Efficacy of C3F8 versus silicone oil tamponade in highly myopic macular hole retinal detachment / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To compare the outcome of C3F8 versus silicone oil tamponade after pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and inverted internal limiting membrane(ILM)for the treatment of highly myopic macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD).METHODS: Retrospective clinical study. Totally 45 patients(45 eyes)with highly myopic MHRD who visited our hospital between January 2019 and August 2022 were selected as the research subjects. The patients were divided into two groups according to different intraocular tamponade agents: C3F8(22 eyes)and silicone oil(23 eyes)groups. All patients underwent conventional three-incision PPV, ILM was tamped, a venous blood clot was placed on the tamped ILM, and 15% C3F8 and silicone oil were used as tamponade, respectively. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), multifocal electroretinogram(mfERG), the closure of the macular hole, retinal reattachment and the complications were observed.RESULTS: The macular hole closure rate was 77% in the C3F8 group and 83% in the silicone oil group, respectively(P>0.05), and retinal reattachment rates were 95% and 96%, respectively(P>0.05). The visual acuity of the two groups significantly improved, which was 0.99±0.34 and 1.22±0.37, respectively, and the C3F8 group was better than that of the silicone oil group(t=-2.156, P=0.037). After operation, the response density of the first ring of P1 wave in the first order kernel in mfERG was 114.27±26.37 nV/deg2 for the C3F8 group and 98.08±24.36 nV/deg2 for the silicone oil group, and the response density of the second ring of P1 wave was 80.45±14.94 nV/deg2 for the C3F8 group and 67.73±15.33 nV/deg2 for the silicone oil group, all of which were significantly higher compared to pre-operation [the response density of the first ring of P1 wave: 58.13±13.96 nV/deg2 for the C3F8 group and 55.30±10.48 nV/deg2 for the silicone oil group, the response density of the second ring of P1 wave: 51.18±8.19 nV/deg2 for the C3F8 group and 47.43±11.97 nV/deg2 for the silicone oil group](all P<0.05). It was found that the response density of the first ring of P1 wave was lower in the silicone oil group than in the C3F8 group(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Silicone oil tamponade or C3F8 tamponade after PPV combined with ILM can both promote retinal reattachment and macular hole closure in patients with MHRD, and the C3F8 tamponade was superior to silicone oil in visual function recovery.

Accuracy of four formulas in predicting diopter of intraocular lens implanted in high myopia cataract eyes / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of the formulas, including Haigis, SRK/T, Holladay 1, and Holladay 2, in predicting the diopter of the intraocular lens implanted in high myopia cataract patients.METHODS: Prospective study. A total of 168 cases(168 eyes)of age-related cataract with an axial length(AL)≥26 mm who were treated in our hospital from August 2017 to November 2021 were selected. According to the preoperative AL measured by IOL Master 700, the patients were divided into five groups, including 37 cases(37 eyes)in group A with 26 mm≤AL<27 mm, 34 cases(34 eyes)in group B with 27 mm≤AL<28 mm, 42 cases(42 eyes)in group C with 28 mm≤AL<29 mm, 28 cases(28 eyes)in group D with 29 mm≤AL<30 mm, and 27 patients(27 eyes)in group E with AL ≥ 30 mm. Subjective refraction was performed at 3 mo postoperatively, and the mean numerical error(MNE)and mean absolute error(MAE)of each formula for predicting diopters were calculated.RESULTS: The MNE and MAE of the Haigis and Holladay 2 formulas were relatively less in each group, and MNE and MAE did not significantly increase with the growth of the axial length. However, the MAE and MNE of the SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas significantly increased with the growth of the axial length, with the MNE and MAE of the Holladay 1 formula increasing more significantly in groups C, D, and E.CONCLUSION: For patients with age-related cataract, with an axial length of ≥26 mm, the accuracy of predicting the diopter of the intraocular lens using the Haigis and Holladay 2 formulas were higher.

Evaluation of early binocular visual function after implantable collamer lens V4c implantation in patients with high myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the binocular visual function in high myopia patients after the implantation of implantable collamer lens(ICL)V4c.METHODS: A total of 35 cases(70 eyes)that received binocular ICL implantation at our hospital from May 2019 to May 2021 were enrolled in this prospective study. Binocular full-range visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, mesopic vision and glare sensitivity, and monocular wavefront and the quality of vision questionnaire were assessed before the surgery and at 1 mo postoperatively.RESULTS: At 1 mo postoperatively, 35 cases(100%)had binocular uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA)≤0.00(LogMAR), 16 cases(46%)had binocular UDVA≥preoperative corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA). Binocular UDVA and uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA,80 cm)were improved compared to preoperative CDVA and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity(DCIVA,80 cm)(all P<0.05).While there were no differences in the binocular postoperative UIVA(60 cm)and preoperative DCIVA(60 cm),and uncorrected near visual acuity(UNVA,40 cm)and preoperative distance-corrected near visual acuity(DCNVA,40 cm)(all P>0.05). The binocular contrast sensitivity was significantly improved postoperatively(P=0.001), and the postoperative binocular mesopic vision, glare sensitivity(no glare/glare)and binocular stereopsis(5 m/40 cm)had no differences(all P>0.05). The postoperative total higher-order aberration, trefoil aberration, coma and spherical aberration were increased, besides the median of total coma in the right eye with a pupil diameter of 3.0 mm was decreased after surgery. The mean total score of quality of vision questionnaire was significantly increased from 54.87 preoperatively to 80.92 after implantation(P<0.05), with high satisfaction and no obvious visual disturbance in patients.CONCLUSION: Although the monocular high-order aberrations increased in the early stage after ICL V4c binocular implantation in patients with high myopia, the binocular visual function was improved.

Comparison of IOL Master 700 versus Lenstar LS900 for preoperative biometric measurement and intraocular lens calculation in cataract patients with high myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To compare the differences, correlations and consistency of IOL Master 700 or Lenstar LS900 in preoperative ocular biometry and the accuracy of intraocular lens(IOL)degree calculation of cataract patients with high myopia.METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 136 cases(136 eyes)of high myopia and cataract patients who underwent phacoemulsification at the ophthalmology department of Army Medical Center of PLA from March 2021 to March 2023 were collected, with a mean age of 57.38±8.08 years. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on axial length(AL): 41 eyes in group A(26 mm≤ AL ≤28 mm), 43 eyes in group B(28 mm< AL ≤30 mm)and 52 eyes in group C(AL >30 mm). AL, mean keratometry(Km), anterior chamber depth(ACD), lens thickness(LT)and white-to-white(WTW)were preoperatively measured by two instruments, respectively. Barrett Universal II formula was used to calculate the IOL degrees of all patients, the appropriate reserved diopter was decided individually, and the prediction error(PE)and absolute error(AE)of the two instruments were compared.RESULTS:The AL and ACD of patients in the three groups measured by Lenstar LS900 were higher than the AL measurd by IOL Master 700(all P<0.05), with a difference of AL measured by the two devices: group C>group B>group A. However, there was no statistical significance in LT, Km, and WTW measured by the two instruments(all P>0.05). All biometric parameters measured by the two devices were positively correlated(all r>0.9, P<0.05), and consistent(95% LoA of all groups were narrow). There was no statistically significant difference in AE calculated by the two devices(P>0.05), but the IOL Master 700 calculated a smaller PE than Lenstar LS900(P<0.05), with lower percentage of hyperopic shift in IOL Master 700.CONCLUSION:In cataract patients with high myopia, AL measured by Lenstar LS900 is longer than that by IOL Master 700, and the differences of AL increase along with the growth of AL. Both devices have a good prediction for IOL calculation, but IOL Master 700 has less refractive error, lower percentage of hyperopic shift, and greater clinical advantages IOL Master 700.

Early outcomes of anterior segment parameters in patients with high myopia after implantable collamer lens V4c implantation / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To study the early outcomes of anterior segment parameters after implantation of an implantable collamer lens with a central hole(ICL V4c)in patients with high myopia.METHODS:A total of 82 cases(160 eyes)with high myopia, including 42 males(82 eyes)and 40 females(78 eyes), aged 26.0±4.6(21 to 37)years, who underwent ICL V4c implantation at our institution from February 2019 to September 2022 and were followed up for 1 a, were included. The general characteristics of the anterior segment of the eye were measured preoperatively: spherical equivalent, mean horizontal corneal curvature, white-to-white(WTW), and axial length(AL); intraocular pressure(IOP), endothelial cell density(ECD), central anterior chamber depth(CACD), anterior chamber volume(ACV)and anterior chamber angle(ACA)were measured preoperatively and at 1 d, 1 wk, 1, 3 and 6 mo postoperatively. Furthermore, the distance from the centre of the posterior surface of the ICL V4c optical zone to the anterior surface of the lens(vault)was measured at 1 d, 1 wk, 1, 6 mo, and 1 a after surgery.RESULTS: The mean preoperative spherical equivalent of the patients was -7.56±2.55 D, mean horizontal corneal curvature was 42.89±1.47 D, WTW was 11.64±0.37 mm, and AL was 26.64±0.93 mm. The baseline IOP was 15.97±2.13 mmHg, and the differences in IOP at each time point after ICL V4c implantation compared to preoperative were not statistically significant(F=0.875, P=0.504); ECD was 2 989.30±140.78 cells/mm2 at baseline, and ECD at 6 mo after ICL V4c implantation was not statistically significant compared with preoperative ECD(t=1.475, P=0.142); CACD was 3.19±0.21 mm at baseline, and ACV was 210.30±27.7 mm3, and CACD and ACV were significantly lower than preoperative at all postoperative time points(F=111.10, 288.38, all P<0.001). The baseline ACA was 35.44°±11.27°, and the ACA at each time point after ICL V4c implantation was significantly lower than preoperatively(F=21.23, P<0.001). The vault was 665.32±184.03 μm at 1 d postoperatively, and continued to be significantly reduced at 1 wk, 1, 6 mo, and 1 a postoperatively compared with 1 d(F=52.10, P<0.001). However, it remained stable at 6 mo and 1 a postoperatively, and the difference was not statistically significant compared with vault at 1 mo postoperatively(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: ICL V4c has certain safety and efficiency in 1 a postoperative follow-up, and the parameters of the anterior segment of the eye stabilized in the early period.

Phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with cataract / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To observe the efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with cataract.METHODS: Retrospective study. A total of 82 cases(82 eyes)of high myopia complicated with cataract who admitted to the cataract department of our hospital from December 2021 to April 2023 were selected as study objects, and they were divided into control group(n=39)and combination group(n=43)according to whether or not the capsular tension ring was used intraoperatively. Patients in the control group were treated with intraocular lens implantation alone, and those in the combination group were treated with phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation. The preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity, central anterior chamber depth, trabecular ciliary process, visual quality and complications were compared.RESULTS: At 1 mo after surgery, the best corrected visual acuity(LogMAR)of both groups increased significantly(combination group: 0.64±0.28 vs 0.12±0.14; control group: 0.62±0.26 vs 0.23±0.25, both P<0.001). Central anterior chamber depth in both groups were higher than those before surgery(combination group: 2.57±0.56 vs 1.97±0.40 mm; control group: 2.22±0.45 vs 1.89±0.37 mm; both P<0.001), and the best corrected visual acuity and central anterior chamber depth of the combination group were significantly better than those of the control group(both P<0.05). The distance of trabecular ciliary process showed no statistical significance(combination group: 0.68±0.22 vs 0.74±0.20 mm; control group: 0.74±0.19 vs 0.78±0.17 mm, both P>0.05). The visual quality scores of the combination group were all higher than the control group at 1 mo after surgery [watching TV: 3.00±0.38 vs 2.22±0.46 points; reading books: 2.85±0.42 vs 2.21±0.44 points; night vision: 2.71±0.34 vs 2.37±0.41 points; fine operation: 2.82±0.38 vs 2.33±0.40 points, all P<0.001]. The incidence of complication in the combination group was significantly lower than that of the control group(33% vs 14%, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification combined with capsular tension ring and intraocular lens implantation can effectively promote the recovery of visual function, improve the structure of chamber angle, and reduce the incidence of complications in the treatment of patients with high myopia and cataract.

Research progress of long-term efficacy after implantation of implantable collamer lens V4c / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

With the rapid development of science and technology and the wide application of electronic products, the number of patients with high myopia is gradually increasing. Meanwhile, owing to the continuous optimization of surgical skils and the continuous advancement in materials of posterior chamber intraocular lens and manufacturing processes, implantable collamer lens(ICL)V4c implantation has gradually become one of the main surgeries for the treatment of high myopia. In the rapid era of social information, people pay more attention to the long-term efficacy after ICL V4c implantation, they not only want clear vision, but also the pursuit of visual comfort and durability. Therefore, this paper will specifically discuss the research progress of the post-implantation efficacy of ICL V4c with at least 2 a of follow-up observation within 3 a, aiming to review the latest research progress on the long-term efficacy of ICL V4c implantation from the three dimensions of visual quality, safety, efficacy and stability and possible surgical complications after ICL V4c implantation.

Research progress on morphology of macular foveal avascular zone in ocular diseases based on optical coherence tomography angiography measurement / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

The foveal avascular zone(FAZ)is the most sensitive region of the retina, which is interconnected by the macular capillary plexus. Its morphology can indirectly reflect the alterations of macular microcirculation. With strong repeatability and reliability, optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)can non-invasively visualize and quantify the FAZ. The great value of OCTA makes it an important supplemental examination tool in ophthalmology and other professions. The area and perimeter of FAZ have been demonstrated to be an effective clinical diagnostic indicator in high myopia, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and other ocular diseases. In recent years, the geometry of FAZ has also proven to have clinical value. The parameters describing the geometry of FAZ, such as circularity index, acircularity index and axial ratio, provide a new perspective for ocular disease research. The comprehensive investigation of the morphological characteristics of the FAZ is helpful to explore the pathological mechanism of the occurrence and development of ocular diseases, predict preclinical changes, make pathological stages of the disease precise, and provide a theoretical basis for monitoring the disease's progression and assessing patients' visual prognosis.

Novel mutation in SCO2 of patients with high myopia from Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of China / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the pathogenic variants of the SCO2(OMIM 604272)gene in patients with high myopia from Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of China.METHODS: A total of 384 patients with high myopia whose spherical refractive error was ≤ -6.00 D and whose axial length was ≥26.00 mm in at least one eye were recruited. DNA was extracted by the phenol-chloroform method from 5 mL of peripheral venous blood. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify pathogenic variants in exon 2 of SCO2. The detected variants were evaluated via in silico prediction software. A total of 288 people from the same district were included as the normal control cohort.RESULTS: Seven variants were detected, namely, four synonymous variants(c.201C>T/p.=, c.576C>T/p.=, c.633A>C/p.=, c.780T>C/p.=.), two missense variants(c.187A>G/p.Ile63Val, c.59G>C/p.Arg20Pro)and one nonsense variant(c.544C>T/p.Gln182*). The two missense variants were not damaging, as predicted by PolyPhen2, SIFT and Provean. The novel nonsense variant(c.544C>T/p.Gln182*)cannot be found in the 1000 Genomes Project and was not identified in 288 normal controls. Variant Taster suggested that the nonsense variant site was conserved.CONCLUSION: The newly identified nonsense mutation may be responsible for high myopia of the patients in our cohort. SCO2 is associated with high myopia, while the incidence of SCO2 variants in high myopia in this cohort was as low as 1/384; the nonsense mutation may be a scarce variant of high myopia in the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture of China.

Research status and progress on the influence of high myopia on ocular structure and visual function / 中华眼底病杂志

High myopia has a high genetic tendency, it not only shows in the excessive elongation of the axial length, but also lends to the formation and progression of various eye lesions, such as peripheral retinopathy, optic disc changes, posterior staphyloma, and myopic maculopathy, due to the mechanical stretching of the axial length to the ocular structure. In addition, high myopia increases the risk of several complications, such as glaucoma, cataract, and corneal disease. All these pathological changes will affect visual function and lead to irreversible vision impairment and blindness in the future. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to screening for optic disc abnormalities and posterior staphyloma, and regular monitor the changes of fundus, intraocular pressure, and lens. At the same time, high myopia has an impact on personal life such as study, psychology, sport, and work, and can reduce the quality of life as well as increase the cost of health care. The clinic should pay more attention to high myopia, prevent and control the development of high myopia from an early stage, in order to minimize its impact on ocular structure and visual function as well as its hazard to personal life and society.

Establishment and validation of nomogram model for intraocular hypertension after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of high intraocular pressure (IOP) after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) in patients with high myopia, and construct and verify nomogram model.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From January 2019 to January 2021, 327 patients (654 eyes) with high myopia treated with FS-LASIK in the Department of Ophthalmology of the 910th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Coalition Security Force were included in the study. The patients were categorized into high IOP group and non-high IOP group according to whether high IOP occurred after surgery, which were 60 cases and 120 eyes (18.35%, 60/327) and 267 cases and 534 eyes (81.65%, 267/327), respectively. The clinical data of patients in the two groups were analyzed and observed, and the indicators with differences were subjected to one-way and multifactorial logistic regression analyses, and the results of the regression analyses were visualized to obtain the column line graphs using R3.5.3 software, and the accuracy of the column line graphs was verified by the consistency index (C-index), the calibration curves, and the subject's work characteristic curves (ROC curves).Results:Comparison of the number of cases of affected corneal thickness ( χ2=7.424), corneal curvature ( χ2=9.849), glucocorticoid treatment ( χ2=7.222), intraoperative IOP fluctuation ( χ2=11.475), corneal hysteresis ( χ2=6.368), and the incidence of intraoperative complications ( χ2=6.673) in the hypertensive IOP group and the nonvisualized IOP group were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that corneal thickness >450 μm, corneal curvature≤38 D, glucocorticoid treatment, intraoperative IOP fluctuation, corneal hysteresis ≤8.0 mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa), and intraoperative complications were the risk factors for the occurrence of high IOP after FS-LASIK surgery in patients with high myopia ( P<0.05). The C-index of the column-line graph prediction model based on this was 0.722 (95% confidence interval 0.684-0.760), the calibration curve and the ideal curve were basically the same, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.709. Conclusions:Corneal thickness> 450 μm, keratometric curvature ≤38 D, glucocorticoid treatment, intraoperative fluctuation of intraocular pressure, and corneal hysteresis ≤8.0 mm Hg are the risk factors for the development of hyperopic IOP in highly risk factors for the development of high IOP after FS-LASIK surgery in myopic patients. The column-line diagram model constructed on the basis of the risk factors hava good accuracy.

Superficial retinal blood flow density analysis and related factors in adolescents with different classification of high myopia / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To observe and analyze the superficial retinal blood flow density and its related influencing factors in the macular area of adolescents with different types of non-pathological high myopia (HM).Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From March to August 2022, 117 eyes of 117 adolescents who were admitted to Liaocheng Aier Eye Hospital due to myopia were included in the study. According to equivalent spherical degree (SE) and corneal curvature, subjects were divided into mild myopia or emmetropia group (control group), HM group, occult HM (OHM) group, and super HM (SHM) group, with 30 eyes, 28 eyes, 35 eyes, and 24 eyes, respectively. All subjects underwent medical optometry, intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), axial length (AL) and corneal curvature measurements. The diopter was SE. OCTA instrument was used to scan the macular region in the range of 6 mm×6 mm, and the software automatically divided it into three concentric circles centered on the fovea of the macular, namely, the central area with a diameter of 1 mm, the inner ring area with a diameter of 1-3 mm, and the outer ring area with a diameter of 3-6 mm. The superficial retinal vascular density (SRVD), vascular perfusion density (SBPD), the area, perimeter (PERIM), avascular index (AI) of foveal avascular area (FAZ) and retinal thickness were measured in the macular region as a whole and in different regions. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the data among groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used to compare the data among groups. The correlation of AL, corneal curvature and intraocular pressure with SRVD and SBPD in macula was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results:There were significant differences in SRVD and SBPD in the central, inner and outer regions of macula in control group, HM group, OHM group and SHM group ( P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the thickness of the retina above, below and on the temporal side of the central and outer ring regions ( P<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was in the thickness of the retina on the nasal side ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in PERIM ( P>0.05). There were significant differences in FAZ area and AI ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that AL was negatively correlated with SRVD and SBPD in macular whole and central, inner and outer ring regions ( P <0.05). Corneal curvature and SE were positively correlated with the SRVD and SBPD of macular whole, central area and outer ring area ( P<0.05). AL was negatively correlated with retinal thickness in the outer ring region ( P<0.05). SE was positively correlated with the thickness of the retina above, below and temporally in the outer ring region ( P<0.05). AL was negatively correlated with FAZ area and AI ( P<0.05). SE was positively correlated with FAZ area and PERIM ( P<0.05). Retinal thickness was positively correlated with SRVD and SBPD ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The SRVD and SBPD of different types of HM in adolescents decreases to different degrees. The thickness of the retina in the central region is thicker, and the retina in the outer ring region is thinner. With the decrease of SRVD, the retinal thickness gradually is thinner.

Reflections on the diagnosis and treatment of high myopia / 中华眼底病杂志

High myopia has become a global public health issue, posing a significant threat to visual health. There are still some problems in the process of diagnosis and treatment, including the definition of high myopia and pathological myopia, opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment system, domestic and international collaboration in the field of high myopia, the application of genetic screening in children with myopia and high myopia patients, and the exploration of new treatment methods for high myopia. Nowadays, myopia and high myopia show the characteristics of early onset age and sharp rise in prevalence, and gradually become the main cause of low vision and irreversible blindness in young and middle-aged people. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately define high myopia and pathological myopia, combine artificial intelligence and other methods for screening and prevention, promote cooperation in different fields, strengthen gene screening for early-onset myopia and adopt new and effective ways to treat it.

Efficacy of capsular tension ring implantation on high myopia patients with cataract: a meta-analysis / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate the efficacy of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) with and without capsular tension ring (CTR) in patients with high myopia and cataract.Methods:MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Chinese databases including CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases were searched from their establishment to October 2020 to obtain peer-reviewed clinical studies comparing the efficacy of cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation combined with CTR implantation (experimental group) and cataract phacoemulsification and IOL implantation (control group) in patients with high myopia and cataract.Literature screening, data extraction and methodological quality assessment were implemented based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.A meta-analysis of postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution unit, posterior capsular opacification (PCO), capsular contraction syndrome (CCS), retinal detachment (RD) was performed using Revman 5.3 software with mean difference ( MD) and odds ratio ( OR) describing the effect sizes of measurement data and count data, respectively. Results:Eight studies with 2 085 eyes were included in this study, including 1 054 eyes in the experimental group and 1 031 eyes in the control group.Meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference in BCVA between the two groups at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, but the improvement in BCVA at 6 months after surgery was significantly better in the experimental group than in the control group ( MD: -0.11; 95% CI: -0.15--0.07; P<0.01). The incidence rates of postoperative PCO ( OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.15-0.36; P<0.01) and CCS ( OR: 0.08; 95 % CI: 0.01-0.65; P=0.02) and RD ( OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.82; P=0.02) were lower in the experimental group than in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions:The combination of CTR in the treatment of patients with high myopia and cataract can improve the postoperative visual quality and reduce the incidence of postoperative PCO, CCS and RD.

Genotypes and phenotypes of hereditary eye diseases associated with early-onset high myopia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To analyze the genotype of hereditary eye diseases with early-onset high myopia (eoHM) and its relationship with phenotype.Methods:The families with eoHM were collected in Ningxia Eye Hospital from January 2019 to June 2020.The medical records of the probands and their family members were inquired and recorded in detail, and the relevant ocular examinations were performed.Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from patients and their family members, and whole-genome DNA was extracted.Sequence capture sequencing technology was applied to screen for disease-causing gene mutations in probands.The detected suspected pathogenic variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and were analyzed by family cosegregation analysis.According to ACMG guidelines, the pathogenicity of novel variants was evaluated.The original literature about hereditary eye diseases with eoHM was searched to analyze the relationship between mutated genes and clinical phenotype.This study protocol adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.All subjects or their guardians were informed of the purpose and procedure of the study and signed the informed consent form.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (No.2016018).Results:A total of 20 eoHM families were collected, among which pathogenic variants associated with inherited eye diseases were detected in 8 families.Of the 8 probands, two were diagnosed with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, one with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, one with congenital stationary nightblindness, one with Stickler syndrome, one with achromatopsia, one with Leber congenital amaurosis, and one with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina.The first diagnosis age of the 8 probands was 4-7 years old, and they were all diagnosed as high myopia, with a refractive status ≤-6.00 DS.Genetic tests showed that the 8 probands carried a heterozygous variant c. 313A>G (p.M105Val) in FZD4 gene, a heterozygous variant c. 14_15insAAGA (p.Asp5fs *) in TSPAN12 gene, a heterozygous frameshift variant c. 2234_2237del (p.Arg745fs) in RPGR gene, a compound heterozygous variant of c. 481C>T (p.Gln161Ter *) and c. 355>T (p.Arg119Cys *) in GPR179 gene, a frameshift variant c. 1659_1660insACGGTGACCCTGGCCGTCCTGG (p.Pro554fs *) in COL2A1 gene, a compound heterozygous variant of c. 1811C>T (p.Thr604Ile *) and c. 967G>A (p.Gly323Ser) in PDE6B gene, a compound heterozygous variant of c. 604_619delTCCACGGCACTCAGGG (p.Ser202fs *) and c. 995G>C (p.Arg332Pro) in GUCY2D gene, a homozygous variant c. 772C>T (p.Pro241Leu) in OAT gene.Seven of them were novel variants.Compared with the previous literature, the clinical and gene phenotypes of the 8 families were analyzed in detail in this study, which provided the basis for the diagnosis of hereditary eye diseases with eoHM. Conclusions:EoHM is closely related to some hereditary eye diseases, which may be the reason for the early diagnosis of children and an important clue for clinicians to detect potential hereditary eye diseases.Further clinical evaluations of ocular structure and function as well as genetic screening in children with eoHM are recommended.

Relationship between posterior staphyloma and fundus structure and microcirculation in high myopia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Posterior staphyloma (PS) refers to the local abnormal bulge of the posterior wall of the eyeball, which is one of the common pathological changes in high myopia.The appearance of PS is often accompanied by changes in fundus microstructure such as sclera, choroid and Bruch membrane.The abnormality of fundus microstructure leads to the decrease of its resistance to the expansion of ocular axis, or causes the remodeling of tissue structure in the corresponding area, resulting in the change of microvascular structure, and then giving rise to abnormal blood circulation in the posterior pole.The microcirculatory changes may be followed by changes in fundus microstructure, seriously affecting the visual acuity of the affected eyes.There is still no clear conclusion on the pathogenesis of PS in the world, and there are no good preventive measures or treatment methods.This article reviewed and summarized the interaction between PS, fundus structure and microcirculation in high myopia, so as to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of PS and improving the visual function of high myopia.

Observation on the efficacy of moderate and high myopia patients with vault greater than 1 000 μm after implantation of phakic posterior chamber implantable contact lens / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To observe the efficacy of moderate and high myopia patients with vault greater than 1 000μm after implantation of phakic posterior chamber implantable contact lens(ICL).METHODS: A total of 42 patients(73 eyes)who received ICL implantation in the hospital and had postoperative vault greater than 1 000 μm between January 2014 and January 2017 were selected and retrospectively studied. Changes in visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell density, anterior chamber-related parameters(chamber angle, central anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume)and vault were compared among patients before surgery, at 1, 3, 6mo and 1a after surgery and at the last follow-up.RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)at 1, 3, 6mo and 1a after surgery and at the last follow-up was better than that before surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), and the chamber angle, central anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume were smaller or lower than those before surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), but there were no statistical differences in UCVA, chamber angle, central anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber volume at each time point after surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05). The intraocular pressure at 1mo after surgery was lower than that before surgery(P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05), but the intraocular pressure at 3, 6mo and 1a after surgery and at the last follow-up was not statistically different from that before surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05). There was no statistical significance in the corneal endothelial cell density at 1, 3, 6mo and 1a after surgery and at the last follow-up compared with that before surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05). The vault at 1, 3, 6mo and 1a after surgery and at the last follow-up showed a decreasing trend, and the difference was statistically significant at each time point after surgery(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05).CONCLUSION: The short-term and long-term efficacy are better in moderate and high myopia patients with vault greater than 1 000 μm after ICL implantation, and there are no significant effects on the intraocular pressure and corneal endothelial cell. The postoperative anterior chamber structure is relatively stable and the vault tends to decrease over time. In most cases, close observation is sufficient and intraocular lens replacement is generally not required.

Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract phacoemulsification combined with Toric intraocular lenses implantation in correction of high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To measure the indexes including postoperative distance, middle, near visual acuity and near stereopsis vision of patients with high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism by femtosecond laser, which can quantify the diameter of capsulorhexis opening, and to evaluate the availability and necessity of Toric intraocular lenses(IOL)in high myopia.METHODS: Prospective case-control study. Patients with binocular high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism who undergone femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in our hospital were selected, and they were divided into two groups, with 20 cases(40 eyes)in group A(Toric IOL)and 20 cases(40 eyes)in group B(IQ IOL). Indexes, including preoperative corneal astigmatism and spherical equivalent and best-corrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected middle visual acuity, uncorrected near visual acuity, residual refractive astigmatism, near stereopsis acuity, total high-order aberration and total spherical aberration, were measured postoperatively at 7d, 1 and 3mo.RESULTS: The uncorrected middle and near visual acuity, Titmus near stereopsis acuity and residual astigmatism at 7d, 1 and 3mo after surgery were significantly improved in the Toric IOL group than the non-Toric group(all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). The dependence on glasses was reduced. The postoperative best-corrected distance visual acuity, total high-order aberration and total spherical aberration of the two groups showed no statistically significant differences(all P&#x0026;#x003E;0.05).CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of Toric IOL in patients with high myopia cataract and corneal astigmatism can effectively correct corneal astigmatism, improve postoperative uncorrected middle and near visual acuity and near stereopsis visual function, reduce postoperative dependence on glasses and enhance binocular stereopsis visual function.

Analysis of refractive error factors in patients with high myopia combined with cataract after different operation / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the changes in anterior chamber depth(ACD), axial length(AL), and corneal curvature(K)after operation in patients with high axial myopia combined with cataract, and the effect on postoperative mean refractive error(MFE)by different surgical approaches.METHODS: A total of 126 patients(126 eyes)performed cataract combined with intraocular lens(IOL)implantation were selected and divided into 3 groups according to different surgical approaches and axial length. Group A included 42 patients(42 eyes)who had cataract combined with high myopia and were performed cataract phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation; Group B included 42 patients(42 eyes)who had cataract combined with high myopia and underwent small incision cataract extracapsular extraction combined with IOL implantation; Group C included 42 patients(42 eyes)who had cataract with normal axial length and underwent cataract phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation. Then, the ACD, AL, K value and visual acuity of the three groups at 1d before operation and 3mo after operation were measured, and statistical analysis was performed.RESULTS: The differences in the mean values of preoperative and postoperative changes in ACD(△ACD)and AL(△AL)between groups A and B showed no statistical significance. The differences in the mean values of △ACD and △AL between groups A and C and groups B and C were both statistically significant(both P&#x0026;#x003C;0.01). △ACD and △AL in all three groups showed positive correlation(rA=0.855, rB=0.856, rC=0.639, all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). Furthermore, preoperative AL, △AL, △ACD and MFE in all three groups showed positive correlation(rA=0.874, 0.877, 0.858, rB=0.875, 0.879, 0.858, rC=0.428, 0.766, 0.862, all P&#x0026;#x003C;0.05). The standardized regression coefficients of groups A and B were △AL&#x0026;#x003E;△ACD(1.32 and 1.31 times), and the standardized regression coefficients of group C were △ACD&#x0026;#x003E;△AL(1.66 times).CONCLUSION: Different surgical procedures had no significant effect on the postoperative K value and MFE in patients with high axial myopia combined with cataract, of which main influencing factor is the change in the AL before and after surgery. The postoperative MFE in patients with normal AL was more due to the change of ACD.

Research progress of fundus morphology in high myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

High myopia is the main cause of visual impairment in the world. With the development of society, the myopia rate is increasing year by year. The development of high myopia is closely related to the progressive extension of the eye axis, and a series of fundus changes will inevitably occur with the extension of the eye axis, such as comus, lacquer cracks, choroidal neovascularization, macular choroidal atrophy, retinal detachment, posterior scleral staphyloma, etc. At present, characterized by younger age and high degree, myopia has become the main cause of blindness in China. This paper briefly summarizes the latest research on the morphological changes of the optic disc, macula, retina, choroid and sclera of high myopia, aiming to provide references for the development of intelligent prediction models, clinical diagnosis and further research on the treatment measures in combination with the fundus morphology of high myopia.