<1) for pregnant women's dental anxiety. The number of teeth ≤27 (P<0.001) was a risk factor (OR>1) for dental anxiety in pregnant women.@*Conclusion@#Educational level, teeth cleaning frequency, teeth brushing frequency, gingival bleeding, and the number of teeth influence dental anxiety in pregnant women. To effectively reduce the prevalence of dental anxiety, dentists should attach great importance to it in clinical practice and enhance pregnant women's awareness of oral hygiene maintenance by disseminating relevant health care knowledge.

Necesidades, Creencias y Prácticas en Salud Oral de Padres y Cuidadores de Preescolares: Un Enfoque Cualitativo

RESUMEN: A casi diez años de la implementación del exitoso programa público de promoción de la salud bucal para preescolares en Chile, se presenta el estudio previo que recogió la visión y significados para los padres acerca de temas de salud oral de sus hijos preescolares en un Chile urbano y rural de siete comunas distintas. Bien sabemos que la alta prevalenci a de la caries dental en Chile y sus consecuencias a lo largo del ciclo vital, ha relevado la Promoción de Salud como una estrategia necesaria para la situación sanitaria de hace una década y para la actual a través de la implementación de programas con enfoque preventivo, como lo es el programa Sembrando Sonrisas, cuyo componente educativo se centra en los/as cuidadores de preescolares. En esta línea, cabe destacar que el Modelo de Creencias en Salud (MCS) actúa como un predictor para las prácticas en salud que desarrollan los/as cuidadores respecto a sus hijos, las cuales pueden ser activadas y/o modificadas por estrategias educativas o consejería otorgada por profesionales de la salud. Este estudio buscó explorar, mediante metodología cualitativa, los sistemas de creencias en torno a las necesidades en salud oral percibidas por padres y cuidadores/as de niños/ as preescolares que participaron del pilotaje del Programa preventivo de salud bucal en población preescolar el año 2007. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian elementos que pudieron condicionar la conducta en torno a los cuidados de la salud oral de las/ os cuidadores hacia los preescolares. Entre los hallazgos, se encuentra que los padres y apoderados atribuían los cuidados en salud oral a terceras personas (odontólogos y educadoras de párvulos), al tiempo que relatan una falta de información en términos comprensibles para que ellos puedan replicar prácticas adecuadas en sus hijos. Por otro lado, la postergación de la visita al odontólogo se explica debido a malas experiencias previas y falta de acceso a servicios de atención odontológica. Sin embargo, la salud dental es relevada desde un punto de vista estético y como un elemento importante en la superación de estigmas sociales.

ABSTRACT: Almost ten years after the implementation of the successful public oral health promotion program for preschoolers in Chile, we present the previous study that collected the vision and meanings for parents about oral health issues of their preschool children in urban and rural Chile in seven different communities. The high prevalence of dental caries and their consequences throughout the lifetime in Chile has made health promotion a relevant strategy that allows facing the current health situation by implementing prevention-oriented programs focused on the pre-school level population, like the "Sembrando Sonrisas" program whose educational component focuses on parents and caregivers. In this line, it is worth mentioning the Health Beliefs Model (HBM), which acts as a predictor for the health practices that parents develop concerning their children, which can be activated and or modified by educational strategies or counseling provided by health professionals. This study seeks to explore, through qualitative methodology, the belief system around the oral health needs perceived by parents and caregivers of pre-school children who participated in the testing of the Preventive Oral Health Program in pre-school level population in 7 counties of the country during 2007. The results obtained showcase that parents and guardians assign oral health care to third parties (dentists, pre-school educators) while reporting a lack of understandable information so that they can replicate practices in their children. On the other hand, postponing the visit to the dentist is justified due to previous bad experiences and lack of access to dental care services. However, dental health is relevant from an aesthetic point of view and as an element to overcome social prejudice.

Sociodemographic factors associated with public knowledge of dementia in a Cuban population / Fatores sociodemográficos associados ao conhecimento público sobre demência em uma população cubana

ABSTRACT International organizations estimate that a new dementia is diagnosed every 3 s. Objectives: To explore the knowledge and beliefs among a cross-section of the adult population of Cuba with regard to dementia risk factors and to determine the demographic variables related with it. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on 1,004 Cubans. Methods: The survey measured the importance placed on dementia, risk reduction knowledge, and the actions to prevent it. Logistic regression was undertaken to identify variables associated with knowledge. Results: Many respondents (47.5%) believe that dementia risk reduction should start before the age of 40. Cognitive stimulation and physical activities were selected with major frequency. Being older than 48 years, having previous contact with dementia, and university education increases the probability of having healthy lifestyles. Conclusions: The exploration of demographic variables allows the prediction of likelihood to know about or have positive beliefs in relation to dementia. They should be contemplated into strategies for dementia prevention in Cuban population.

RESUMO Organizações internacionais estimam que um novo diagnóstico de demência seja feito a cada três segundos. Objetivos: Explorar o conhecimento e as crenças da população adulta cubana com relação aos fatores de risco de demência e determinar as variáveis demográficas a eles relacionados mediante um estudo de seção transversal. Um levantamento transversal foi realizado com 1.004 cubanos. Métodos: A pesquisa mediu a importância atribuída à demência, o conhecimento sobre redução de risco e as ações para preveni-la. Regressão logística foi realizada para identificar variáveis associadas ao conhecimento. Resultados: Muitos entrevistados (47,5%) acreditam que a redução do risco de demência deve começar antes dos 40 anos. A estimulação cognitiva e as atividades físicas foram selecionadas com maior frequência. Ter mais de 48 anos, contato prévio com demência e formação universitária aumentaram a probabilidade de ter estilos de vida saudáveis. Conclusões: A exploração de variáveis demográficas permite predizer a probabilidade de conhecer ou ter crenças positivas em relação à demência. Variáveis demográficas devem ser contempladas nas estratégias de prevenção de demência na população cubana.

Effect of health management under the transtheoretical model and stages of change on diabetes mellitus patients with obesity / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of health management based on the transtheoretical model and stages of change on patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by obesity.Methods:A total of 122 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complicated by obesity and admitted to Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital between January 2019 and June 2020 were recruited to participate in the study. They were divided into two equal groups at random, the observation group and the control group —with 61 patients in each group. Both groups were subjected to individualized health management based on conventional drug treatment. The control group received routine health education and psychological support, while the observation group was subjected to the transtheoretical model and stages of change interventions for six months. The independent-samples t-test was used to compare blood glucose, body weight, and self-efficacy in the two groups after interventions, and the χ 2 test or Fisher′s precise test was used to compare behavior habit compliance rates in the two groups after interventions. Results:FBG with (6.27±0.92) mmol/L and (6.58±0.91) mmol/L, 2hPG with (8.53±1.39) mmol/L and (8.53±1.39) mmol/L, and HbA1c with (6.49±0.91)% and (6.78±0.96)% in the two groups were significantly lower at six months of interventions than those before ( P<0.05), but the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). BMI, waist circumference, and body fat rate with (30.46±2.51) kg/m 2, (91.72±10.45) cm, and (34.09±3.84)% of the observation group at six months of interventions were significantly lower than those before interventions ( P<0.05), whereas there were no significant changes in the control group before and after interventions ( P>0.05). The observation group′s BMI and body fat rate were lower than those of the control group ( P<0.05). The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) scores in the two groups were (31.62±2.59) points and (28.75±2.48) points, which were significantly higher than those before interventions ( P<0.05). The observation group′s GSES score was higher than that of the control group ( P<0.05). At six months of interventions, the compliance rates of diet control (92.98% and 77.97%), reasonable exercise (87.72% and 71.19%), adherence to medication (98.25% and 91.53%), quitting smoking and alcohol (94.74% and 81.36%), blood glucose monitoring (91.23% and 94.92%), and regular review (100.00% and 98.31%) were all significantly higher in the two groups than those before interventions ( P<0.05). Additionally, the compliance rates of diet control, reasonable exercise, and quitting smoking and alcohol in the observation group were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The use of the transtheoretical model and stages of change for the self-management intervention of diabetes mellitus patients with obesity is beneficial to improve self-efficacy, behavioral habits, and weight control effectiveness.

Comparación social y su impacto en enfermedades crónicas. Una revisión sistemática / Social comparison and its impact on chronic diseases. A systematic review

Resumen Las enfermedades crónicas, generalmente se asocian con bajos niveles de adherencia al tratamiento, baja calidad de vida, morbilidad y mortalidad. Aunque los procesos interpersonales tales como la comparación influyen la adherencia a los tratamientos, poca investigación ha sido desarrollada con la Teoría de la Comparación Social como fundamento teórico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el rol que la comparación social tiene en las conductas en salud relacionadas a enfermedades crónicas. Usando metodología PRISMA, se seleccionó artículos publicados sin límite de fecha. Los resultados sugieren que la comparación social se asocia con el ajuste psicológico a la enfermedad, dependiendo de las características de ésta. Futuros estudios deben considerar si es posible diseñar intervenciones específicas basadas en la teoría y qué moderadores mejorarían su efectividad.

Abstract Chronic diseases are generally associated with low adherence to treatment, poor quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Although interpersonal processes such as social comparison influence treatment adherence, little research has been conducted with the Social Comparison Theory as a theoretical background. This study aimed to analyze the role that social comparison has on health behaviors related to chronic diseases. Using the PRISMA methodology, we selected manuscripts published without any limit date. Our results suggest that social comparison is associated with the psychological adjustment to chronic diseases, depending on its characteristics. Future studies must address whether it is possible to design tailored interventions based on the theory and what moderators improve the intervention´s effectiveness.

Food habits, health behaviors related to the personality in Korean college students / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study identified the relationship between dietary habits and health-related behaviors depending on the Big Five personality factors (extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism).METHODS: The NEO-II test was administered to 337 male and female college students in Seongnam City, Gyeonggi Province, and their dietary habits and health-related behaviors were surveyed.RESULTS: The male participants showed higher scores for extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness compared to that of their female counterparts, while the female participants showed higher scores for neuroticism. As for the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, in the case of men, higher scores for extraversion were related to a lower intake of instant/fast foods and a higher intake of vegetables; higher agreeableness scores were related to a lower intake of fruit; and higher neuroticism scores were related to a heavy intake of high-cholesterol foods. It was found that higher openness scores were associated with a higher intake of burnt fish/meat and a lower intake of animal fat, while higher agreeableness scores were related to a lower intake of burnt fish/meat in women. Also, those subjects with higher openness and agreeableness scores were found to better consider the nutritional balance when having a meal. In the case of the male participants, higher openness scores were related to increased physical activity, while higher neuroticism scores were related to increased smoking and a lack of sleep. As for the women, those with higher extraversion scores smoked more, while those who recorded higher agreeableness scores were involved in more physical activities.CONCLUSION: Differences were observed in dietary habits and health-related behaviors between men and women depending on personality factors, and the analysis results of some dietary habits according to personality factors were inconsistent with those of the overseas studies. Therefore, to provide customized nutritional counseling when considering each individual's personality factors, more research results from domestic samples should be collected and accumulated.

Determinantes socioeconômicos e comportamentais que permeiam o envelhecimento ativo dos idosos de um centro comunitário de convivência / Determinantes socioeconómicos y de comportamiento que permiten el envejecimiento activo de los mayores de un centro de vida comunitario / Socioeconomic and behavioral determinants that permeate the active aging of elderly people from a community living center

Objetivo: Descrever os determinantes socioeconômicos e comportamentais que permeiam o envelhecimento ativo dos participantes do grupo de convivência de uma Universidade da Terceira Idade. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, realizada a partir de um questionário, com 183 participantes de grupos de convivência de uma universidade pública de Belém/PA. Resultado: Dos 183 participantes, foi predominante 91% do gênero feminino, 71% com idades entre 60 e 70 anos; 51% apresentaram escolaridade superior a 8 anos; 68% residiam com seus familiares e 55% eram ativos economicamente. Observou-se que 99% referiu mudança após início da participação no grupo, 80% apresentou pelo menos uma comorbidade, 91% praticava atividades físicas e 73% usava racionalmente os medicamentos. Conclusão: Os determinantes socioeconômicos e comportamentais dos participantes do estudo apontam satisfação no convívio grupal, conhecimento, qualidade de vida e a promoção do envelhecimento ativo

Objective: The study's purpose has been to describe the socioeconomic and behavioral determinants that permeate the active aging of a socialization group from a Universidade da Terceira Idade [University of the Old Age]. Methods: It is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach, which was carried out from a questionnaire, with 183 participants from a socialization group at a public university in Belém City, Pará State. Results: From a total of 183 participants, 91% were female, 71% were between 60 and 70 years old; 51% had schooling over 8 years; 68% lived with their families and 55% were economically active. It was observed that 99% reported change after starting their participation in the group, 80% presented at least one comorbidity, 91% practiced physical activities and 73% used drugs rationally. Conclusion: The socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of the study participants indicate satisfaction in socialization group, knowledge, quality of life and the promotion of active aging

Describir los determinantes socioeconómicos y comportamentales que permean el envejecimiento activo de los participantes del grupo de convivencia de una Universidad de la Tercera Edad. Metodo: Investigación descriptiva, cuantitativa, realizada a partir de un cuestionario, con 183 participantes de grupos de convivencia de una universidad pública de Belém/PA. Resultado: De los 183 participantes, fue predominante 91% del género femenino, 71% con edades entre 60 e 70 años; 51% presentaran escolaridad superior a 8 años; 68% residían con sus familiares y 55% eran activos económicamente. Se observó que 99% refirió el cambio después del inicio de la participación en el grupo, 80% tenía al menos una comorbilidad, 91% practicando actividades físicas y 73% utilizan racionalmente los medicamentos. Conclusión: Los determinantes socioeconómicos y comportamentales de los participantes del estudio apuntan satisfacción en la convivencia grupal, conocimiento, calidad de vida y la promoción del envejecimiento activo

Caracterización del consumo de bebidas en habitantes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia / Characterization of beverage consumption in inhabitants of Medellin City, Colombia

RESUMEN Evaluar el consumo de bebidas y la cantidad ingerida durante el día, reviste importancia para los profesionales de la salud, quienes participan en la educación y diseño de políticas en alimentación y nutrición, relacionadas con el bienestar de la comunidad. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar entre sexos, el gusto por el consumo de diferentes tipos de bebidas y la cantidad consumida por día. El estudio se realizó en una muestra representativa de los habitantes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, entre los 18 y 50 años de edad. Se utilizó análisis multivariado de la varianza (MANOVA) con contraste canónico de tipo ortogonal, análisis de correspondencia múltiple con clasificación jerárquica indexada, análisis de frecuencias unidimensional y bidimensional. Se detectó diferencia significativa entre sexos en el gusto por consumir bebidas aromáticas y gaseosas dietéticas (p< 0.05), no se detectó diferencia (p> 0.05) en la cantidad de líquido consumido al día según sexo. La principal conclusión radica en que a más del 80% de los indagados les gusta consumir agua de manera frecuente, afirman conocer las recomendaciones de consumo de este líquido al día y los beneficios que aportan para el mantenimiento de la salud. El tamaño de la muestra utilizado fue de 322 personas.

ABSTRACT Evaluating daily beverage consumption is important for health professionals who participate in education and policy design related to food, nutrition, and community welfare. The objective of the study was to compare, between sexes, the preference for the consumption of different types of drinks and daily consumption. A study with a representative sample of the inhabitants of the city of Medellín, Colombia, between 18 and 50 years of age, was conducted. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with orthogonal canonical contrast, multiple correspondence analysis with hierarchical indexed classification, and one-dimensional and two-dimensional frequency analysis was used. A significant difference between sexes was detected in the taste for consuming aromatic beverages and diet sodas (p<0.05), no difference was detected (p>0.05) in daily consumption of liquid according to sex. The main conclusion was that more than 80% of respondents liked to consume water on a frequent basis, reported knowing the recommendations for daily consumption of this liquid and the benefits it provided for maintaining health. The sample size was 322 persons.

The Influence of Family History of Hypertension on Hypertension Prevalence, Management and Healthy Behaviors among Korean Adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2016

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the influence of family history of hypertension (FH) on hypertension prevalence, management, and healthy behaviors among Korean adults. METHODS: By using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2016, a cross-sectional study was performed. The study population included 8,280 individuals who underwent health examination and food frequency questionnaire were divided into two groups based on FH. Participants with one or more first-degree FH classified as having a FH. Health behaviors analyzed were low sodium intake, weight management, no smoking, non-risky drinking, and sufficient physical activity. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to compare outcome variables (hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and healthy behaviors). RESULTS: Of a total of 8,280 subjects, 3,626 (43.8%) participants had FH. Presence of a FH significantly associated with the risk of hypertension prevalence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01–3.04), awareness (aOR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.30–2.99), treatment (aOR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.71–3.98), and control (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.19–2.64). In contrast, FH was not significantly associated with healthy behaviors. In the subgroup analyses, the normotensives with FH were even slightly less likely to get health check-ups than those without FH (aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72–0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Although those with FH showed higher prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates, health behaviors of those with FH were not higher than those without FH. More attention should be directed to promote the healthy behaviors for management and prevention of hypertension, especially among those with FH.

Effects of a Daily Life-Based Physical Activity Enhancement Program for Middle-Aged Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a daily life-based physical activity enhancement program performed by middle-aged women at risk for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This study used a randomized control group pretest-posttest design. Middle-aged women aged 45 to 64 were recruited from two outpatient cardiology departments, and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=28) and a control group (n=30). For the experimental group, after providing one-on-one counseling and education, we provided customized text messages to motivate them in daily life. To monitor the practice of physical activity, they also used an exercise diary and mobile pedometer for 12 weeks. Subjects' physical activities (MET-min/week) were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Their physiological data were obtained by blood tests using a portable analyzer, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0/WIN program. RESULTS: There were significant differences in exercise self-efficacy, health behavior, IPAQ score, body fat, body muscle, and fasting blood sugar between the two groups. However, there were no significant differences in total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and waist-to-hip ratio. CONCLUSION: Strengthening physical activity in daily life without being limited by cost burden and time and space constraints. Therefore, it is essential to motivate middle-aged women at risk for cardiovascular disease to practice activities that are easily performed in their daily lives.

Creencias, conocimientos y prácticas de madres respecto a la salud bucal en Popayán, Colombia / Mothers' beliefs, knowledge, and practices regarding oral health in Popayan, Colombia / Crenças, conhecimentos e práticas das mães sobre saúde bucal em Popayan, Colômbia

Antecedentes: Las madres ejercen influencia frente a hábitos en salud de la familia y de los niños, el estudio de los conocimientos, prácticas y creencias de las madres con respecto a la salud y la enfermedad bucodental de sus hijos es relevante para la salud pública local y regional, situación que ha sido muy poco estudiada. Objetivo: Determinar las creencias, conocimientos y prácticas acerca de la salud bucal que tienen las madres de niños menores de cinco años que asisten a la red pública de salud de la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo analítico, encuesta a 288 madres que llevan a sus hijos al programa de crecimiento y desarrollo, se realizó análisis estadístico según frecuencia y distribución a través del SK Test, Test de Chi Cuadrado, test de Fischer o prueba T Student, considerándolos estadísticamente significativos cuando p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: El promedio de edad de las mujeres encuestadas fue de 28 años, 20,5 % consideró que los dientes solo deben durar algunos años, 76,4 % cree que el riesgo de padecer caries dentales es debido a malos hábitos, 55,9 % manifestó no conocer lo qué es la caries dental, 87,1 % conoce como se evita la caries dental, 35,9 % de los menores duermen en mayor medida con el tetero. Conclusiones: Las madres presentan un nivel adecuado de conocimientos para salud dental, enfermedades de la boca y prevención, Se observó que las madres más jóvenes llevan a sus mayoritariamente a servicios de prevención.

Background: Mothers exert influence on habits in family and children's health, the study of the knowledge, practices and beliefs of mothers regarding the health and oral health of their children is relevant to local and regional public health, a situation that has been very little studied. Purpose: To determine the beliefs, knowledge and practices about the oral health of mothers of children under five years of age who attend the public health network of the city of Popayán, Colombia. Methods: Analytical descriptive observational study, a survey of 288 mothers who took their children to the growth and development program, statistical analysis was performed according to frequency and distribution through SK Test, Chi-square test, Fischer test or Student's T test, considering them statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results: The average age of the women surveyed was 28 years, 20.5% considered that the teeth should only last a few years, 76.4 % believe that the risk of suffering tooth decay is due to bad habits, 55.9 % said they do not know what dental caries is, 87.1 % know how to avoid dental caries, 35.9 % of children sleep to a greater extent with the bottle. Conclusions: Mothers have an adequate level of knowledge for dental health, diseases of the mouth and prevention. It was observed that younger mothers take their majority to preventive services.

Antecedentes: As mães exercem influência sobre os hábitos em saúde da família e das crianças, o estudo dos conhecimentos, práticas e crenças das mães sobre saúde e saúde bucal de seus filhos é relevante para a saúde pública local e regional, situação pouco estudada. Objetivo: Determinar as crenças, conhecimentos e práticas sobre a saúde bucal de mães de crianças menores de cinco anos que frequentam a rede pública de saúde da cidade de Popayán, Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo analítico, levantamento de 288 mães que levaram seus filhos ao programa de crescimento e desenvolvimento, análise estatística realizada por frequência e distribuição por meio do Teste SK, Qui-quadrado, Fischer ou T, considerando-os estatisticamente significante quando p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: A idade média das mulheres pesquisadas foi de 28 anos, 20,5% consideraram que os dentes deveriam durar apenas alguns anos, 76,4% acreditam que o risco de sofrer cárie dentária é devido a maus hábitos, 55,9% disseram não saber o que cárie dentária é, 87,1% sabem como evitar a cárie dentária, 35,9% das crianças dormem em maior grau com a mamadeira. Conclusões: As mães possuem um nível adequado de conhecimento em saúde bucal, doenças da boca e prevenção. Observou-se que as mães mais jovens levam a maioria para os serviços preventivos.

Comportamentos de saúde, sofrimento mental e padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários / Health behaviors, mental distress and alcohol consumption pattern among college students

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a relação entre os comportamentos de saúde, sofrimento mental e o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal da abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 1101 estudantes matriculados nos cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública federal de um município do oeste de Santa Catarina. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, Self-Reporting Questionnaire e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Constatou-se que houve predomínio de estudantes do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 22,7 anos (desvio-padrão=5,8), variando entre 18 e 65 anos, de cor branca, católicos, naturais do estado de Santa Catarina e que cursavam o primeiro ano de graduação. Da amostra, os principais comportamentos de saúde identificados foram: 52% sempre utilizam capacete ao andar de motocicleta; 58,4% sempre utilizam cinto de segurança; 55,7% não pegaram carona com alguém que havia ingerido bebida alcoólica; 84,4% não dirigiram veículo nos últimos 30 dias após ingerir bebida alcoólica; 96,8% não foram agredidos pelo parceiro nos últimos 12 meses; 97,7% não foram forçados a ter relação sexual; 45,7% já tentaram fumar cigarro; 18,7% tinham menos de 17 anos quando fumaram um cigarro pela primeira vez; 32,3% já utilizaram maconha na vida; 6,0% já utilizaram cocaína na vida; 5,2% fizeram uso de inalantes na vida; 2,2% uso de anfetaminas na vida; 8,0% uso de êxtase na vida; 93,9% já fizeram uso de álcool; 29,7% fazem consumo de álcool no padrão binge; 21,8% apresentam uso problemático de álcool; 12,9% já tiveram ideia de acabar com a vida; 36,5% apresentam sofrimento mental. Entre os estudantes, o sofrimento mental percebido foi associado ao uso problemático de álcool, pertencer ao sexo feminino, ao uso de anfetaminas na vida, ser estudante dos cursos de filosofia e história e não ter religião. A realização de atividade física caracterizou-se como fator de proteção para sofrimento mental. O uso problemático de álcool foi associado negativamente ao sofrimento mental, uso de maconha na vida e beber no padrão binge. Ser do sexo feminino e ser estudante de medicina caracterizaram-se como fator de proteção para o uso problemático de álcool. Os resultados encontrados somam-se as informações disponíveis relacionadas aos comportamentos de saúde envolvendo estudantes universitários no país

O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a relação entre os comportamentos de saúde, sofrimento mental e o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes universitários. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal da abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta por 1101 estudantes matriculados nos cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública federal de um município do oeste de Santa Catarina. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, Self-Reporting Questionnaire e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Constatou-se que houve predomínio de estudantes do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 22,7 anos (desvio-padrão=5,8), variando entre 18 e 65 anos, de cor branca, católicos, naturais do estado de Santa Catarina e que cursavam o primeiro ano de graduação. Da amostra, os principais comportamentos de saúde identificados foram: 52% sempre utilizam capacete ao andar de motocicleta; 58,4% sempre utilizam cinto de segurança; 55,7% não pegaram carona com alguém que havia ingerido bebida alcoólica; 84,4% não dirigiram veículo nos últimos 30 dias após ingerir bebida alcoólica; 96,8% não foram agredidos pelo parceiro nos últimos 12 meses; 97,7% não foram forçados a ter relação sexual; 45,7% já tentaram fumar cigarro; 18,7% tinham menos de 17 anos quando fumaram um cigarro pela primeira vez; 32,3% já utilizaram maconha na vida; 6,0% já utilizaram cocaína na vida; 5,2% fizeram uso de inalantes na vida; 2,2% uso de anfetaminas na vida; 8,0% uso de êxtase na vida; 93,9% já fizeram uso de álcool; 29,7% fazem consumo de álcool no padrão binge; 21,8% apresentam uso problemático de álcool; 12,9% já tiveram ideia de acabar com a vida; 36,5% apresentam sofrimento mental. Entre os estudantes, o sofrimento mental percebido foi associado ao uso problemático de álcool, pertencer ao sexo feminino, ao uso de anfetaminas na vida, ser estudante dos cursos de filosofia e história e não ter religião. A realização de atividade física caracterizou-se como fator de proteção para sofrimento mental. O uso problemático de álcool foi associado negativamente ao sofrimento mental, uso de maconha na vida e beber no padrão binge. Ser do sexo feminino e ser estudante de medicina caracterizaram-se como fator de proteção para o uso problemático de álcool. Os resultados encontrados somam-se as informações disponíveis relacionadas aos comportamentos de saúde envolvendo estudantes universitários no país