Impact of communication campaigns to Blaan indigenous peoples covered by Community Health and Development Program, University of the Philippines Manila

Background@#The Community Health and Development Program (CHDP) is a longstanding program of the University of the Philippines (UP) Manila, School of Health Sciences, Extension Campus in South Cotabato. While its service goes beyond teaching and extends to community development projects benefiting indigenous sectors, yet there has been no comprehensive and systematic evaluation on the program's health communication materials which promote culturally safe and acceptable health care practices that lead to normative changes.@*Objective@#Using descriptive-interpretive qualitative approach, the researcher identified the communication approaches and documented their health knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) to identify any normative changes.@*Methodology@#A total of 24 respondents gave their views on the program's dengue, malnutrition, teenage pregnancy, and family planning campaigns using a closed-ended survey, qualitative KAP analysis, and ethnovideography.@*Results@#Results showed that information dissemination is limited to printed media and interpersonal communication via small groups; contents of health communication campaigns are less understandable; and social mobilization efforts demonstrated low levels of community engagement. Also, communication between health workers and Blaan indigenous peoples is not transactional due to the lack of feedback and involvement in the decision-making process. The respondents' knowledge on health demonstrated low levels of end-user engagement reflective of unsustainable knowledge on modern medicine. Normative changes are only evident on family planning campaigns.@*Conclusion@#The long-term sustainability of health promotion among indigenous peoples may be inhibited due to non-evident normative changes that trigger societal transformation. The paper suggests that a specialized communication strategy intended for Blaan indigenous peoples must be considered and applied in order to react collectively and effectively to address health issues.

Carlos Gentile de Mello: em defesa de uma medicina institucional / Carlos Gentile de Mello: in defense of institutional medicine

Resumo O artigo analisa a trajetória do pensamento de Carlos Gentile de Mello ressaltando suas contribuições para o debate político e social da saúde entre os anos 1960 e 1980. Discute as interfaces entre o projeto desenvolvimentista e a saúde e aborda a expansão do modelo privatista, em especial os efeitos do modelo sobre a prática médica e a saúde da população. Tece considerações sobre as contribuições das análises de Gentile para o debate da Saúde Coletiva e da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira nos anos 1970, em especial sobre as condições políticas e institucionais para o projeto de universalização.

Abstract The article analyzes the trajectory and thought of Carlos Gentile de Mello highlighting his contributions to the political and social debate on health between the 1960s and 1980s. He discusses the interfaces between the developmental project and health and addresses the expansion of the privatizing model especially the effects of the model on medical practice and the health of the population. The article analyzes the contribution of Gentile's analysis to the debate on Public Health and Brazilian Health Reform in the 1970s, especially on the political and institutional conditions for the project of universalization.

Transformações e assimetrias tecnológicas globais: estratégia de desenvolvimento e desafios estruturais para o Sistema Único de Saúde / Global technological transformations and asymmetries: development strategy and structural challenges for the Unified Health System

Resumo Este artigo articula temáticas contemporâneas da agenda de desenvolvimento como fenômenos globais que incidem sobre a difusão e a direção do progresso técnico em saúde, condicionando a sustentabilidade do Sistema Único de Saúde. Por meio da avaliação da dependência externa do Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde brasileiro; pela revisão bibliográfica da literatura referente à complexidade econômica e seus dados referentes à América Latina e ao Brasil; e, mediante o levantamento e avaliação de dados estatísticos da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual e do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, constrói-se um panorama em que se verificam crescentes assimetrias econômicas e de poder que conformam reiteração do padrão centro-periferia em múltiplos temas e escalas geográficas. Como desdobramento desta perspectiva, consolida-se o vínculo endógeno entre os padrões nacionais de desenvolvimento e as possibilidades e limites estruturais para a conformação de um sistema universal de saúde no Brasil. O enfrentamento das assimetrias tecnológicas globais faz parte de uma agenda estratégica que condiciona o avanço do SUS no sentido de seus princípios fundadores de universalidade, integralidade e equidade.

Abstract This paper articulates contemporary themes of the development agenda as global phenomena that affect the dissemination and direction of health technical progress, subjecting the sustainability of the Unified Health System (SUS). The evaluation of the external dependence of the Brazilian Health Economic Industrial Complex, the bibliographical review of the literature on economic complexity and its data on Latin America and Brazil and the collection and evaluation of statistical data from the World Intellectual Property Organization and the National Institute of Industrial Property enable us to build an overview of increasing economic and power asymmetries that reiteratesthis centre-periphery pattern in multiple themes and geographical scales. This perspective consolidates the endogenous link between national development patterns and structural possibilities and boundaries for the setting of a Brazilian universal health system. Confronting global technological asymmetries is part of a strategic agenda that conditionsthe advancingof the Unified Health Systemtowards its founding principles of universality, comprehensiveness and equity.

The economic burden of blindness in Pakistan: A socio-economic and policy imperative for poverty reduction strategies.

State and nonstate health programs in developing countries are often influenced by priorities that are defined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In the wake of recessionary pressures, policy makers in the health sector are often seen to divert significant budgets to some specific health programs and make only token allocations for other health problems that are important but do not fall under the traditional MDG box of health priorities. This paper illustrates the economic argument for investment in one such program: The eye health program and employs a country case study of Pakistan to demonstrate that there are significant economic gains that are being foregone by not addressing the needs of the blind in poverty reduction strategies. By applying appropriate growth and discounting factors and using the average wage rate, the paper estimates the total productivity gains that are realizable over a period of 10 years if the blind population in Pakistan is rehabilitated and their carers released to participate in the mainstream economic activity. Our findings indicate that significant productivity gains accumulated over 10 years, range from 61 billion (US$ 709 million) to 421 billion (US$ 4.9 billion) depending upon whether the entire blind population or only those affected by a specific cause are rehabilitated. The per annum productivity gains of rehabilitating the entire blind population represents 0.74% of the current gross domestic product of Pakistan, which is higher than the total public spending on health. In order to reap these benefits, the subsequent absorption of the rehabilitated blind and their carers into mainstream economic activity is as important as their effective rehabilitation.

As interfaces entre a clínica, o complexo econômico-industrial da saúde e a organização dos serviços no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde: o caso da fase pré-clínica do câncer do colo do útero / The interfaces between the clinic, the economic-industrial complex and the organization of health services under the National Health System: the case of preclinical cancer of the cervix

O presente estudo teve como objetivo contribuir na formulação da política de controle do câncer do colo do útero junto ao INCA no Brasil e teve como foco a análise das interfaces existentes entre a clínica, o complexo econômico-industrial da saúde (CEIS) e a organização dos serviços no SUS, utilizando como caso a fase pré-clínica do câncer do colo do útero, com ênfase ao tratamento e acompanhamento das lesões precursoras. As justificativas foram: a magnitude epidemiológica, econômica, social e política do câncer de colo do útero no Brasil; o papel estratégico do INCA na formulação da política nacional de câncer e a inserção das ações de controle do câncer do colo do úterono CEIS. O estudo consistiu em uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho descritivo, em que foram privilegiadas as técnicas de coleta e análise quantitativa de dados secundários. O material e método utilizados envolveram dados de sistemas de informações de domínio público divulgados na internet. Os resultados encontrados foram que os aspectos e recursos críticos envolvidos nessa fase pré-clínica estão relacionados às dificuldades de acesso ao rastreamento, à fragmentação da atenção especializada de média complexidade – interferindo sobre o ciclo de atendimento que envolve o tratamento e acompanhamento das lesões precursoras e, por fim, ao tipo de financiamento do SUS para a atenção especializada que não contempla um ciclo de atendimento. O número de municípios com registro de produção no SUS (colposcopia, biópsia do colo do útero e CAF) mostrou uma evolução discreta entre os anos de 2000 e 2007, com predomínio do prestador público municipal em colposcopia e biópsia e uma migração para o prestador privado para CAF. Embora os procedimentos ocorram no mesmo município, isso não significa que eles ocorram na mesma unidade. ...

The present study aimed at the contribution to INCA on the formulation of the policy on the control of uterine cervical neoplasms in Brazil. It focused on the analysis of the existinginterfaces among clinic, health industrial and economic complex (CEIS) and health services organization and administration at SUS by using the preclinical phase of uterine cervical neoplasms with emphasis on the treatment and precursor lesions followup. The justifications were the epidemiological, economical, social and political magnitude of uterine cervical neoplasms in Brazil; the strategic role of INCA in the formulation of cancer national policy and the insertion of control actions of uterine cervical neoplasms in CEIS.The study consisted of an exploratory research withdescriptive content, which priviledged the collection techiniques and quantitative analysis of secondary data. The material and the method used in the research involved data of information systems of public dominion available on the internet. The results were that the aspects and critical resources involved in this preclinical phase are relatedto the access dificulty to tracking of the illness, to the fragmented specialized attention of medium complexity – which interfers on the care cycle that involves the treatment and precursor lesions follow-up – and finally to the sort of SUS financial support to the specialized attention that does not embraces a care cycle. The number of municipalitieswith a production registration at SUS (colposcopy, uterine cervical biopsy and CAF) showed a slight evolution between years 2000 and 2007 with predominance of municipal public supplier in colposcopy and biopsy. In relation to CAF it was observed a migration to the private supplier. Although the procedures occur in the same municipality it does not mean that they occur at the same unit. This fact causes a fragmentation of the actions related to the care cycle...

Inovação em serviços de saúde: dimensões analíticas e metodológicas na dinâmica de inovação em hospitais / Innovation in health services: methodological and analytical dimensions in the dynamics of innovation in hospitals

O estudo, a partir de uma nova abordagem econômica para a saúde, busca articular a dimensão sócio-sanitária à dimensão econômica, tomando a inovação como elemento fundamental para o dinamismo econômico em saúde. Discorre sobre o campo da saúde não apenas como espaço a contribuir com o desenvolvimento social das sociedades, mas também na condição de alavanca de desenvolvimento econômico, numa relação potencialmente virtuosa entre saúde e desenvolvimento. O objetivo geral é contribuir para incorporar a dimensão serviços e particularmente hospitalar, no campo analítico da dinâmica setorial de inovação, destacando-se o papel estratégico dos hospitais complexos para o sistema de inovação em saúde no país. Apresenta dimensões analíticas e metodológicas para análise estratégica das condições institucionais, tecnológicas e de gestão em hospital especializado que favoreça a geração de inovações endógenas e a sua participação e contribuição com processos inovativos de origem externa ao hospital. Realiza estudo de caso, a partir das dimensões analíticas formuladas a partir de duas inovações selecionadas em um hospital público. Considera o potencial e os limites do modelo analítico utilizado, visando sua possível generalização ao segmento serviços de saúde. Finalmente e em decorrência do estudo, valoriza o papel dos serviços na dimensão política e de modelos de atenção que integrem de modo virtuoso as dimensões econômica, sanitária e de desenvolvimento.

The paper, based on a new economic approach to health, tries to articulate thesocial-sanitary dimension to the economic dimension, establishing innovation as a fundamental element for an economic dynamics in the health sector. It addresses the health field not only as a space to contribute to society’s social development, but also as a leverage to economic development, in a potentially virtuous cycle between health and development. The general goal is to contribute to the incorporation of the services level – specifically hospital services – to the analysis of innovation sector dynamics, highlighting the strategic role of complex hospitals to the health innovation system in the country. The paper introduces analytical and methodological dimensions to the strategic assessment of institutional, technological and hospital-management conditions, favoring the generation of endogenous innovations and their participation and contribution ininnovative processes originated out of the hospital. It includes case studies,based on the analytical dimensions formulated in two cases of innovationsselected in a public hospital. It also considers the potential and limits of theemployed analytical model, aiming at its potential generalization to the segmentof health services. Finally, and as a result of this study, it highlights the role of services in the political dimension and approaches attention models that may form a virtuous cycle with the economic, sanitary and development dimensions.