Latent tuberculosis infection in family members in household contact with active tuberculosis patients in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia

A quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), 10% of cases develop active tuberculosis (TB), and 90% have a latent TB infection. Family members of TB patients have the highest potential for latent TB infection. This study aims to identify latent TB infection and risk factors in family members within the household contacts of active TB patients. This study used a crosssectional study design with a contact tracing method. The selected subjects were 138 people from 241 total family members of 112 active TB patients. Subjects underwent a tuberculin skin test (TST), using 2 units of tuberculin (TU) purified protein derivative (PPD) 0.1 mL (PT. Bio Farma Persero, Bandung, Indonesia). Data risk factors were collected during home visits. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. A total of 63.8% (88/138) of family members of active TB patients' household contacts had latent TB infection. The type of occupation of laborers/ farmers/fishers is the most dominant risk factor associated with latent TB infection (AOR: 7.04; 95% CI: 1.70­29.02), followed by unqualified bedroom density (<8 m2/2 people) (AOR: 5.33; 95% CI: 2.44­ 12.71) and contact duration ≥5 hours/day (AOR: 4.70; 95% CI:1.33­16.66). Latent TB infection in family members of active TB patients' household contacts was quite high. Occupation type, contact duration, and bedroom density were simultaneously confirmed as the main risk factors related to latent TB infection. Therefore, it is recommended to identify and prevent latent TB infection in family members in household contact with active TB patients.

Relationship between history of household contact and rate of leprosy in Central Jakarta area in 2017

Background: Leprosy is a disease whose mode of transmission is not known with certainty. It is based solely on the classic notion that it is transmitted through prolonged and close direct contact between the skin and inhalation because Mycobacterium leprae can live several days in a droplet. The objectives of this research are to find out whether or not there is a relationship between household contact and leprosy and to find out how the relationship between household contact and leprosy.Methods: This is an observational descriptive research that applies a case control design. The samples were taken using a simple random sampling method that obtained 34 people.Results: The research results obtained a p-value of 0.003 which is smaller than the value of α=(5%). It shows that there is a significant relationship between the history of household contact and leprosy in the Central Jakarta area in 2017.Conclusions: The relationship that occurs between the history of household contact and leprosy shows a negative correlation that a person who has a history of household contact with a person affected by leprosy does not all suffer from leprosy. Meanwhile, there are many people who do not have a history of household contact who suffer from leprosy.

A Study of Pediatric Leprosy in a Tertiary Care Center in a Western State of India: A Descriptive Study

Elimination of leprosy as public health problem (defined as a registered prevalence of less than 1 case per 10,000 population) was achieved globally in 2000 and in 2005 from India. However, new cases including those in children continue to be reported. As pediatric leprosy shows active transmission of infection in the community, these have special epidemiological significance. The objective of this study was to study the profile of leprosy and deformity in pediatric age group (<15 years). A descriptive cohort study was carried out. The present study comprises of pediatric leprosy patients among 200 patients of leprosy who presented to outpatient Department of a tertiary dermatology center in Western Gujarat during the period 2009-10 and followed up until 2016. All newly diagnosed, on-treatment and relapse cases of leprosy in pediatric age group during that period were included. Detailed history, relevant past and family history were noted. A detailed physical examination was carried out, Slit Skin Smear (SSS) and punch biopsy to confirm the diagnosis was also done. The patients were then classified as per WHO into Paucibacillary(PB) / Multibacillary(MB) cases for treatment purpose and treatment provided accordingly. The patients were regularly followed up during the study period. Findings shows that out of 200 patients, 7.5% (n=15) patients belonged to pediatric age group. Tuberculoid leprosy was the commonest type seen in 53.2% (n=8) of pediatric patients. Male: Female ratio (4:1) was much higher in cahildren than adults. 33% (n=5/15) patients had a positive household contact. There were no deformities seen in this age group. This study signifies the importance of transmission in close contacts. However, the matter of concern remains that 67% of children had no household contacts. Such cases require in-depth epidemiological investigations for other possible sources of transmission.

Prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis among household contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with positive sputum-smear / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To describe the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB)among household contacts of patients recently diagnosed as pulmonary TB.Methods Newly diagnosed pulmonary TB cases in 2006 were used as index cases for searching more active TB cases.All the household contacts were identified and examined with purified protein derivative,chest X-ray and sputum-smear for three times.The prevalence of active TB infection among household contacts was calculated and compared against demographic characteristics.Results A total of 1386 newly diagnosed active TB cases were reported and their 5392 household contacts were screened.The overall prevalence of active pulmonary TB among household contacts was 3.76%.but significantly higher in the age groups of＜15 years or≥55 years than the other age groups(χ2=15.381,P＜0.01).The rate of active pulmonary TB in household contacts was significantly associated with the amount of bacteria discharged from index cases(Υ=0.998,P＜0.01).Through contact tracing,every 100 index cases could contribute in finding 15 more new active TB cases among household contacts.Conclusion Our results showed that this program could increase the identification of active pulmonary TB case through tracking down the household contacts of newly diagnosed TB cases.