Influence of Different Sowing Date on the Morphology, Phenology and Thermal Indices of Rapeseed: A Review

India ranks third in the world in the area and production of rapeseed mustard. Rapeseed mustard accounts for approximately 80% of all rabi oilseed production Currently, rapeseed cultivation accounts for less than 1% of the total area of rapeseed mustard in India. Weather is a very important factor among various abiotic stressors that affect crop growth and yield. Therefore, the plant response is greatly influenced by changes in the growing environment such as sowing date, rainfall, and temperature. Weather parameters play an important role in determining plant growth development and yield as the physical expression and various metabolic processes of a plant's genetic potential are strongly influenced by environmental factors. Rape blossoms are usually sown from mid-October to mid-November. Under multiple cropping systems after transplanting winter rice, the sowing time is usually from mid-November onwards. The thermal unit increased up to 120 DAS and decreased slightly upon maturation. Delayed sowing results in stunted growth, premature ripening, and a significant reduction in yield, primarily due to increased temperatures during grain-filling. In addition, late sowing depletes soil moisture, which adversely affects crop performance. Therefore, sowing at different dates is discussed in this review to find the optimum time to harvest more yield.

Thermal Requirement, Heat and Radiation Use Efficiency of Kharif Soybean in Middle Gujarat Region as Influenced by Cultivars and Plant Geometry

The present study proposes to measure the thermal requirements, heat and radiation use efficiency of kharif soybean cultivars (NRC 37, GS 1 and GS 2) in the central region of Gujarat. The findings of study conclude that among all the different geometry 30 x 10 cm produced highest seed (4403 kg/ha) and total biomass yield (5818 kg/ha) over the other two spacing because higher heat use efficiency (heat use efficiency (HUE) for Growing degree day (GDD)- 0.69 kg/ha/°C Day; HUE for Heliothermal units (HTU) - 0.14 kg/ha/°C Day hour; HUE for Photothermal units (PTU) - 0.05 kg/ha/°C Day hour). The cultivar NRC 37 (4415 kg/ha) produced highest seed yield followed by GS 1 (3799 kg/ha) and GS 2 (3670 kg/ha). Heat unit requirement of cultivar NRC 37 (GDD - 1952°C Day; HTU – 9894°C Day hour; PTU-25974°C day hour) was more as compared to GS 2 (GDD - 1951°C day; HTU – 9893°C day hour; PTU-25973°C day hour) and GS 1 (GDD - 1931°C day; HTU – 9809°C day hour; PTU-25681°C day hour), respectively. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) for seed yield and biomass are more in 45 x 5 cm geometry.

Data collection, quality and evidence formation for human use experience of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Collecting and summarizing human use experience(HUE) data, forming high-quality data and evidences that can be used for evaluation are the key links of HUE research on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The collection, collation and summary of human experience data were discussed in this paper. It is pointed out that the collection of HUE should be focus on the source of prescription of new traditional Chinese medicines, and be summarized based on dialectical thinking, experience in medication, characte-ristics of prescription and clinical application. The collected contents include prescription, process, clinical location and applicable population, efficacy data and safety data, etc. The methods include interview, clinical data summary and data mining. When the data formed based on HUE information is used as drug registration information, it is necessary to ensure that the data source is legal and compliant, and the ownership of intellectual property is clear.Data sources should meet the requirements of medical ethics. To avoid conflict of interest, data analysis should be conducted by an independent third party. It is necessary to develop the quality control measures of HUE data to ensure the data traceability, integrity, consistency and accuracy, and avoid data bias.The data of HUE should include the key data such as accurate clinical location and applicable population, recognized clinical efficacy and safety.After the formation of HUE, the statistical analysis plan of empirical data of human use should be formulated. Through strict data processing, statistical analysis and clinical interpretation, HUE can be produced for evaluation.

A Comparison of Nagel Anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue in Congenital Color Vision Deficiency

PURPOSE: To compare the classification and severity of congenital color vision deficiency using a Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue Test (FM 100-hue).METHODS: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients diagnosed with congenital color vision deficiency were included. Examinations using a Nagel anomaloscope and FM 100-hue were performed, and color vision abnormalities were classified as a protan color defect or deutan color defect by each test, and the degrees of color vision abnormalities were compared.RESULTS: The tests showed 64.3% (p < 0.001) agreement in the classification of color vision deficiencies. The Nagel anomaloscope was able to classify all cases, whereas 143 eyes (36.3%) could not be classified using the FM 100-hue test. In the case of the same type of color vision abnormality in both eyes, 196 cases (99.5%) using the Nagel anomaloscope and 111 cases (56.3%) using the FM 100-hue were observed. Regarding the degree of color defect, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two tests (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue (p = 0.087).CONCLUSIONS: The Nagel anomaloscope was a more appropriate test for discerning the degree of color defect and binocular classification. In severity assessments, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two test methods. However, there were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue. Therefore, it was difficult to perform severity classification using the Nagel anomaloscope based on the total error score of the FM 100-hue test.

Comparative color and surface parameters of current esthetic restorative CAD/CAM materials

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to derive and compare the inherent color (hue angle, chroma), translucency (TP(SCI)), surface gloss (ΔE* SCE-SCI), and surface roughness (Ra) amongst selected shades and brands of three hybrid CAD/CAM blocks [GC Cerasmart (CS); Lava Ultimate (LU); Vita Enamic (VE)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The specimens (N = 225) were prepared into square-shaped (12 × 12 mm2) with different thicknesses and shades. The measurements of color, translucency, and surface gloss were performed by a reflection spectrophotometer. The surface roughness and surface topography were assessed by white light interferometry. RESULTS: Results revealed that hue and chroma values were influenced by the material type, material shade, and material thickness (P CS > VE, whereas the order of chroma was VE > CS > LU. TP(SCI) results demonstrated a significant difference in terms of material types and material thicknesses (P ≤ .001). TP(SCI) values of the tested materials were ordered as LU > CS > VE. ΔE* SCE-SCI and Ra results were significantly varied amongst the materials (P VE ≥ CS, whereas the order of Ra was CS ≥ VE > LU. CONCLUSION: Nano-ceramic and polymer-infiltrated-feldspathic ceramic-network CAD/CAM materials exhibited different optical, inherent color and surface parameters.

Influence Of Porcelain Thickness And Repeated Firings On The Color Of Metal - Ceramic Restorations - An In Vitro Study.

Background & Objectives: Color matching between ceramic restorations and natural teeth has been a major challenge in dentistry. Faults may occur during shade matching procedure in the dental clinic or in the laboratory at the time of fabrication of restoration. This study assessed the effect of porcelain thickness and repeated firing on the color of metal-ceramic restorations. Method: Thirty 12mm square samples of nickel chromium alloy were prepared and divided into three groups of 10 samples each. All samples were fired with opaque porcelain followed by dentin porcelain maintaining the dentin thickness to 1mm, 2mm and 3mm with silicon molds. The color of all the samples was measured with a spectrophotometer after 1st firing. Samples were subjected to repeated firing and color was again measured after 4th firing, 7th firing, 10th firing and 13th firing. The data was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that increasing the thickness of porcelain resulted in significant increase in the Lightness (L*) and decrease in the Chroma (C*) of the samples. It also demonstrated that repeated firing did not cause significant color change (ΔE) on repeated firing of 1mm and 2mm, however, repeated firing of 3mm samples showed substantial color changes (ΔE) on repeated firing but this change was within acceptable limits of oral environment. Interpretation and Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that increased thickness of the dentin porcelain increases the Lightness (L*) thereby reducing the graying effect of the opaque layer. Therefore, maximum tooth reduction should be encouraged without violating the pulp integrity to provide enough space for the bulk of porcelain for better esthetic results. The results also show that repeated firing does not affect the color stability of the porcelain samples tested although significant color changes were seen with 3mm samples which were within acceptable limits of oral conditions. So, it can be inferred that repeated firing of the porcelain can be done to achieve correct contours and shape of the restorations.

The relationship between color vision discrimination ability and depth perception among university students / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Abstract? AIM: To evaluate the relationship between color discrimination ability ( CDA) and depth perception among university students with normal color vision.?METHODS:A total of 52 students, 33 males ( 63.46%) and 19 females (36.54%) from Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, aged 21.18 ±2.52y included in this study. Subject has normal visual acuity ( 20/20 ) and without congenital color vision deficiency ( CCVD ) . They were evaluated by Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate Test (IPPT).Dominant eye (DE) was determined using the Gundogan Method. The CDA was examined by Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test ( FM100HT ) test for detecting total error score ( TES ) and local error score ( LES) for two eyes ( TE) open, the right eye ( RE) open and the left eye ( LE) open.The error scores were divided into the three groups: for the TE, for the dominant eye ( DE ) and for the non -dominant eye ( NDE ) . The presence of the binocularity and stereoscopic sensitivity ( SS ) were investigated by TNO test which were also divided into four groups according to the level of SS within a range of 480-15 arc/s.?RESULTS:The error scores of FM100HT without gender difference for TES, blue/yellow( b/y) LES and red/green (r/g) LES were found 61.22±30.32(58.50), 35.80±19.32 (36.50) and 25.42 ±14.65 (24.00) respectively.In male subjects (n=31) were found 67.45±29.95 (61.00), 40.25± 18.83 (39.00) and 27.19 ±14.30 (24.00) respectively.In female subjects (n=19) were found 51.05±28.84 (47.00), 25.52±18.32 (28.00) and 22.2±31.13 (23.00) respectively. Females had higher CDA than males according FM100HT error scores. CDA classification according to FM100HT were found to be higher ( 6%, TES=0-20 ) , medium (86%, TES=20-100), lower (8%, TES>100), the medium level was statistically more frequently observed (P<0.05). The r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 24.12±14.70 and 32.20±14.21, b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 34.68 ± 1.95 and 36.24±17.56 respectively.In female (n=19) r/g color LES for DE and NDE were 21.89 ±15.06 and 31.00 ± 22.42;in male (n=31) 25.48±14.55 and 32.93±17.31.In female (n=19) b/y color LES for DE and NDE were 29.63± 18.62 and 33.42±17.38; in male (n=31) 37.77±18.78 and 37.96±17.73 respectively.All students'TES of TE, DE and NDE subgroups and stereopsis level of were compared, the differences were not statistically significant ( P=1 ) . According to our research CDA and binocular depth perception does not effect on each other.?CONCLUSION: In normal subjects TES of FM100HT showed that no difference in the subject with different stereopsis level and the depth perception evaluated by TNO test which is based on color dissociation and the ability to color discrimination was not correlated. Our previous study DE's CDA was found superior to the NDE's.But in the presenting study showed that DE was not superior to NDE in terms of depth perception.

Color and its Dimensions - A Review.

In the modern civilized, cosmetically conscious world, well-contoured and well-aligned white teeth set the standard for beauty. Such teeth are not only considered attractive, but are also indicative of nutritional health, self-esteem and hygienic pride. Attention to accuracy and reliability of any spectral or color measurement system, with further attention to the proper statistical parameters to evaluate accuracy and reliability.

A simple modification of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test for much faster assessment of color vision.

Purpose: The Farnsworth‑Munsell (FM) 100‑hue test is well known but is also time consuming, especially its analytical component. To reduce this needless time‑waste during precious working hours, a simple modification was devised. Design: Prospective, comparative, observational study. Materials and Methods: A transparent clear plastic carrier box replaced the opaque one, allowing ready digital photodocumentation of top and bottom without even opening the box, or handling/inverting the caps - 200 reportedly normals and 50 known color vision defectives could be easily tested on this modified‑FM and results stored, allowing rapid turnover. The captured scores with patient ID were analyzed, at leisure, outside hospital time, saving 45-60 minutes/ patient. After recording, the box was promptly handed over to the next subject for rearrangement. Times taken for test/patient were recorded. Results: Running time was reduced from 60-75 min to ~15 min/patient with no waste of invaluable lab hours. Turnover time is limited to capturing two photographs (~60 sec). The box is relatively cheap and easy to maintain. Conclusions: Our simplified FM 100‑hue test allowed rapid assessment of color visions with easy data storage of both top and bottom.

Color vision versus pattern visual evoked potentials in the assessment of subclinical optic pathway involvement in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Optic pathway involvement in multiple sclerosis is frequently the initial sign in the disease process. In most clinical applications, pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) is used in the assessment of optic pathway involvement. Objective: To question the value of PVEP against color vision assessment in the diagnosis of subclinical optic pathway involvement. Materials and Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study included 20 multiple sclerosis patients without a history of optic neuritis, and 20 healthy control subjects. Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue testing and PVEPs to 60-min arc and 15-min arc checks by using Roland-Consult RetiScan® system were performed. P100 amplitude, P100 latency in PVEP and total error scores (TES) in FM 100-Hue test were assessed. Results: Expanded Disability Status Scale score and the time from diagnosis were 2.21 ± 2.53 (ranging from 0 to 7) and 4.1 ± 4.4 years. MS group showed significantly delayed P100 latency for both checks (P < 0.001). Similarly, MS patients had significantly increased total error scores (TES) in FM-100 Hue (P < 0.001). The correlations between TESs and PVEP amplitudes / latencies were insignificant for both checks (P > 0.05 for all). 14 MS patients (70%) had an increased TESs in FM-100 Hue, 11 (55%) MS patients had delayed P100 latency and 9 (45%) had reduced P100 amplitude. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.944 for FM-100 Hue test, 0.753 for P100 latency, and 0.173 for P100 amplitude. Conclusions: Color vision testing seems to be more sensitive than PVEP in detecting subclinical visual pathway involvement in MS.

Evaluation of shade guide using digital shade analysis system / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: There are two methods of color choice for the esthetic restoration. One is visual shade matching which draws a comparison between shade guide and teeth in dentist's own eye and the other is using a digital shade analysis system recently introduced. Although the visual shade matching has a lot of problems, decision of color by this visual shade matching and the ways of expression for the decided color are still applicable to clinical dentistry. PURPOSE: This study is designed to investigate shade guides used in the dental clinics and laboratories have the same value using ShadeEye-NCC(R). dental chroma meter (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan) using shade guide are evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: At the first experiment, eight Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guides (Vident Inc., California, USA) were collected from the dental clinics. A1 and B1 shade tabs are chosen and the colors are analyzed five times each in both tooth and porcelain modes by digital shade analysis system, ShadeEye-NCC(R). In the second experiment, twelve Vita shade guides using practically in the dental clinics and laboratories were collected and also A1 and B1 shade tabs are chosen and the colors of A1 and B1 are analyzed one time each in both tooth and porcelain modes by ShadeEye-NCC(R). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences among eight shade guides in terms of shade (chroma), value and hue in both of A1 and B1 (P < .05). Shade guides using in present both dental clinics and laboratories did not show significant differences, except A1 in the porcelain mode, it showed significant differences (P < .05) in the shade even though the shade tab has the same name.

Ethambutol ocular toxicity in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis - A case report

Purpose. To highlight the importance of using the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue test in colour vision testing in patients on ethambutol treatment. Case Report. A 70 year-old lady received ethambutol as part of her anti-tuberculous regime. She developed blue-yellow colour defect detectable with the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue test, but not with the Isihara Pseudoisochromatic Plates. Ethambutol was immediately discontinued from her anti-tuberculous regime. Two months later, her colour vision returned to normal. Conclusion. This case report illustrates the importance of regular monitoring of patients receiving ethambutol for blue-yellow colour defect using the Farnsworth Panel D-15 Hue Test.

Selection of Monascus with High Yellow Pigment Production / 微生物学通报

The Monascus mutant with high yield of yellow pigment was obtained by using conventional relevant mutation techniques, e.g., treating with physical mutagens(such as UV light) and chemical sub- stances (such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine). The yellow pigment was scanned from 300 nm to 600 nm with UV spectrometer, the maximal absorption was determined at 410 nm. The growth characteristic of Monascus mutant is stable, the yellow pigment value and colour hue in liquid fermentation can reach 100 U/mL and 3.5 respectively. The yellow pigment is stable from pH 3 to pH 8, but the precipitation appeared as the pH of the pigment solution lower than 3.

The efficacy of premature babies' care at Obstetric Department of Hospital of Hue Medical College

Background:A premature birth is one among four main reasons of mortality in the first infant stage in our country. Objectives:This study aims to determine the rate of premature, morbidity form in early neonatal period under 37 weeks as well as evaluate the efficacy of premature babies' care via the rate of morbidity of neonatal period under 37 weeksat Obstetric Department of Hospital of Hue Medical College. Subjects and method: A prospective, descriptive study was conducted on 2452 cases with gestation \ufffd?25 weeks from 2003 to 2006 at Obstetric Department of Hospital of Hue Medical College. They followed up the rate of morbidity, vitalness and mortality among premature babies \ufffd?37weeks which divided into 2 types:<33 weeks and from 33 to 37 weeks. Results: Prernatures <33 weeks was 1.4%; prernatures from 33-37 weeks was 5.2%; premature infant infection under 33 week was 57%; Mortality of newborn <33 weeks was 229\ufffd? prernatures from 33-37 weeks was 23,4\ufffd? Conclusion: Thanks to the care of newborn according to the combination of Obstetric- Pediatricfor immediate support in the consecutive services, continuous therapy and indication of using antibiotic for anti negative gram germs had reduced the mortality of premature babies at Obstetric department of Hospital of Hue Medical College.\r\n", u'\r\n', u'

A new computer-adapted color vision test It's reproducibility,applicability,reliability and comparison with old conventional color vision tests / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:Present a new computer-adapted color vision test (NCACVT) and explain its reliability and value in practical application.METHODS:Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FM100HT) and Holmgren tests had been modified and adapted to computer application.Classic method of Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plate test (IPPT)was assumed to be a convenient screening tool for color blindness;therefore the subjects were dassified as color defective group(Group I)and control group(Group Ⅱ)according to the Ishihara test results.Group I Consisted of color defective 13 subjects(12M,1F)aged between 19-29(median 21)years old and Group Ⅱ consisted of non defected control group of 13 subjects(8M,5F)aged between 19-28(median 22)years old.In order to investigate color sensitivity in both of groups,all subjects were tested with both FM100HT and NCACVT.The findings from the classical IPPT,FM100HT,and NCACVT methods were statistically compared.The error scores of NCACVT and FM100HT in two groups were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney V Test.RESULTS:The differences in error scores were statistically significant respectively (V=169,P＜O.05;U=153 P＜O.05).The cut-off point for diagnosing color vision deficiency according to NCACT Was found 23 by using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).According to cut-off error score of 23,NCACVT was found 100% sensitive and 100% specific in screening color vision deficiency.CONCLUSION:These features make this test a dependable,original ophthalmic practicaI screening test according to Harper & Reeves.

Shade perception ability among different dental personnel / 대한치과보철학회지

Statement of problem: Many factors influence shade determination in clinical practice and shade matching is highly affected by the viewing conditions. Purpose: This study investigated the differences in shade perception among distinct groups of dental personnel (10 prosthodontists, 10 general practitioners, 10 last-year dental students and 10 dental technicians). Material and method: Four groups of dental personnel were investigated. They were tested to eliminate color blindness. To compare shade selection ability, they were asked to match four test tabs of shades A3, B2, C2 and D4 (VITAPAN. Classical shade guide. The identification codes of the shade tabs were masked to prevent shade memory.) against another full set of VITAPAN. Classical shade guide under similar lighting conditions. Shade selections were randomly repeated five times every week and then the repeatability between dental personnel was evaluated. To compare value perception ability, they were asked to arrange randomly selected five test tabs (B1, A2, D2, C3, A4) in descending order from the brightest to the darkest. To compare hue determination ability, they were asked to divide selected eight test tabs (A2, A3, B2, B3, C2, C3, D2, D3) into four groups by manufacturer as follows: Group A-Reddish brown, Group B-Reddish yellow, Group C-Grey, Group D-Reddish grey. Results and conclusion: The obtained results were as follows: 1. For the value perception ability and hue determination ability, there was no significant difference among 4 groups: prosthodontists, general practitioners, dental students, dental technicians(P>.05). 2. For shade selection ability, the prosthodontists and dental technicians were significantly higher than dental students(P<.05). 3. The repeatability of selected shade in the dental technicians was significantly higher than that of general practitioners and dental students(P<.05). 4. The prosthodontists and dental technicians had significantly higher selection ability than dental students for shade B2(P<.05).

Efficacy of the Computer Program to Compensate Color Vision Deficiency using Seohan Computerized 85-Hue Test

PURPOSE: to study the utility of a program which diagnoses and compensates for color defects on computer monitors according to the severity and type of color vision deficiency (CVD). METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with congenital CVD completed Seohan computerized hue test, color compensated Seohan computerized hue test and questionnaire for preference of color compensated images. The relation between results of the Seohan computerized hue test and the degrees of color compensation was investigated. HRR test and Nagel anomaloscope were used for determining the severity and type of CVD. RESULTS: In applying the color compensation program, the total error score (TES) of the Seohan computerized hue test was significantly reduced. In cases of milder color vision defect, the TES of the color compensated Seohan computerized hue test was reduced at lower color compensations, while it was reduced at higher color compensations in cases of more severe color vision defect. In the color compensation of images, patients with milder color vision defects preferred images with lower color compensation and patients with more severe color vision defect preferred images with higher color compensation. CONCLUSIONS: The color compensation program for CVD effectively reduced the TES of Seohan computerized hue tests and improved the recognition of colors. This suggests that the program can be helpful to actual life in patients with CVD.

Some epidemiological characteristics of cholera in Thua Thien-Hue province

Reviewing cholera epidemics in Thua Thien-Hue province yielded that people at all age groups had caught cholera, 36% of all these cholera cases were in less than 15 years old group. In 2003, there was a transform from type V.E. OGAWA to V.E. INABA. The C-degree dehydration has been increased and made 50% among cholera patients, statistically higher than the rates of the years 2003, 1992 and 1993. This bacterium was still sensitive to common antibiotics shown on antibiograms. However ampicilline has been at risk of drug resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully choose antibiotics for treatment and chemo-prophylaxis for people.

The model of promotion of using services on maternal care and family planning in Nam Dong district, Thua Thien-Hue province

Introduction: This action research aimed to make a context-specific and gender-sensitive interventions. Intervention activities was participatory to decrease the barriers to the use of maternal care and family planning (MCFP) services by the disadvantaged Kinh people and Catu ethnic minority people in the mountainous area of Nam Dong District in Central Vietnam. Intervention also aimed to improve communal MCFP services prioritized to training effective communication skills for communal health centers' staff and village health workers. Methods: 2 surveys were conducted before and after intervention among 7 poor communes using a random sample of total 840 mothers with at least one child under the age of 5 years. These data were supplemented by interviews with key informants, focus group discussions and observations. Statistical tests and measurement of effective index (EI) were used in data analysis. Results: - Women having ANC and delivery at local MCFP service were increasing 97.6% and 50% in year 2005 as compared with 86.9% and 31% respectively in year 2003. Midwives paid much attention to non-verbal communication as well as to counseling using demonstrative pictures. - There were a clear evidence of significantly increasing the mother's knowledge of MCFP such as local MCFP service availability, benefit of ANC (p=3 times was significantly increasing (EI=11.98%, p<0.01). - The percentage of mothers who delivered at home was slow down to 19.4% as compared with before intervention was 45.2% respectively (EI= 64.20%, p<0.001) Conclusion: Intervention model was considerably successful in using context-specific and gender sensitive approaches. It contributed to meeting an urgent need for the MCFP services to build both clinical capacity and health promotion activities in a way that is gender sensitive, knowledge on of traditional practices and accessible by both illiterate and minority language speaking people.

Malaria management in Vietnam-Lao border and Ho Chi Minh route in Thua Thien Hue province

One of the challenges for the current malaria management in the province of Thua Thien - Hue is imported malaria caused by the movement of population across the Vietnam - Laos border and between the malaria endemic areas from Quang Nam to Quang Tri provinces by the newly constructed route of Ho Chi Minh. Under that circumstance, the active measures have been set up for control and prevention of malaria infection, especially for risk cases. These measures appear to be initially effective. The incidence, fatality has been controlled. The risk of imported malaria has been over. However, those measures need to be sustained in the border areas and the Ho Chi Minh route to maintain the achievements