Base pedagógica para generar un modelo no formal de educación ambiental / Pedagogical basis for generating a non-formal environmental educational model

En el presente escrito se busca establecer la base pedagógica más acorde para la generación de un modelo de educación no formal para la protección de los humedales de Bañó y los Negros, basándose en estudios previos de valoración ambiental e identificación de los factores que están incidiendo en conductas ambientalmente negativas al medio. Se define como elementos pedagógicos a considerar el aprendizaje significativo, la andragogía y el enfoque sistémico de la enseñanza. Se desarrolla una conceptualización de la educación ambiental en sus diferentes niveles: formal, no formal e informal. Se parte del aprendizaje significativo y la necesidad de relacionar nuevos conceptos con conocimientos previos, se resaltan sus principales características y se aclara lo que no se considera un aprendizaje significativo. Por otra parte, en cuanto a la educación de adultos se refiere o andragogía, se establecen algunas definiciones para la misma y sus principios fundamentales: horizontalidad y participación. Se explica cómo a través de la andragogía, el adulto aprende a valorar las experiencias propias y ajenas en función de la construcción de un proyecto de vida. Se indica además que el proceso educativo desde la andragogía debe ser personalizado e implica un auto aprendizaje donde el individuo es el único responsable del mismo. También se enfatiza cómo, desde la teoría sistémica de la enseñanza, se puede obtener una percepción de la realidad desde diferentes puntos de vista, evitando parcelaciones o sesgos ante distintos saberes o disciplinas, con el objetivo de poder establecer las diferentes interrelaciones que puedan darse para determinada(s) realidad(es). Por último, se sustenta cómo podría aplicarse tanto el aprendizaje significativo, la andragogía y la teoría sistémica de la enseñanza en la generación del modelo educativo, además de realizar las respectivas conclusiones y recomendaciones frente al tema.

The purpose of this article is to establish the most appropriate pedagogical basis for the formulation of a non-formal educational model for the protection of the Bañó and Los Negros wetlands, using previous studies on environmental assessment and identification of the factors which influence negative environmental conduct. Meaningful learning, andragogy and the systemic focus for teaching are defined as pedagogical elements. A conceptualization of environmental education in its different levels -formal, non-formal and informal- were also developed. From significant learning and the need to relate new concepts to previous knowledge the main characteristics were highlighted and it was clarified what was not considered meaningful learning. Moreover, in terms of adult education or andragogy, some definitions were established along with its fundamental principles: horizontal alignment and participation. It is explained how through andragogy adults learn to appreciate their own and others experiences around the construction of life projects. It is also indicated that the educational process from andragogy should be personalized implying self-learning in which the individual is the only one responsible for it. It also emphasizes how, through the systemic theory of teaching, it is possible to obtain a perception of reality from different points of view avoiding fragmentations or bias concerning different knowledge or disciplines in order to establish different interrelations that could occur in certain realities. Finally, how significant learning, andragogy and the systemic theory of teaching could be used in the formulation of an educational model is discussed, along with drawing the respective conclusions and recommendations concerning this matter.

The Effect of Bilateral Superior Oblique Tenotomy on Primary Position Horizontal Alignment

To evaluate the effect of superior oblique tenotomy on horizontal deviation at primary position in A-pattern exotropia with bilateral superior oblique overaction.We performed adjustable strabismus surgeries under topical anesthesia in 6 patients with A-pattern exotropia. After adjusting horizontal deviation to orthotropia in primary position by horizontal muscle surgery, we measured angle deviation in up, primary, downgaze position and added bilateral superior oblique tenotomy, and remeasured the angle deviation at same positions. We analyzed the angle deviation at postoperative one day, one month, and three month in comparison with the preoperative value. There were no change of horizontal deviation in primary position in 2 patients, qhile 3 to 8 prism diopter(PD) esotropic shift occurred in 4 patients(average 3.3PD) after bilateral superior oblique tenotomy at last follow-up of 3 month. At 3 month postoperatively, there was a tendency of exotropic shift from esotropia noted at immediate postoperative period. When combined surgeries of superior oblique and horizontal muscle are considered and intraoperative adjustable surgery is not permitted, horizontal muscle surgery can be performed with disregarding the effect of bilateral superior oblique tenotomy on primary position horizontal alignment.