Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en la población infantil de una zona rural del Ecuador / Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in the child population of a rural area of Ecuador

En la actualidad las investigaciones entorno a la calidad de vida desde la salud, son de vital importancia a nivel mundial, puesto que la identificación de los factores que desencadenan ciertas patologías prevalentes sirven para actuar y mejorar las condiciones de vida; en específico en este trabajo nos referiremos al grupo infantil y la parasitosis pediátrica, la misma que genera índices de anemia, peso bajo, entre otros. El propósito fue identificar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en escolares de 6 a 12 años en poblaciones rurales, de la ciudad de Paute, Ecuador. Se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal, se trabajó con 608 niños pertenecientes a zonas rurales de Paute, el análisis coprológico fue mediante el método convencional, se reportó número de parásitos por campo. Esta investigación fue desarrollada bajo el permiso de un Comité de Bioética. Se analizaron 608 muestras coproparasitarias, obteniéndose una significancia estadística con respecto al sexo, los varones presentaron una prevalencia de parasitismo (14,63%) sobre las mujeres (8,88%), el parásito con mayor prevalencia es la Entamoeba histolytica. La prevalencia de parasitosis infantil en el sector rural de Paute, Ecuador es de 23,52%, siendo mayor en varones, el parásito más frecuente es la E. histolytica(AU)

Currently, the research about life's quality from a health's point of view has received tremendous attention around the world, because the identification of the facts that start a variety of prevalent pathologies are being used to improve life conditions. In this work we try the child group and its pediatric parasitosis, that produce anemia, low weight, and others. The purpose was to recognize the prevalence of intestinal parasites in scholar children from 6 to 12 years old in marginal populations of the city Paute, Ecuador. A quantity type of investigation was made, descriptive and transversal, using a population of 608 children from the rural population of Paute, the coprological analysis was using conventional methods, number of parasites were reported. This research was developed under the permission of the Bioethics Committee. 608 coproparasites samples were analyzed, getting a significative statistic in reference to sex. Boy's samples show a prevalence of parasitism (14,63%) in girls' samples (8,88%), the more prevalent parasite is Entamoeba Histolytica. The prevalence of children's parasitosis in the rural sector of Paute, Ecuador is 23,52% being more affected boys than girls. The most frequent parasite is E. Histolytica(AU)

Proteínas importantes para la invasión de Babesia bovis a las células huésped / Important Proteins for Babesia bovis Invasion to Host Cells / Proteínas importantes para a invasão das células hospedeiras por Babesia bovis

Introducción: La babesiosis bovina es causada por parásitos Apicomplexa del género Babesia, siendo la Babesia bovis la especie asociada con cuadros clínicos más graves de la enfermedad. La invasión de B. bovis a los eritro-citos bovinos implica la interacción entre moléculas de los merozoítos del parásito con receptores de las células huésped. Por ende, conocer las proteínas involucradas en este proceso supone un importante paso para entender la biología del parásito. Objetivo: Describir las principales moléculas implicadas en el proceso de invasión de B. bovis a eritrocitos bovinos. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda en NCBI, Medline, LILACS y SciELO usando los términos: "Babesia bovis AND invasion process", "MSA-1", "RON2", "AMA-1", "moving junction", "B. bovis AND Vaccine candidates". Con corte en mayo de 2020, había 61 publicaciones disponibles en inglés que describen el estudio de las anteriores proteínas y su participación en la invasión.Resultados: Por ser clave el proceso de invasión a eritrocitos bovinos para la patogénesis de la babesiosis bovina, la revisión encontró 3 proteínas de B. bovis que participan en el reconocimiento e invasión a las células diana: MSA-1, AMA-1 y RON2. Sin embargo, los detalles a nivel molecular para las interacciones inter e intramoleculares aún no se han dilucidado por completo. Conclusiones: Conocer las moléculas involucradas en las interacciones parásito-hospedero permitirá entender cómo ocurre el proceso de invasión de B. bovis a los eritrocitos y, así, evaluar su futura utilidad como componente de una estrategia de control efectiva contra esta parasitosis

Introduction: Bovine babesiosis is caused by Apicomplexas parasites of the genus Babesia, Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most serious clinical conditions of the disease. B. bovisinvasion into the bovine erythrocytes involves the interaction between the parasites merozoites mo-lecules with host cell receptors. Therefore, knowing the proteins involved in the invasion process will enable understanding the parasite biology. Objective: To describe the important molecules involved in the B. bovis invasion process to bovine erythrocytes.Methodology: A search was made on NCBI, Medline, LILACS and SciELO databases using keywords as "Babesia bovis AND invasion process", "MSA-1", "RON2", "AMA-1", "moving junction", "B. bovis AND Vaccine candidates". 61 studies written in English describing the study for proteins that take place during invasion process which have been published until mayo were completely revised. Results: Given that the bovine erythrocyte invasion process is key for the pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis, a review was made where 3 proteins were found to be associated to the recognition and invasion processes of target cells: MSA-1, AMA-1 and RON2. However, the details at molecular level for the inter an intramolecular interaction have not yet been fully elucidated. Conclusions: Study the molecules involved in host-parasite interactions will allow understanding how the B. bovis invasion process to erythrocytes occurs and evaluating their future utility as a component of an effective control strategy for this parasitosis

Introdução: A babesiose bovina é causada por parasitas Apicomplexa do gênero Babesia, sendo a Babesia bovis a espécie associada com os sinais clínicos mais graves da doença. A invasão de B. bovis em eritrócitos bovinos envolve a interação entre moléculas dos merozoítos parasitas com receptores nas células hospedeiras. Por conseguinte, o conhecimento das proteínas envolvidas neste processo é um passo importante para a compreensão da biologia do parasita. Objetivo: Descrever as principais moléculas envolvidas no processo de invasão de B. bovis em eritró-citos bovinos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma pesquisa no NCBI, Medline, LILACS e SciELO utilizando os termos: "Babesia bovis AND invasion process", "MSA-1", "RON2", "AMA-1", "moving junction", "B. bovis AND Vaccine candidates". Até maio de 2020 estavam disponíveis 61 publicações em inglês, que descreviam o estudo das proteínas acima referidas e o seu envolvimento na invasão. Resultados: Como o processo de invasão de eritrócitos bovinos é fundamental para á patogênese da babesiose bovina, a revisão encontrou 3 proteínas de B. bovis envolvidas no reconhecimento e invasão de células alvo: MSA-1, AMA-1 e RON2. No entanto, os detalhes a nível molecular para as interações Inter e intramoleculares ainda não foram completamente elucidados. Conclusões: A compreensão das moléculas envolvidas nas interações parasita-hospedeiro permitirá entender como ocorre o processo da invasão de B. bovis em eritrócitos e, assim, avaliar sua utilidade futura como componente de uma estratégia efetiva de controle contra esta parasitose

Atualização em coccidioses intestinais: uma abordagem crítica / Intestinal coccidia: a critical review

Os coccídios intestinais compreendem um grupo de protozoários emergentes e oportunistas. As manifestações clínicas causadas podem variar desde diarreia autolimitada até quadros crônicos associados a distúrbios eletrolíticos. Com a pandemia do HIV/ AIDS, essas infecções ganharam notoriedade devido ao quadro agressivo nesses pacientes. Segundo dados da literatura, em pacientes HIV positivos foram encontradas taxas de infecção média de 24%. Dentre os coccídios intestinais, Cryptosporidium sp. possui maior destaque devido ao seu caráter zoonótico. Há registros da recuperação frequente de oocistos em cães e gatos, tendo sido encontrados em 100% dos animais analisados em um hospital veterinário. Além disso, bovinos também podem atuar como reservatórios, com prevalências no Brasil variando de 0,6% a 72,13%. Atualmente, há variadas técnicas para diagnóstico desses coccídios, desde métodos microscópicos que apresentam limitações técnicas até moleculares com elevado custo associado. Além da importância médica, a prevalência de coccidioses intestinais é relevante como um indicador do status socioeconômico de determinada população e da intensidade de transmissão seja ela antroponótica ou zoonótica. Entretanto, ainda são necessárias melhorias no sentido de tornar mais acessíveis novas técnicas diagnósticas, para se detectarem com mais facilidade e confiabilidade os coccídios intestinais.

Intestinal coccidia comprise a group of emerging and opportunistic protozoa. The manifestations caused may range from diarrhea to chronic variables associated with electrolytic disturbances. With an HIV / AIDS pandemic, these infections can be reported because of the aggressive picture in patients. The data of the literature, in HIV positive patients were 24 mm of average of 24%. Among the intestinal coccidia, Cryptosporidium sp. is more prominent due to its zoonotic nature. Recovery records of dogs and cats were found in 100% of treated animals in a veterinary hospital. In addition, cattle may also act as reservoirs, with prevalences in Brazil varying from 0.6% to 72.13%. Currently, there are several methodologies for the diagnosis of these coccidians, from the microscopic methods that present the main techniques for the diagnosis of these coccidians. In addition to the medical importance, the prevalence of intestinal coccidioses is relevant as an indicator of the socioeconomic status of a given population and the intensity of energy is an anthropopathic or zoonotic. However, improvements are still needed to make new diagnostic techniques more accessible, in order to detect intestinal coccidia more easily and reliably.

Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis en huéspedes intermediarios y definitivos en Ecuador, 2014-2017 / Angiostrongylus (Parastrongylus) cantonensis on intermediate and definitive hosts in Ecuador, 2014-2017

Resumen Introducción. Angiostrongylus cantonensis es un serio problema de salud pública y está ampliamente distribuido en el país. Cuando el parásito infecta a los caracoles terrestres Achatina, se enquista en su interior y puede infectar accidentalmente a las personas y otros mamíferos. Objetivo. Establecer la distribución geográfica de A. cantonensis en huéspedes intermediarios (Achatina fulica) y definitivos (Rattus spp.) en Ecuador entre el 2014 y el 2017. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron 2.908 ejemplares de A. fulica en 16 provincias utilizando el método de captura por unidad de esfuerzo durante 30 minutos. Se capturaron 211 ejemplares de las especies huéspedes, de los cuales 20 eran Rattus rattus y 191 R. norvegicus. Los ejemplares fueron transportados para su análisis al Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública e Investigación en Guayaquil. En los tejidos del caracol se identificaron y se contabilizaron larvas L3 que luego se inocularon en ratas de laboratorio para reproducir el ciclo de vida. En los roedores se disecaron los cerebros, los corazones, las arterias pulmonares y los pulmones, y se identificaron los parásitos por morfología taxonómica. Resultados. De los caracoles recolectados se encontraron 441 positivos para A. cantonensis (15,2 %) y un total de 6.166 larvas L3. En los ejemplaresRattus spp. capturados (211), 77 (36,5 %) estaban infectados con A. cantonensis, con un total de 220 parásitos (larvas L4-L5 y adultos). Conclusiones. Se constató la presencia de A. cantonensis en varias provincias, lo que confirma el carácter endémico de esta zoonosis en el territorio nacional. La presencia de Rattus spp., huésped definitivo del parásito, y de huéspedes intermediarios, indica el potencial zoonótico de esta infección parasitaria.

Abstract Introduction: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a serious public health problem and is widely distributed in the country. When the parasite infects the snails, it becomes deeply embedded in their interior and accidentally, it can infect people and other mammals. Objective: To establish the geographical distribution of A. cantonensis intermediate hosts (Achatina fulica) and definitive hosts (Rattus spp.) in Ecuador from 2014 to 2017. Materials and methods: We collected 2,908 A. fulica specimens in 16 provinces using the capture method per unit of effort for 30 minutes. We captured 211 hosts of which 20 were Rattus rattus and 191 R. norvegicus. The specimens were transported to the Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública e Investigación in Guayaquil where the larvae L3 were identified and counted in the tissues of the snail, which were then inoculated in laboratory rats to reproduce the life cycle. In the rodents, the brains, hearts, lung arteries and lungs were dissected, and the parasites were identified by taxonomic morphology. Results: Of the snails harvested, 441 were positive for A. cantonensis (15.2%) and a total of 6,166 L3 larvae were found; 77 (36.5%) specimens of Rattus spp., were infected with A. cantonensis and a total of 220 parasites (L4-L5 larvae and adult worms) were collected. Conclusions: We confirmed the presence of A. cantonensis in several provinces, which ratifies the endemic nature of this zoonosis in the national territory. Rattus spp. specimens constitute the definitive hosts of the parasite, which together with the presence of intermediate hosts, indicates the zoonotic potential of this parasitic infection.

Anisakidosis

Anisakidosis is a term that collectively refers to a human infection caused by larvae of the family Anisakidae. Because Anisakis simplex was the main cause, it was originally called anisakiasis or anisakiosis, but since other parasites such as Pseudoterranova decipiens also cause similar diseases, the family name is now used as the diagnostic name. Anisakidosis cases have been increasing steadily owing to the propagation of the Japanese raw-fish-eating culture, such as sushi and sashimi, around the world; the traditional raw-fish-eating habits of individual countries; the establishment of marine mammal protection laws; and the development of endoscopic diagnostic techniques. The disease continues to occur in Korea, where most human parasites are believed to have been eradicated and is probably the most common parasitic disease encountered in clinical practice. Anisakidosis is a disease associated with acute abdominal pain. Anisakid larvae can invade the entire digestive tract and abdominal cavity and cause abdominal pain and a variety of digestive system symptoms. Thus, the history of eating raw fish is very important for its differential diagnosis. The lack of a precise understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical course of this disease may lead to unnecessary surgery. Anisakidosis may also manifest as allergic symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to understand anisakidosis from the perspective of public health, food hygiene, and preventive medicine.

Susceptibility of different Rhodnius species (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) to a Brazilian strain of Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-) / Sensibilidad de diferentes especies de Rhodnius (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) a una cepa brasileña de Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-)

Introduction: Specific host-parasite a ssociations have been detected experimentally and suggest that triatomines of the genus Rhodnius act as biological filters in the transmission of Trypanosoma rangeli . Objective: To analyze the susceptibility of four Rhodnius species ( Rhodnius robustus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius nasutus and Rhodnius pictipes ) to a Brazilian strain of T. rangeli (SC-58/KP1-). Materials and methods: We selected t hirty nymphs of each species, which were fed on blood infected with T. rangeli . Periodically, samples of feces and hemolymph were analyzed. Triatomines with T. rangeli in their hemolymph were fed on mice to check for transmission by bites. Later, the triatomines were dissected to confirm salivary gland infection. Results: Specimens of R. pictipes showed higher rates of intestinal infection compared to the other three species. Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes were detected in hemolymph of four species; however, parasitism was lower in the species of the R. robustus lineage. Rhodnius robustus and R. neglectus specimens did not transmit T. rangeli by bite; after dissection, their glands were not infected. Only one specimen of R. nasutus and two of R. pictipes transmitted the parasite by bite. The rate of salivary gland infection was 16% for R. pictipes and 4% for R. nasutus . Conclusions: Both infectivity (intestinal, hemolymphatic and glandular) and transmission of T. rangeli (SC58/KP1-) were greater and more efficient in R. pictipes. These results reinforce the hypothesis that these triatomines may act as biological filters in the transmission of T. rangeli .

Introducción. Se han detectado asociaciones biológicas huésped-parásito específicas que sugieren que los triatominos del género Rhodnius podrían actuar como filtros biológicos en la transmisión de Trypanosoma rangeli . Objetivo. Estudiar la sensibilidad de cuatro especies de Rhodnius ( Rhodnius robustus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius nasutus y Rhodnius p ictipes ) frente a la cepa de T. rangeli (SC-58/KP1-). Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron treinta ninfas de cada especie después de xenodiagnóstico artificial en sangre infectada con T. rangeli. Se examinaron periódicamente m uestras de heces y hemolinfa. Los insectos con hemolinfas infectadas fueron alimentados en ratones a fin de comprobar la transmisión por picadura y posteriormente disecados para confirmar la infección de las glándulas salivales . Resultados . En Rhodnius pictipes se encontró un mayor porcentaje de infección intestinal que en las otras especies . Se detectaron epimastigotes y tripomastigotes en la hemolinfa de las cuatro especies , y se encontró que el parasitismo fue menor en las especies del linaje R. robustus . Rhodnius robustus y R. neglectus no transmitían T. rangeli a ratones por picadura: después de la disección , sus glándulas no estaban infectadas. Solo un espécimen de R. nasutus y dos de R. pictipes transmitieron el parásito por la picadura . La tasa de infección glandular fue de 16 % para R. pictipes y de 4 % para R. nasutus . Conclusiones . La capacidad infecciosa ( hemolinfática, intestinal y glandular ) y la transmisión de T. rangeli (SC-58/KP1-) fueron mayores y más eficientes en R. pictipes . Estos resultados refuerzan la hipótesis de que estos triatominos actúan como filtros biológicos en la transmisión de T. rangeli .

Cisteínoproteasas Catepsinas L de Taenia solium: Rol biológico en la infección y potencial uso para el inmunodiagnóstico de la neurocisticercosis / Cathepsin L Cysteine Protease from Taenia solium: Its biological role in the infection and potential use for the immunodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis

Taenia solium es un helminto aplanado responsable de la teniosis y de la cisticercosis humana, siendo esta última producida por el consumo de huevos infectivos. Los cisticercos pueden desarrollarse en diferentes tejidos del hombre, frecuentemente en el sistema nervioso central causando la neurocisticercosis (NCC). Para el diagnóstico de la NCC se requiere de una adecuada interpretación de datos clínicos, resultados de neuroimagen y pruebas serológicas. Sin embargo, las pruebas serológicas podrían mejorarse con el desarrollo de antígenos candidatos capaces de incrementar su sensibilidad y especificidad. En los últimos años se han descrito una serie de proteínas de superficie y de secreción de T. solium esenciales para la interacción parásito-hospedero. Una de estas familias son las cisteínoproteasas catepsinas L, las cuales cumplen un rol preponderante para el desarrollo y supervivencia del parásito, participando en la invasión tisular, la evasión de la respuesta inmune, el desenquistamiento y enquistamiento del cisticerco. Son consideradas como antígenos potenciales para el inmunodiagnóstico de la neurocisticercosis.

Taenia solium is a plane helminth responsible for taeniasis and human cysticercosis, the latter being the result of the consumption of infective eggs. Cysticerci can develop in different human tissues, often in the central nervous system, causing neurocysticercosis (NCC). For the diagnosis of NCC, an adequate interpretation of clinical data, neuroimaging results and serological tests are required. However, serological tests could be improved by developing candidate antigens able to increase their sensibility and specificity. In the last years, a series of surface and secretory proteins of T. solium essential for the parasite-host interaction have been described. One of these families is cathepsin L cysteine proteases, which have a predominant role in the development and survival of the parasite. They take part in the tissue invasion, immune response evasion, excystation and encystment of cysticercus. They are considered potential antigens for the immunodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Aislamiento de trichomonas tenax en pacientes con periodontitis crónica al medio de cultivo de tioglicolato modificado / Isolation of trichomonas tenax in patients with chronic periodontitis in the modified thioglycolate culture médium

Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre la presencia del protozoario flagelado de la cavidad bucal Trichomonas tenax y la periodontitis crónica en los pacientes atendidos en la clínica especializada en odontología de la universidad de San Martín de Porres (USMP). Material y métodos. Fueron seleccionados 53 pacientes con periodontitis crónica y 41 pacientes periodontalmente sanos, los cuales acudieron a la clínica entre los meses de setiembre a diciembre de 2011, tomándose muestras de cálculo dental y placa dental subgingival respectivamente. Las muestras fueron depositadas en un tubo de vidrio conteniendo el medio de cultivo de Tioglicolato modificado para Trichomonas tenax, los cuales fueron incubados a 35ºC por 4 a 5 días en el laboratorio. Resultados. Se encontró presencia del parásito de Trichomonas tenax en 9 pacientes con periodontitis crónica (17,0%) y 10 pacientes periodontalmente sanos (24,4 %), con un valor de p =0,781, por ser un estudio de casos y controles, el OR= 0,634. Conclusiones. Se determinó que no existe asociación entre la presencia de Trichomonas tenax y la periodontitis crónica. Asimismo, la presencia del parásito no se vio condicionada por la edad, el sexo y el índice de higiene oral de los pacientes atendidos en el mencionado recinto.

Objective. To establish the association between the presence of the flagellated protozoan of the oral cavity Trichomonas tenax and chronic periodontitis in patients treated at the specialized clinic in dentistry of San Martin de Porres University (SMPU). Material and methods. 53 patients with chronic periodontitis and 41 periodontal healthy patients were selected, who attended to the clinic during the months of September to December 2011, taking of them samples of dental calculus and subgingival dental plaque, respectively. The samples were placed in a glass tube containing the culture medium of modified thioglycollate to Trichomonas tenax, which were incubated at 350 grades centigrades for 4 or 5 days in the laboratory. Results. We found the presence of Trichomonas tenax in 9 patients with chronic periodontitis (17,0%) and in 10 periodontal healthy patients (24,4%), with a p-value =0,781. Conclusions. We conclude that there is no association between the presence of Trichomonas tenax and chronic periodontitis. Also the presence of the parasite was not influenced by age, sex and oral hygiene index of patients seen in the clinic.

Ectoparasitic insects (Diptera: Streblidae and Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae) of bats from Iquitos and surrounding areas (Loreto, Peru)

Based on specimens collected from bats of different families, we add new species and extend the known ecological distribution and host associations of insect ectoparasites of bats in Peru. New information is provided for the distribution of 26 species of parasites (25 Diptera and 1 Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae). Four species (Neotrichobius ectophyllae, Strebla galindoi, Strebla paramirabilis and Myodopsylla wolffsohni wolffsohni) are new for Peru and 16 represent new records for the department of Loreto. Also, we found 17 new host-ectoparasite relationships. Of note, we found remarkable new association between Neotrichobius delicatus and bat species from the families Molossidae and Noctilionidae and a novel association between Paradyschiria parvula and a species of Vespertilionidae. Host-ectoparasite specificity was recorded with 14 species as monoxenous, three oligoxenous, seven pleioxenous and two polyxenous.

Environment, interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host, and health: [review] / Meio-ambiente, interações entre Trypanosoma cruzi e seu hospedeiro e saúde humana: [revisão]

An epidemiological chain involving Trypanosoma cruzi is discussed at the environmental level, and in terms of fine molecular interactions in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts dwelling in different ecosystems. This protozoan has a complex, genetically controlled plasticity, which confers adaptation to approximately 40 blood-sucking triatomine species and to over 1,000 mammalian species, fulfilling diverse metabolic requirements in its complex life-cycle. The Tr. cruzi infections are deeply embedded in countless ecotypes, where they are difficult to defeat using the control methods that are currently available. Many more field and laboratory studies are required to obtain data and information that may be used for the control and prevention of Tr. cruzi infections and their various disease manifestations. Emphasis should be placed on those sensitive interactions at cellular and environmental levels that could become selected targets for disease prevention. In the short term, new technologies for social mobilization should be used by people and organizations working for justice and equality through health information and promotion. A mass media directed program could deliver education, information and communication to protect the inhabitants at risk of contracting Tr. cruzi infections.

Uma rede epidemiológica envolvendo o Trypanosoma cruzi foi discutida nos níveis ambientais e de interações moleculares nos hospedeiros que habitam em 19 diferentes ecossistemas. O protozoário tem uma enorme plasticidade controlada geneticamente que confere sua adaptação a cerca de quarenta espécies de triatomíneos e mais de mil espécies de mamíferos. Essas infecções estão profundamente embutidas em inúmeros ecótopos, onde elas estão inacessíveis aos métodos de controle utilizados. Muito mais estudos de campo e de laboratório são necessários à obtenção de dados e informação pertinentes ao controle e prevenção das infecções pelo Tr. cruzi e as várias manifestações da doença. Ênfase deve ser dada àquelas interações que ocorrem nos níveis celulares e ambientais que se poderiam tomar como alvos seletivos para prevenção da doença. Novas tecnologias para mobilização social devem ser disponibilizadas para os que trabalham pela justiça e pela igualdade, mediante informação para a promoção da saúde. Um programa direcionado de educação de massa pode prover informação e comunicação necessárias para proteger os habitantes atualmente expostos ao risco de contrair as infecções pelo Tr. cruzi.