Programa de cáncer de cérvix en el Policlínico Tula Aguilera Céspedes de Camagüey, Cuba (2012-2014) / Cervical Cancer Program at Tula Aguilera Cespedes Policlinic in Camagüey (2012-2014)

Introducción: el programa cubano de diagnóstico precoz del cáncer cervicouterino plantea entre sus objetivos: Disminuir la mortalidad y conocer la morbilidad por cáncer de cuello uterino, mediante su detección en su etapa más temprana posible, lo que permite aplicar una terapéutica precoz y eficaz. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del programa de cáncer de cérvix durante los últimos tres años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal, durante el período desde enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2014, en el policlínico Universitario Tula Aguilera Céspedes del municipio Camagüey, Cuba. El universo estuvo constituido por 8 599 tomas de citología que era el plan a realizar. Se trabajó con 8 018 tomas de citologías realizadas en el periodo, incluyendo citologías que se volvieron a realizar y casos nuevos. Los datos se obtuvieron del libro de registro de citologías del área y de las tarjetas de las féminas con resultados positivos en la citología. Se confeccionó una hoja de vaciamiento que se convirtió en el registro definitivo de la investigación. Se determinaron estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: hubo un cumplimiento del plan por encima de 90 por ciento, la mayoría de las muestras fueron citologías que se volvieron a realizar, una minoría resultó positiva. Predominaron lesiones de alto grado NIC II, hubo calidad en la toma de las muestras y correlación entre el resultado citológico e histológico. Conclusiones: el programa y su ejecución son indispensables para el diagnóstico precoz de la afección(AU)

Introduction: The Cuban program for early diagnosis of cervical cancer poses among its objectives to reduce mortality and know morbidity from cervical cancer by detection at the earliest possible stage, allowing to apply early and effective treatment. Objective: Characterize the behavior of Cervical Cancer Program during the last three years. Methods: Adescriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted during from January 2012 to December 2014, at Tula Aguilera Cespedes University Polyclinic in Camagüey, Cuba. The universe consisted of 8,599 cytology smears that was our plan. We worked with 8,018 smear tests performed in the period, including repeated cytology and new cases. The data were obtained from the cytology logbook of the area and from the cards with positive results in cytology. A data sheet is constructed and it became the definitive record of this investigation, and descriptive statistics were determined. Results: There was a fulfillment of the plan above 90 percent, most of the samples were cytology that were perform again, a minority was positive. High-grade lesions CIN II predominated, there was quality in making samples and correlation between cytological and histological results. Conclusions: The program and its implementation are essential for early diagnosis of this condition(AU)

Visual inspection with acetic acid for detection of high grade lesion in atypical squamous cells and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions from cervical Pap smear / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) test to detect high grade lesion in women with atypical squamous cells or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cervical cytology. METHODS: Women with atypical squamous cells or low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions who were scheduled to undergo colposcopy at Vajira Hospital and met inclusion criteria were included. All participants underwent VIA test prior to usual steps of colposcopy. The VIA results were interpreted as positive or negative using the criteria by the International Agency for Cancer Research. The standard colposcopic examination and appropriate investigations for cervical pathology were then continued. The diagnostic values of VIA test including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were determined using high grade lesion including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2-3 and squamous cell carcinoma as a threshold. RESULTS: Total of 106 women was included. The VIA test was positive in 33 women (31.1%) and negative in 73 women (68.9%). Among the women with VIA test positive, 14 had high grade lesion (42.4%) while 19 had no significant lesions. Only 2/73 (2.7%) cases with negative VIA test had high grade lesion (both had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with 95% confidence interval were 87.5% (81.2 to 93.8%), 78.8% (71.1 to 86.7%), 42.4% (33.0 to 51.8%), and 97.2% (94.2 to 1.0%) respectively. CONCLUSION: VIA as the intermediate test in atypical squamous cells and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions cytology may reduce the necessity to refer some women for colposcopy.

Detección de mutaciones en los genes K-ras, H-ras y EGFR en muestras de plasma sanguíneo y cepillado cervical de pacientes con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) III y cáncer de cuello uterino / Detection of genes mutations in the K-RAS, H-RAS and EGFR in samples of blood plasma and cervical smears for patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and cervical cancer

Introducción: El cáncer cervical es el segundo cáncer más importante en mujeres a nivel mundial y la segunda causa de muerte en mujeres por cáncer. Se ha demostrado que el proceso de carcinogénesis cervical presenta componentes tanto genéticos, epigenéticos y medio ambientales. En la actualidad, muchos estudios se encaminan en la búsqueda de marcadores moleculares como mutaciones en oncogenes y/o genes tumor supresor que se asocien con la progresión de esta entidad. Los genes candidatos más estudiados en cáncer cervical en distintas poblaciones han sido H-ras, K-ras, EGFR entre otros. Objetivos: Se identificó el virus de papiloma humano (VPH) genérico y específico en el ADN libre de plasma y de cepillado cervical de pacientes con cáncer cervical invasivo y con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) III además de evaluar alteraciones genéticas, como mutaciones en los genes H-ras, K-ras y EGFR. Metodología: Para ello se detectó el VPH genérico mediante PCR con los iniciadores GP5+/GP6+, y específico para VPH 16 y 18 en la región E6/E7. Para detectar las mutaciones en el codón 12 de H-ras, codones 12 y 13 de K-Ras y el exón 21 de EGFR se realizó mediante secuenciación directa de los productos de PCR de estos fragmentos génicos. Resultados: Obteniendo una buena correlación entre las muestras de plasma sanguíneo y los cepillados cervicales, tanto para los hallazgos de VPH p=0.0374 como para las mutaciones evaluadas p=0. En general, para EGFR en el exón 21 no se encontraron mutaciones, al igual que para los codones 12 y 13 en K-ras y codón 12 en H-ras. Conclusión: El uso del ADN presente en el plasma puede ser relevante para el análisis de mutaciones y de la presencia de marcadores tumorales cuando no se dispone de otras muestras.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most important cancer in women worldwide, and the second cause of cancer death in women. It has been shown that the process of cervical carcinogenesis presents as genetic and epigenetic components as environmental issues. At present, many studies are addressed in searching for molecular markers such as mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that are associated with the progression of this disease, the most studied candidate genes in cervical cancer in different populations have been H-ras, K-ras, EGFR among others. Objective: The present study identified human papilloma virus (HPV) generic and specific in DNA-free plasma and cervical smears of invasive cervical cancer patients and patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III in addition to assessing genetic alterations, such as mutations in the genes H-ras, EGFR and K-ras. Methods: To do so generic HPV was detected by PCR with primers GP5+/GP6+, and specific HPV 16 and 18 in E6/E7 region; to detect mutations in codon 12 of  H-ras, codons 12 and 13 of K-ras and EGFR exon 21 was conducted by direct sequencing of PCR products of these gene fragments. Results: Getting a good correlation between samples of blood plasma and cervical smears for both; the findings of HPV p=0.0374 and evaluated mutations p=0. In general, for EGFR in exon 21 mutations were not found, as for codons 12 and 13 in K-ras and codon 12 in H-ras. Conclusion: The use of DNA in plasma may be relevant to the analysis of mutations and the presences of tumor markers are not available from other samples.