Histopathological Evaluation of the Efficacy for Plant-produced E2 Protein Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) in Piglets

Classical swine fever (CSF), previously known as hog cholera, remains one of the most important swine-related contagious diseases worldwide. In order to eradicate classical swine fever virus (CSFV), it is commonly used in LOM-850 strain as a live attenuated CSF vaccine. However, there are symptoms of vaccination, such as the depression of feed intake, and difficulty of differentiation between infected and vaccinated hosts is impossible based on the antibodies induced. Nicotiana benthamiana were considered as an alternative to the production of recombinant vaccines on account of higher yields and levels of soluble protein than other models and crops in protein recombinant products. This study was conducted to evaluate histopathological validation of the plant-produced E2 fusion protein (ppE2) in piglets. The piglets were challenged by an injection of YC11WB strain in 7 days, 11 days and 14 days after one shot of the vaccination. The histopathological examination indicated that ppE2 can protect against lethal CSFV challenge at least 11 days of vaccination in piglets. These data suggest that the ppE2 can be an effective vaccine against CSFV in piglets.

Impact of Catgut Embedding Intervention on JAK 2-STAT 3 Signaling in Gastric Mucosa of Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Rats / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the impact of catgut embedding on histopathological changes and expression of phosphorylated-Janus kinase-2 (p-JAK 2), phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT 3), Cyclin D 1, Bcl-2, and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) of the gastric mucosa in chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) rats, so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improving CAG. METHODS: Forty-one SD rats were randomly divided into normal (n＝12), model (n＝9), natural recovery (n＝10) and catgut embedding (n＝10) groups. The CAG model was established by free drinking of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) solution (100µg/mL) and irregular diet for 24 weeks. Catgut embedding was applied at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36), "Pishu" (BL 20) and "Zhongwan" (CV 12), once every 10 days, 6 times altogether. The histopathological changes of the gastric mucosa were observed by naked eye and light microscope after H．E. staining. Wes-tern blot was used to detect the expression of p-JAK 2, p-STAT 3, CyclinD 1, Bcl-2 and SOCS 3 proteins in the gastric antrum tissue. RESULTS: After modeling, the regional gastric tissue showed pale thinner gastric wall, and poorer elasticity with fewer plica, congestion of blood vessels, reduction of regional glands with necrosis and disordered arrangement as well as evident hyperplasia of the connective tissue, which was evidently milder in the catgut embedding group. Compared with the normal group, the expression levels of p-JAK 2, p-STAT 3, CyclinD 1, Bcl-2, SOCS 3 proteins were significantly up-regulated in both model group and natural recovery group (P0.05). After catgut embedding intervention, the expression levels of p-JAK 2, p-STAT 3, Cyclin D 1, Bcl-2 proteins were considerably down-regulated (P<0.01), and that of SOCS 3 protein was notably further increased relevant to the natural recovery group (P<0.01)．. CONCLUSION: Catgut embedding may improve pathological changes of gastric mucosa in CAG rats, which possibly associated with its effects in up-regulating gastric SOCS 3 protein expression and in inhibiting the activation of JAK 2-STAT 3 signaling pathway to reduce the expression of CyclinD 1 and Bcl-2 proteins.

Renal pathological changes in poisonous snake bite.

There are more than 3000 species of snakes in the world but only about 350 are venomous. With approximately 10000 deaths occurring annually in India, a large proportion of snake bites occur when people work barefoot in the fields or while walking at night or early morning through fields or along roads. Although, nearly all snakes with medical relevance can induce nephropathy, leading to Acute Renal Failure (ARF), it is unusual except with bites by Russell‟s Viper, E. Carinatus and members of the genera Crotalus and Bothrops. In India, ARF is mostly associated with Russell‟s Viper and E. Carinatus bites. The incidence of ARF following Russell‟s Viper or E. Carinatus bites is 13-32% in India. A histopathological study was conducted on renal autopsy specimens from those subjects who were admitted to IPGME&R and SNP Hospital, Kolkata as a result of development of acute renal failure following poisonous snake bite. Acute tubular necrosis (100%) and Acute cortical necrosis (25%) were the most significant renal histopathological changes. Glomerular lesions were also present in 30% of cases.

Presencia de alteraciones histopatológicas en vellosidades placentarias normales en Maracay (Venezuela) / The presence of hystopathological alterations in normal placental villi in Maracay, Venezuela

Objetivo: determinar la proporción de las alteraciones histopatológicas en las vellosidades y en el espacio intervelloso obtenida de cuatro placentas normales del último trimestre del embarazo. Metodología: por medio de la microscopía de luz y la tinción de hematoxilina y eosina (H&E) se identificaron, en 25 láminas de 5 regiones de la placenta, 6 variables cuantitativas (p.ej. inmadurez vellosa, nódulos sincitiales, cambios fibrinoides, edema velloso, fibrosis estromal y calcificación) y 9 variables cualitativas (p.ej. depósitos de fibrina, trombosis intervellosa, infartos, trombosis vascular, cambios en la pared del vaso, calcificación intraluminal, congestión vascular,inflamaciónyhemorragia).Los resultados de las variables cuantitativas se analizaron utilizando el Análisis de Varianza (ANAVAR) de 2 vías con submuestreo y el test de Tukey. En contraste, para las variables cualitativas se aplicó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y se estimó el porcentaje de positividad según las regiones. Dichos análisis se realizaron por medio del software Statistix® 8.0 y SAS® 9.0 para Windows®. Resultados: no se presentaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las placentas más no entre las regiones. Del mismo modo, no se observó trombosis vascular, daño de la pared de lvaso,congestión vascular, calcificación intraluminal, inflamación ni hemorragia. Conclusión: las vellosidades analizadas se mostraron homogéneas dentro de cada placenta pero no entre las mismas, indicando una variabilidad que etiológicamente podría explicarse por factores genéticosyambientalesdecuyainteracciónresultarían las diferencias individuales para cada placenta.

Objective: determining the percentage of histopathological changes in chorionic villi and intervillous space in four placentas obtained from normal women’s pregnancies at term. Methodology: six quantitative variables (i.e. immaturity, syncytial knots, fibrinoid change, oedema, fibrosis and calcification) and nine qualitative variables (i.e. fibrin deposition, intervillous fibrin, infarction, thrombosis, changes in vessel walls, intraluminal calcification, vascular congestion, inflammation and haemorrhage) were indentified on 25 slides covering 5 placental regions using light microscopy and H&E staining. Quantitative variable results were analysed using two-way variance analysis with sub-sampling and Tukey’s test; qualitative variables (the percentage of positive regions) were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test. The software used was Statistix® 8.0 and SAS® 9.0 for Windows®. Results: there were significant differences (p<0.05) between placenta (but not between regions) regarding syncytial knots, fibrinoid change, oedema, fibrosis and calcification. Vascular thrombosis, damage to vessel walls, vascular congestion, intraluminal calcification, inflammation and/or haemorrhage were not observed. Conclusion: the population of villi analysed was homogeneous in each placenta but not amongst them, thereby indicating variability which could be etiologically explained by genetic and environmental factors whose interaction may have resulted in the individual differences observed for each placenta.

Immune Responses and Histopathological Changes in Rabbits Immunized with Inactivated SARS Coronavirus / 中国病毒学

To evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), three groups of rabbits were immunized three times at 2-week intervals with inactivated vaccine + adjuvant, adjuvant,and normal saline respectively. Eight batchs of serum were sampled from the auricular vein at day 7 to day 51, and specific IgG antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were detected by indirect ELISA and micro-cytopathic effect neutralizing test. Antibody specificity was identified by proteinchip assay.Histopathological changes were detected by H&E staining. The results showed that, rabbits in the experimental group immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV all generated specific IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity, which suggested the inactivated SARS-CoV could preserve its antigenicity well and elicit an effective humoral immune responses. The peak titer value of specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody reached 1:40960 and 1:2560 respectively. In the experimental group, no obvious histopathological changes was detected in the H&E stained slides of heart, spleen, kidney and testis samples, but the livers had slight histopathological changes, and the lungs presented remarkable histopathological changes. These findings are of importance for SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine development.

Acupuncture as An Injury Stimulation. A histopathological study of acupuncture stimulation / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Despite the recent progress in physiological studies of acupuncture, few morphological studies from the viewpoint that acupuncture stimulation produces with a small tissue injury have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the mechanism of acupuncture stimulation by a histopathological approach. First, we confirmed the tissue structure from the skin to the muscle layer in a corpse. In the human body, free terminals (endings) of unmyelinated nerve fibers (1.5μmin diameter, Group III or Group IV) were present subcutaneously or in the endomysium of muscle tissues. Next, the extent of tissue injury caused by insertion of needles 0.20-0.95mm in diameter evaluated in human and animal tissues. The extent of the injury was in proportional to the diameter of the needle. These confirmed that acupuncture stimulation is clearly a small tissue injury. Also, the free terminals (endings) of unmyelinated nerves similar to those observe in the human tissue were obsurved in the endmysium near the injury site. These morphological findings suggest that acupuncture stimulation is related to Group III or Group IV fibers.

Studies on the histopathological changes in the human testis after vasectomy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

To determine the effect of vasectomy on the human testis, author compared testicular biopsy specimens from 27 healthy men undergoing vasectomy reversal with those from 21 healthy fertile volunteers. The data of the control group, those normal persons, were obtained from the other study. The qualitative and morphometric quantitative analyses were performed for the data obtained. The average age of the post-vasectomy group was 35.3+/-4.6 years old (29-48 years old). The mean duration of vasal obstruction was 48+/-34 months (3-144 months). The mean volume of testis was 19.0+/-3.3ml (12-25ml) for the right side and 18.7+/-3.5ml (15-25ml) for the left side at the time of vasovasostomy. Through the observation of the testicular biopsy, the decreased spermatogenesis was revealed in all 27 cases. Atrophic seminiferous tubules were observed in 24 cases (89.4%) and focal interstitial fibrosis was revealed in 7 cases (25.9%). seventeen cases (63.0%) showed Leydig cell hyperplasia. Maturation arrest and germ cell aplasia were not observed. Morphometric quantitative analyses revealed a significant increase in the mean thickness of seminiferous tubular walls to 16.0+/-2.1um (10.7-19.4um). Further, there were significant increases in the mean diameter of cross sectional seminiferous tubule to 223+/-19.0um (183-258um) and in the mean area to 37,300+/-6,200um2 (27,800-48,200um2). The mean numbers of mature spermatids and Sertoli cells were reduced significantly to 2418 (10-40) and 14+/-3 (8-22) respectively per tubular cross section. Person correlation were analyzed to find out whether age and duration of vasal obstruction had statistically significant correlations with each variables used to show the changes of testicular tissue in this study. While the tubular wall thickness. the cross sectional tubular area and the number of mature spermatids and Sertoli cells were not significantly correlated with the age and the duration of vasal obstruction (p>0.01), seminiferous tubular diameter showed significantly negative correlations with the age and the duration of vasal obstruction (p<0.01).The tubular diameter decreased as the age and the duration of vasal obstruction increased. It can be concluded that there would be significant histologic changes in the human testis after vasectomy.